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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B2: Clean Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 23604

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Adam Szeląg

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland
Interests: modeling and simulation of power supply systems and vehicles; energy management and efficiency; energy quality; compatibility in electrified transport systems

Prof. Dr. Mladen Nikšić

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Railway Transport, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: train traction; rolling stock; rolling stock maintenance; urban rail systems; ropeway systems; innovative self-propelled freight wagons

Dr. Marcin Steczek

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warszawa, Poland
Interests: power supply of electric transport; compatibility in electric transport systems; modeling and simulation of electric vehicles; renewable energy in power supply of electric transport systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The modern electric transportation systems are continuously being developed towards the application of new technological solutions. Effective electromobility is an essential component of sustainable societies. Electrified transportation systems (e.g., railways, metro, trams) make a huge contribution in this aspect. However, individual electric transport solutions that take the opportunity to solve the “last mile problem” are complementary with mass rail transport, providing a convenient door-to-door transport service for passengers in less populated areas. Due to the pressure on decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases, the electrified transportation is taking advantage of systems and means of transport based on combustion engines. Furthermore, the integration of electric traction—vehicles and power supply with renewable energy sources and energy storage—makes an important issue in the introduction of the “European Green Deal” policy. This is the reason why it is worth encouraging researchers all over the world to share their experience and latest achievements in this field.

This Special Issue will deal with novel methods of analysis, solutions and applications in the widely understood area of electrified transportation systems. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

New solutions for electric vehicles for urban, conventional and high-speed railways;
Energy saving solutions in transportation, as use of regenerative braking, energy storage devices application in railways, metro and tramway systems;
Smart traction substations as a part of integrated grid in power utility system;
Renewable energy sources in electrified transportation;
Energy quality, compatibility and safety issues in electrified transport systems and inter-systems transition zones (as harmonics generation and control, over-voltages, asymmetry, flickers, stray currents, electric shock protection, measurements of quality parameters, disturbances, etc.);
Energy management and optimization, including artificial intelligence for catenary supplied and autonomous vehicles;
Power electronics and propulsion systems for mass and individual transport vehicles;
AC and DC power supply systems;
Vehicle supply system interaction;
Modeling and simulation in electrified transport systems;
Hybrid and non-conventional vehicles.

Energies readers and authors are kindly encouraged to send their very best work to be showcased—original research articles and reviews are welcome. The key criteria for manuscript acceptance will be novelty and the potential breadth and contribution to the field. Manuscripts with experimental implementation and empirical proofs are also encouraged.

Prof. Dr. Adam Szeląg
Prof. Dr. Mladen Nikšić
Dr. Marcin Steczek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Electric Transportation
Energy Conversion and Storage
Railways, Trams, Metro
Electromobility
Compatibility in Electric Transportation
Energy Management
Regenerative Braking
Power Electronics

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 196 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Electric Traction System—Special Issue

by Adam Szeląg and Mladen Nikšić

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031346 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1440

Abstract

Transportation does not produce goods by itself but is a service of moving people or goods that allows societies to thrive and develop [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Module-Based Power Supply Enhancement System for 3 kV DC Traction

by Włodzimierz Jefimowski and Zbigniew Drążek

Energies 2023, 16(1), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010401 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1798

Abstract

This paper presents a conception of 3 kV DC traction power system based on distribution sources, as an alternative to traditional traction substation. The system consists of supplying modules (SM) installed along the electrified railway line, the distance between adjacent SMs are much shorter, than between traditional traction substations in 3 kV system. Each SM consists of energy storage system (ESS), and could be charged from adjacent, traditional traction substation via catenary, via medium voltage supplying lines, renewable power sources or by energy recuperation. In the article, the main parameters of the proposed supplying system operation have been compared with parameters of the system with traditional traction substation. For this purpose, in a case study, comparison analysis has been carried out for energy losses in catenary, 15-min peak power demand as well as the cost of the system installation. At the end, the reliability analysis has been carried out for proposed distribution power supply system and for traditional one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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18 pages, 5993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Drive Solution for Low-Floor City Transport Trams

by Andrzej Chudzikiewicz, Igor Maciejewski, Tomasz Krzyżyński, Andrzej Krzyszkowski and Anna Stelmach

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4640; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134640 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1490

Abstract

The urban transport system based on trams as the basic means of transport is one of the oldest systems of human transport in urban agglomerations. A tram is a more efficient, cheaper-to-operate, and greener means of transport compared to a bus. Striving to enable the use of this means of transport by elderly and disabled people, constructors and manufacturers of tram vehicles began to consider the requirements of the ordering parties—organizers of municipal public transport—in their solutions. The basic condition for disabled and elderly people to use tram transport is the possibility of safe and efficient entry and exit from the vehicle at tram stops. The fulfillment of this condition is possible only in the case of tram vehicles with a low 100% floor, and this, in turn, requires the replacement of trolleys with traditional wheelsets, that is, trolleys with independently rotating wheels, in the construction of the running gear. A wheelset with independently rotating wheels (IRW) does not have self-centering properties, and, thus, problems may arise with excessive wear of wheel and rail profiles and with continuous contact of the wheel flange with the rail, which may, consequently, lead to derailment. Driving a vehicle on the track in this case is governed by different laws. To prevent such phenomena, it is required to use the wheel drive control system, which allows for the stabilization of the vehicle movement on the track. Both the introduction of independently rotating wheels in the construction of the bogie and the drive connected to the wheel control system requires research and analysis to confirm the correctness of the assumptions made. The innovative solution of the control system in the case of a tram vehicle was patented and then the patent was implemented to produce a low-floor tram with 100% low floor by a Polish tram manufacturer. This article presents the results of the work carried out on the adoption of the concept of a running gear and drive solution for a low-floor tram vehicle with independently rotating wheels and the results of simulation analysis of the drive control of such a system, using mathematical models of the mechanical system (running gear) and the electrical system (motor drive control system). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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18 pages, 1620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrodynamics of Power Losses in the Devices of Inter-Substation Zones of AC Electric Traction Systems

by Anatolii Nikitenko, Mykola Kostin, Tetiana Mishchenko and Oksana Hoholyuk

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4552; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134552 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1255

Abstract

This article presents a new method for the estimation of active power losses based on a “field” approach, i.e., on the theory of the electromagnetic field and the theory of propagation of electromagnetic waves in a dielectric medium. Electromagnetic waves are assumed to transmit energy from the traction substation to electric rolling stock through the airspace of the inter-substation zone (i.e., not through the wires of the traction network) and meet electrically conductive surfaces on their way. The waves are partially reflected from the surfaces and partially penetrate them, thus creating thermal losses, the determination of which is the main task of this article. The analytical expressions for specific losses of active power are obtained by solving the system of Maxwell’s equations. Calculations of specific power losses in the catenary, rails, roofs, and bottoms of carriages and electric locomotives are performed. Power losses in carriages and electric locomotives are found to be at least 7%. A comparative assessment of the magnitude of total power losses of different types obtained by the “field” and “circuit” approaches is provided, which has established that “conditional” losses correspond to losses in rails, train carriages, and electric locomotives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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24 pages, 7033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of Power Consumption and CO₂ Emissions as a Result of Putting into Service High-Speed Trains: Polish Case

by Agata Pomykala and Adam Szelag

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4206; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124206 - 7 Jun 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

This article presents the results of analyses of energy efficiency and environmental outcomes of putting into operation high-speed trains—first of that kind in Poland—in 2014 on upgraded 3 kV DC lines. Comparative analyses of these trains in Poland have not been carried out so far and provide a new approach to assessing the feasibility of their adoption and, in a broader context, the advisability of replacing conventional with high-speed rail transport. The analysis supports the advantages of high-speed railway (HSR) and the need to develop a network of high-speed connections using energy-efficient trains in Poland. Putting these trains into service reduced CO₂ emissions, which is significant in Poland as a country relying heavily on power generated in coal power plants and complies with the assumptions of the sustainable development policies and EU Green Deal. The outcomes of our analysis can be used for transportation planning to mitigate climate change and the presented approach provides a method of quantification of environmental impacts of HS trains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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27 pages, 3599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Applied to AC Railways

by Andrea Mariscotti

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4141; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114141 - 4 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

Non-intrusive load monitoring takes place in residential and industrial contexts to disaggregate and identify loads connected to a distribution grid. This work studies the applicability and effectiveness for AC railways, considering the highly dynamic behavior of rolling stock as an electric load, immersed in varying contexts of moving loads. Both voltage–current diagrams and harmonic spectra were considered for identification and extraction of features relevant to classification and clustering. Principal components were extracted, approaching the problem using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR). Clustering methods were then discussed, verifying separability performance and applicability to the railway context, checking the performance by means of the balanced accuracy index. Based on more than one hundred measured spectra, PLSR has been confirmed with superior performance and lower complexity. Independent verification based on dispersion and correlation were used to spot relevant spectrum components to use as clustering features and confirm the PLSR outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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21 pages, 47958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Driving Cycles Based on Low-Sampling-Rate Vehicle-Tracking Data and Markov Chain Methodology

by Zvonimir Dabčević, Branimir Škugor, Jakov Topić and Joško Deur

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4108; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114108 - 2 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1563

Abstract

The authors of this paper propose a Markov-chain-based method for the synthesis of naturalistic, high-sampling-rate driving cycles based on the route segment statistics extracted from low-sampling-rate vehicle-tracking data. In the considered case of a city bus transport system, the route segments correspond to sections between two consecutive bus stations. The route segment statistics include segment lengths and maps of average velocity, station stop time, and station-stopping probability, all given along the day on an hourly basis. In the process of driving cycle synthesis, the transition probability matrix is built up based on the high-sampling-rate driving cycles purposely recorded in a separate reference city. The particular emphasis of the synthesis process is on satisfying the route segment velocity and acceleration boundary conditions, which may be equal to or greater than zero depending on whether a bus stops or passes a station. This enables concatenating the synthesized consecutive micro-cycles into the full-trip driving cycle. The synthesis method was validated through an extensive statistical analysis of generated driving cycles, including computational efficiency aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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12 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction in Selected Torque Harmonics in a Three-Level NPC Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drive

by Piotr Chudzik, Marcin Steczek and Karol Tatar

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4078; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114078 - 1 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1334

Abstract

The reduction or elimination of selected torque and current harmonics is widely used in multilevel inverter fed induction motor drives. A wide range of methods are employed to achieve this goal. Those modes of operation allow the avoidance of certain torque and current harmonics that may lead to disturbance and even mechanical and electrical resonance. In this paper, the selective harmonic elimination technique (SHE-PWM) is employed to reduce the chosen torque harmonics in a three-level NPC inverter-fed induction motor drive. The proposed method is compared with the synchronized carrier pulse width modulation technique (SCPWM). For both schemes of control simulation, a model is proposed using Simulink software. Furthermore, laboratory stand experiments are carried out to verify the correctness of torque harmonics formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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24 pages, 5017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Circuit Fault Current Modeling of a DC Light Rail System with a Wayside Energy Storage Device

by Petru Valentin Radu, Miroslaw Lewandowski, Adam Szelag and Marcin Steczek

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3527; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103527 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2864

Abstract

This paper proposes a simulation model to calculate short-circuit fault currents in a DC light rail system with a wayside energy storage device. The simulation model was built in MATLAB/Simulink using the electrical information required to define a comprehensive DC traction power rail system. The short-circuit fault current results obtained from the simulation model were compared with hand calculation results obtained using EN 50123-1 guidance. The relative error was 1.02%, which validates the model. A case study was carried out for a 1500 V DC light rail system. In the case study, a method was proposed to assess the DC protection and the withstand and breaking capacity of the DC circuit breakers for maximum current and distant faults. A traction power modeling simulation was conducted for the 1500 V DC light rail system to calculate the maximum load current in the analyzed electrical sections. It is concluded that the proposed simulation model and fault methodology can be used for DC protection settings calculations and DC circuit breaker rating analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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27 pages, 9192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Goods Delivery with Electric Vehicles: Electric Vehicle Routing Optimization with Time Windows and Partial or Full Recharge

by Tomislav Erdelić and Tonči Carić

Energies 2022, 15(1), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010285 - 1 Jan 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3201

Abstract

With the rise of the electric vehicle market share, many logistic companies have started to use electric vehicles for goods delivery. Compared to the vehicles with an internal combustion engine, electric vehicles are considered as a cleaner mode of transport that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As electric vehicles have a shorter driving range and have to visit charging stations to replenish their energy, the efficient routing plan is harder to achieve. In this paper, the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (EVRPTW), which deals with the routing of electric vehicles for the purpose of goods delivery, is observed. Two recharge policies are considered: full recharge and partial recharge. To solve the problem, an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) metaheuristic based on the ruin-recreate strategy is coupled with a new initial solution heuristic, local search, route removal, and exact procedure for optimal charging station placement. The procedure for the

O (1)

evaluation in EVRPTW with partial and full recharge strategies is presented. The ALNS was able to find 38 new best solutions on benchmark EVRPTW instances. The results also indicate the benefits and drawbacks of using a partial recharge strategy compared to the full recharge strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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18 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Batteries for a Hybrid Propulsion System of a Training Aircraft

by Michal Janovec, Jozef Čerňan, Filip Škultéty and Andrej Novák

Energies 2022, 15(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010049 - 22 Dec 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3232

Abstract

In this article, we propose the parameters of a battery that would be suitable for the conceptual design of a small training aircraft. The mass design of the battery is based on the requirements for real training flights performed by students in pilot training. Such a serial hybrid propulsion aircraft could be used in our UNIZA aviation, training and education center for pilot training. Due to socio-political pressures in reducing emissions generated by vehicles, there has also been massive research in the aviation industry in the field of hybrid and electric aircraft propulsion. In the introduction, the article deals with the energy sources used in aircraft propulsion. In hybrid propulsion, a combination of aviation fuel and electricity is used as the energy source. The required total energy must choose a suitable combination of these two energy sources. The biggest drawback of batteries that can be used in hybrid systems is their low energy density. Low energy density means that larger and heavier batteries need to be used to achieve the required performance, which is their main disadvantage. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable compromise between the hybrid’s percentage, i.e., the ratio between conventional and electric drive. We applied the hybrid aircraft system’s calculations to the real training flights to determine the necessary parameters of the hybrid aircraft suitable for pilot training. This calculation will help in obtaining an idea of the basic parameters of the hybrid drive and the battery parameters, which are necessary for particular applications in the training aircraft. The performed calculations of the hybrid configuration and, especially, the determination of the battery of the hybrid propulsion parameters provide the basic information necessary for the design of the hybrid system of a small training aircraft. These outputs can be used to determine the parameters of batteries that would be used in hybrid systems. A limiting factor to consider with hybrid aircrafts is that the aircraft must be charged on the ground before the flight, which poses interesting logistical and infrastructure problems at the airport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Transport System)

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