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Wind Generation in Low Inertia Power Systems
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Wind Generation in Low Inertia Power Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 October 2021) | Viewed by 6228

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Sergio Martínez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, C/ Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: low-inertia power systems; renewable energy in power systems; ancillary services from non-conventional equipment; frequency control

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electricity generation from wind energy has experienced an extraordinary growth in the past years and, nowadays, constitutes one of the major generation technologies in many power systems. So, in addition to generating electricity, wind generators must also be involved in providing ancillary services, such as power-frequency control and other grid support tasks. In centralized power systems, conventional power plants supply most of these ancillary services, but a significant part of synchronous machines are now being displaced by wind turbines, giving place to a deterioration of these services.

More specifically, in relation to power system frequency stability, most wind generators are connected to the grid through power electronic converters that decouple the rotor speed from the grid frequency, thus hiding their natural inertia and weakening frequency stability. This has been aggravated in recent years with additional displacement of synchronous generators by significant amounts of photovoltaic generators, lacking inertia and also connected to the power system via electronic converters.

In addition to the loss of inertia from the generation side of current power systems, the demand side is also losing part of its frequency stabilizing contribution. This is due to the progressive substitution of frequency-sensitive loads, mainly asynchronous motors directly connected to the grid, by frequency-decoupled loads, connected to the grid through electronic converters.

There has been an enormous research effort in this area of the so called Low Inertia Power Systems and there are many published works oriented to provide individual electronic interfaced components of power systems (wind turbines and farms, photovoltaic panels and plants, electric vehicle chargers, etc.) with different frequency response capabilities: fast frequency response, virtual inertia, power oscillation damping, active power control, power ramp control, etc. And there is now an increasing research interest in the following step, the analysis of the interactions among different components of the power system that are equipped with these features.

This special issue of Energies is devoted to publish original work on how wind generators with different frequency control capabilities interact with low inertia power systems in the presence of other analogously controlled components (other wind generators, photovoltaic generators, different types of electronically interfaced loads, electric vehicle chargers, energy storage systems, FACTS…), how they can cooperate to achieve certain goals, or how to improve controllers or strategies to deal with instability.

Prof. Dr. Sergio Martínez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wind energy
  • frequency stability
  • ancillary services
  • fast frequency response
  • primary frequency control
  • virtual inertia
  • photovoltaic generator
  • electric vehicle charger
  • energy storage system
  • power system stabilizer
  • FACTS

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 3163 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting at the Wind Farm Scale Using Long-Range Doppler LiDAR
by Mathieu Pichault, Claire Vincent, Grant Skidmore and Jason Monty
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092663 - 06 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3580
Abstract
It remains unclear to what extent remote sensing instruments can effectively improve the accuracy of short-term wind power forecasts. This work seeks to address this issue by developing and testing two novel forecasting methodologies, based on measurements from a state-of-the-art long-range scanning Doppler [...] Read more.
It remains unclear to what extent remote sensing instruments can effectively improve the accuracy of short-term wind power forecasts. This work seeks to address this issue by developing and testing two novel forecasting methodologies, based on measurements from a state-of-the-art long-range scanning Doppler LiDAR. Both approaches aim to predict the total power generated at the wind farm scale with a five minute lead time and use successive low-elevation sector scans as input. The first approach is physically based and adapts the solar short-term forecasting approach referred to as “smart-persistence” to wind power forecasting. The second approaches the same short-term forecasting problem using convolutional neural networks. The two methods were tested over a 72 day assessment period at a large wind farm site in Victoria, Australia, and a novel adaptive scanning strategy was implemented to retrieve high-resolution LiDAR measurements. Forecast performances during ramp events and under various stability conditions are presented. Results showed that both LiDAR-based forecasts outperformed the persistence and ARIMA benchmarks in terms of mean absolute error and root-mean-squared error. This study is therefore a proof-of-concept demonstrating the potential offered by remote sensing instruments for short-term wind power forecasting applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Generation in Low Inertia Power Systems)
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18 pages, 11672 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Control Strategies Based on Virtual Inertia for the Improvement of Frequency Stability in an Islanded Grid with Wind Generators and Battery Energy Storage Systems
by Iván Pazmiño, Sergio Martinez and Danny Ochoa
Energies 2021, 14(3), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030698 - 29 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2014
Abstract
Rising levels of non-synchronous generation in power systems are leading to increasing difficulties in primary frequency control. In response, there has been much research effort aimed at providing individual electronic interfaced generators with different frequency response capabilities. There is now a growing research [...] Read more.
Rising levels of non-synchronous generation in power systems are leading to increasing difficulties in primary frequency control. In response, there has been much research effort aimed at providing individual electronic interfaced generators with different frequency response capabilities. There is now a growing research interest in analyzing the interactions among different power system elements that include these features. This paper explores how the implementation of control strategies based on the concept of virtual inertia can help to improve frequency stability. More specifically, the work is focused on islanded systems with high share of wind generation interacting with battery energy storage systems. The paper presents a methodology for modeling a power system with virtual primary frequency control, as an aid to power system planning and operation. The methodology and its implementation are illustrated with a real case study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Generation in Low Inertia Power Systems)
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