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Energies
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Wind Farm Power Curves and Power Distributions
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Wind Farm Power Curves and Power Distributions

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (24 February 2021) | Viewed by 19192

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Andrés Elías Feijóo Lorenzo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Enxeñería Eléctrica, Universidade de Vigo, EEI, Campus de Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Interests: power curve models; simulation of wind turbines; wind farm layout optimization; wind power models; wind power distributions; wind speed data analysis; wind speed simulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A wind turbine power curve establishes a relationship between the incident wind speed and the power generated by the wind turbine. Wind turbine power curves are obtained experimentally by manufacturers. The mathematical expressions of these curves allow for their use in electric power system analysis tools, where knowledge of the power generated by the different power stations is needed, such as power flow calculations in electrical power networks with the presence of wind farms. Wind farms are generally constituted by more than one wind turbine. The concept of a wind farm power curve can also be established, relating wind speed and wind power generated by a wind farm. This requires assuming the existence of a unique value for the wind speed. Even when this assumption is made, the obtainment of wind farm power curves is a complex process. The wind speed experienced by the different wind turbines in a wind farm at a given moment can be different. This is due to several reasons, one of them being the known wake effect, which consists of a reduction of the wind speed, when the wind passes through the blades of a given wind turbine. This means that other wind turbines will experience an attenuated value of wind speed as a result of this effect. Other factors, such as the terrain orography and distances between the wind turbines make the calculation of the wind farm power curve a difficult procedure. All of this can be summarized by saying that, for a given value of the wind speed, which includes knowing its direction, the effective value of the wind speed is different at any wind turbine, and this means that the value of the generated power is also different, even when the wind turbines are equal. The goal of this Special Issue is to present works about wind farm power curves and wind farm power distributions.

Prof. Dr. Andrés Elías Feijóo Lorenzo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wind turbine
  • wind farm
  • wind speed distribution
  • Weibull distribution
  • Rayleigh distribution
  • wind turbine power curve
  • wake effect
  • wind farm power curve
  • wind farm power distribution

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 148 KiB  
Editorial
Wind Farm Power Curves and Power Distributions
by Andrés E. Feijóo-Lorenzo
Energies 2022, 15(1), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010182 - 28 Dec 2021
Viewed by 908
Abstract
There seems to be an agreement in the scientific community [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Farm Power Curves and Power Distributions)

Research

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13 pages, 4356 KiB  
Article
Determining the Optimized Hub Height of Wind Turbine Using the Wind Resource Map of South Korea
by Jung-Tae Lee, Hyun-Goo Kim, Yong-Heack Kang and Jin-Young Kim
Energies 2019, 12(15), 2949; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152949 - 31 Jul 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5000
Abstract
Although the size of the wind turbine has become larger to improve the economic feasibility of wind power generation, whether increases in rotor diameter and hub height always lead to the optimization of energy cost remains to be seen. This paper proposes an [...] Read more.
Although the size of the wind turbine has become larger to improve the economic feasibility of wind power generation, whether increases in rotor diameter and hub height always lead to the optimization of energy cost remains to be seen. This paper proposes an algorithm that calculates the optimized hub height to minimize the cost of energy (COE) using the regional wind profile database. The optimized hub height was determined by identifying the minimum COE after calculating the annual energy production (AEP) and cost increase, according to hub height increase, by using the wind profiles of the wind resource map in South Korea and drawing the COE curve. The optimized hub altitude was calculated as 75~80 m in the inland plain but as 60~70 m in onshore or mountain sites, where the wind profile at the lower layer from the hub height showed relatively strong wind speed than that in inland plain. The AEP loss due to the decrease in hub height was compensated for by increasing the rotor diameter, in which case COE also decreased in the entire region of South Korea. The proposed algorithm of identifying the optimized hub height is expected to serve as a good guideline when determining the hub height according to different geographic regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Farm Power Curves and Power Distributions)
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19 pages, 7769 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Offshore Wind Characteristics and Wind Energy Potential in Bohai Bay, China
by Jianxing Yu, Yiqin Fu, Yang Yu, Shibo Wu, Yuanda Wu, Minjie You, Shuai Guo and Mu Li
Energies 2019, 12(15), 2879; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152879 - 26 Jul 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3586
Abstract
Wind energy, one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, has been extensively developed worldwide. However, owing to the strong regional and seasonal differences, it is necessary to first evaluate wind energy resources in detail. In this study, the offshore wind characteristics and [...] Read more.
Wind energy, one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, has been extensively developed worldwide. However, owing to the strong regional and seasonal differences, it is necessary to first evaluate wind energy resources in detail. In this study, the offshore wind characteristics and wind energy potential of Bohai Bay (38.7° N, 118.7° E), China, were statistically analyzed using two-year offshore wind data with a time interval of one second. Furthermore, Nakagami and Rician distributions were used for wind energy resource assessment. The results show that the main wind direction in Bohai Bay is from the east (−15°–45°), with a speed below 12 m/s, mainly ranging from 4 to 8 m/s. The main wind speed ranges in April and October are higher than those in August and December. The night wind speed is generally higher than that in the daytime. The Nakagami and Rician distributions performed reasonably in calculating the wind speed distributions and potential assessments. However, Nakagami distribution provided better wind resource assessment in this region. The wind potential assessment results suggest that Bohai Bay could be considered as a wind class I region, with east as the dominant wind direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Farm Power Curves and Power Distributions)
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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 4097 KiB  
Article
Integrated Wind Farm Power Curve and Power Curve Distribution Function Considering the Wake Effect and Terrain Gradient
by Siyu Tao, Qingshan Xu, Andrés Feijóo, Stefanie Kuenzel and Neeraj Bokde
Energies 2019, 12(13), 2482; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132482 - 27 Jun 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2956
Abstract
This work presents a computational method for the simulation of wind speeds and for the calculation of the statistical distributions of wind farm (WF) power curves, where the wake effects and terrain features are taken into consideration. A three-parameter (3-P) logistic function is [...] Read more.
This work presents a computational method for the simulation of wind speeds and for the calculation of the statistical distributions of wind farm (WF) power curves, where the wake effects and terrain features are taken into consideration. A three-parameter (3-P) logistic function is used to represent the wind turbine (WT) power curve. Wake effects are simulated by means of the Jensen’s wake model. Wind shear effect is used to simulate the influence of the terrain on the WTs located at different altitudes. An analytical method is employed for deriving the probability density function (PDF) of the WF power output, based on the Weibull distribution for describing the cumulative wind speed behavior. The WF power curves for four types of terrain slopes are analyzed. Finally, simulations applying the Monte Carlo method on different sample sizes are provided to validate the proposed model. The simulation results indicate that this approximated formulation is a possible substitute for WF output power estimation, especially for the scenario where WTs are built on a terrain with gradient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Farm Power Curves and Power Distributions)
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Review

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30 pages, 816 KiB  
Review
A Review on State-of-the-Art Reviews in Wind-Turbine- and Wind-Farm-Related Topics
by Manisha Sawant, Sameer Thakare, A. Prabhakara Rao, Andrés E. Feijóo-Lorenzo and Neeraj Dhanraj Bokde
Energies 2021, 14(8), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082041 - 07 Apr 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5444
Abstract
For decades of wind energy technology developments, much research on the subject has been carried out, and this has given rise to many works encompassing different topics related to it. As a logical consequence of such a research and editorial activity, state-of-the-art review [...] Read more.
For decades of wind energy technology developments, much research on the subject has been carried out, and this has given rise to many works encompassing different topics related to it. As a logical consequence of such a research and editorial activity, state-of-the-art review works have also been published, reporting about a wide variety of research proposals. Review works are particularly interesting documents for researchers because they try to gather different research works on the same topic present their achievements to researchers. They act, in a way, as a guidance for researchers to quickly access the most meaningful works. The proposal of this paper consists of going one step further, and to present a review of state-of-the-art review works on wind-energy-related issues. A classification into several main topics in the field of energy research has been done, and review works that can be classified in all these areas have been searched, analyzed, and commented on throughout the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Farm Power Curves and Power Distributions)
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