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Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies
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Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2026) | Viewed by 8132

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Qiyao Yu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: energy conversion and storage; Li/Na/K/Zn-ion batteries; solid-state electrolyte
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fossil energy shortage, environmental pollution, and unreasonable energy structures restrict sustainable economic and societal development. Research and development characterized by a high energy density and environmentally friendly energy storage equipment have attracted much attention. Electrochemical energy storage technology, key in energy transformation, is widely utilized in various sectors, including new energy vehicles, data centers, and communication base stations. It has become essential equipment for building power systems that promote energy conservation and efficiency. As a vital component of new power systems, it plays a significant role in mitigating the intermittency and instability of renewable energy sources, enhancing systemic efficiency and safety.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to the theory, design, preparation, and application of all types of energy storage devices.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Electrochemical energy storage technology;
  • All aspects of Li-ion, Na-ion, K-ion, and Zn-ion batteries, among others;
  • All aspects of battery electrodes, electrolyte, separator, binder optimization, etc.;
  • Battery processing technology;
  • Battery applications and recycling;
  • Mechanical energy storage technology;
  • All aspects of compressed air, flywheel, and gravity storage, among others;
  • Electromagnetic energy storage technology;
  • Hydrogen energy storage technology.

Dr. Qiyao Yu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy storage devices
  • new applications
  • energy transformation
  • design
  • energy storage efficiency
  • high energy density
  • environmentally friendly equipment
  • power system
  • energy storage technology trends

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 3514 KB  
Article
Electromechanical Propagation of Rope Vibration to Grid-Side Low-Frequency Oscillations in Gravity Energy Storage Hoisting Systems
by Xiaoyue Luo, Qingquan Qiu, Liwei Jing, Yuxin Lin, Li Dong, Yanqiao Chen and Liye Xiao
Energies 2026, 19(11), 2568; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19112568 - 26 May 2026
Viewed by 115
Abstract
Gravity energy storage systems (GESS) have emerged as a promising long-duration energy storage technology capable of supporting large-scale renewable integration and enhancing grid resilience. However, the modeling framework for the hoisting electromechanical subsystem in wire-rope-based GESS remains underdeveloped, thereby limiting the accurate characterization [...] Read more.
Gravity energy storage systems (GESS) have emerged as a promising long-duration energy storage technology capable of supporting large-scale renewable integration and enhancing grid resilience. However, the modeling framework for the hoisting electromechanical subsystem in wire-rope-based GESS remains underdeveloped, thereby limiting the accurate characterization of its transient grid-connected behavior, dynamic operating response, and cross-domain coupling effects. Existing studies commonly simplify wire ropes and related transmission components as rigid bodies or low-dimensional mechanical elements, failing to adequately account for their flexibility and the resulting high-dimensional nonlinear dynamics. Although related studies in mine hoisting and elevator systems have addressed mechanical vibration phenomena, they primarily focus on mechanical-side effects, such as shock loading and guide-structure response, whereas the mechanism by which flexible mechanical vibrations propagate through electromechanical coupling and influence electrical dynamic performance remains inadequately understood. To address this gap, this study establishes a distributed-parameter model for the wire-rope hoisting mechanism based on Hamilton’s principle and solves the corresponding vibration governing equations using the Galerkin method to capture nonlinear multi-modal dynamics. An electromechanical coupling model is then developed to elucidate how rope-vibration-induced tension fluctuations propagate through the drive chain, resulting in torque ripple, electrical interharmonics, and low-frequency grid-side oscillations. A Bessel-function-based analytical representation is further introduced to explain the formation of interharmonic clusters and beat-frequency phenomena under converter modulation. An experimental prototype is constructed to validate the proposed modeling framework. The measured vibration spectra, beat-frequency characteristics, and torque ripple align closely with analytical predictions, confirming the model’s capability to capture key propagation paths from rope vibration to electromechanical oscillation and grid-side dynamic response. The results provide a solid theoretical foundation for vibration mitigation, dynamic analysis, and control design of hoisting electromechanical subsystems in gravity energy storage applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies)
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16 pages, 4062 KB  
Article
Numerical Modeling of Charging and Discharging of Shell-and-Tube PCM Thermal Energy Storage Unit
by Maciej Fabrykiewicz, Krzysztof Tesch and Janusz T. Cieśliński
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3804; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143804 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 882
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a numerical study on transient temperature distributions and phase fractions in a thermal energy storage unit containing phase change material (PCM). The latent heat storage unit (LHSU) is a compact shell-and-tube exchanger featuring seven tubes arranged in [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a numerical study on transient temperature distributions and phase fractions in a thermal energy storage unit containing phase change material (PCM). The latent heat storage unit (LHSU) is a compact shell-and-tube exchanger featuring seven tubes arranged in a staggered layout. Three organic phase change materials are investigated: paraffin LTP 56, fatty acid RT54HC, and fatty acid P1801. OpenFOAM software is utilized to solve the governing equations using the Boussinesq approximation. The discretization of the equations is performed with second-order accuracy in both space and time. The three-dimensional (3D) computational domain corresponds to the inner diameter of the LHSU. Calculations are conducted assuming constant thermal properties of the fluids. The experimental and numerical results indicate that for paraffin LTP56, the charging time is approximately 8% longer than the discharging time. In contrast, the discharging times for fatty acids RT54HC and P1801 exceed their charging times, with time delays of about 14% and 49% for RT54HC and 25% and 30% for P1801, according to experimental and numerical calculations, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies)
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15 pages, 7645 KB  
Article
Design and Performance Studies on Series of Tetrazole-Based Ultra-High-Energy Density High-Nitrogen Heterocyclic Power Systems
by Yunqiu Li and Qiyao Yu
Energies 2025, 18(7), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071609 - 24 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1224
Abstract
The innovation of energy storage technology and its solutions for energetic materials is an important direction in the current energy technology field. Hence, series of tetrazole-based ultra-high-energy-density high-nitrogen heterocyclic power compounds were designed and their energy characteristics and safety performances were evaluated by [...] Read more.
The innovation of energy storage technology and its solutions for energetic materials is an important direction in the current energy technology field. Hence, series of tetrazole-based ultra-high-energy-density high-nitrogen heterocyclic power compounds were designed and their energy characteristics and safety performances were evaluated by density functional theory (DFT). The results indicate that the type, number, and position of substituents have a significant effect on the comprehensive performance of these compounds. Research on electronic features shows that mono-substituents on the N atom connecting two tetrazole rings, substituents with more H atoms on the tetrazole ring, and less energetic substituents are beneficial for the stability of compounds. The discussion on energy characteristics and safety performance indicates that compounds B1(N-(1-nitro-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)nitramide), B7(N’-(1-nitro-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-N’-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)nitric hydrazide), B8(N-(1-(nitroamino)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)nitramide), C1(5,5′-(hydrazine-1,1-diyl)bis(1-nitro-1H-tetrazole)), C4(N,N-bis(1-nitro-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)nitramide), and C6(N-(1-amino-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-N-(1-nitro-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)nitramide) possess outstanding comprehensive performance concerning density, heat of formation, detonation heat, detonation velocity and pressure, oxygen balance, and impact sensitivity, and can be screened as candidates for high-energy-density compounds. The results are expected to provide new solutions for the innovation and progress of energy storage technologies in the energetic materials field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies)
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Review

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47 pages, 9338 KB  
Review
Research Progress on Thermophysical Properties and Convection Heat Transfer Enhancement of Molten Salts
by Taotao Huang, Xing Huang, Xiaoming Fang, Ziye Ling and Zhengguo Zhang
Energies 2026, 19(5), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19051230 - 1 Mar 2026
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Molten salts are essential heat transfer and storage media in high-temperature applications such as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), owing to their high boiling points, low vapor pressures, and excellent thermal stability. The overall performance of such systems is largely governed by the convective [...] Read more.
Molten salts are essential heat transfer and storage media in high-temperature applications such as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), owing to their high boiling points, low vapor pressures, and excellent thermal stability. The overall performance of such systems is largely governed by the convective heat transfer characteristics of molten salt fluids. This review systematically synthesizes recent advances over the past five years in enhancing the thermophysical properties and convective heat transfer of molten salts, focusing on two primary strategies: improving the intrinsic properties of molten salts through nanoparticle doping, and optimizing the structural design of heat exchangers. The enhancement of thermophysical properties is mainly achieved by preparing molten salt-based nanofluids. Dispersing low concentrations (typically 0.1–1.0 wt.%) of nanoparticles such as SiO2, Al2O3, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can yield significant improvements—thermal conductivity increases of up to ~100% (e.g., 0.5 wt% SiO2 in NaNO3-KNO3) and specific heat capacity enhancements of 20–30% (e.g., 1.0 wt% Al2O3 in carbonates). Multiscale simulations, particularly molecular dynamics (MD), have revealed key enhancement mechanisms, including the formation of ordered ionic layers on nanoparticle surfaces that create efficient nanoscale heat conduction pathways, and the modulation of ion–ion interactions. Concurrently, significant heat transfer enhancement can be achieved through structural optimization. Single-method technologies, such as enhanced heat transfer tubes, improve performance by disrupting the thermal boundary layer. For instance, spirally grooved tubes can increase the Nusselt number (Nu) by 19% for Re > 25,000, while twisted tape inserts can enhance laminar flow heat transfer by up to 8.6 times. Composite strategies that couple nanofluids with enhanced geometries demonstrate superior overall performance, with Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) values reaching up to 1.48 for converging–diverging tubes with SiO2 nanofluids and 1.21 for trefoil-shaped U-tubes with Cu-based nanofluids. Compact heat exchangers (CHEs) offer high efficiency, achieving PEC values of 1.07–1.4 in optimized designs, but face challenges such as clogging risks in large-scale applications. Future research directions include the development of advanced composite molten salts, the application of artificial intelligence and multiscale simulations for mechanistic analysis and design optimization, the fabrication of novel heat exchanger structures via additive manufacturing, and cross-disciplinary integration for full-chain system optimization. These concerted efforts are essential for realizing efficient, cost-effective, and reliable molten salt-based energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies)
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22 pages, 24181 KB  
Review
Battery Energy Storage for Ancillary Services in Distribution Networks: Technologies, Applications, and Deployment Challenges—A Comprehensive Review
by Franck Cinyama Mushid and Mohamed Fayaz Khan
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5443; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205443 - 15 Oct 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4397
Abstract
The integration of distributed energy resources into distribution networks creates operational challenges, including voltage instability and power quality issues. While battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can address these challenges, research has focused primarily on transmission-level applications or single services. This paper bridges this [...] Read more.
The integration of distributed energy resources into distribution networks creates operational challenges, including voltage instability and power quality issues. While battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can address these challenges, research has focused primarily on transmission-level applications or single services. This paper bridges this gap through a comprehensive review of BESS technologies and control strategies for multi-service ancillary support in distribution networks. Real-world case studies demonstrate BESS effectiveness: Hydro-Québec’s 1.2 MW system maintained voltage within 5% and responded to frequency events in under 10 ms; Germany’s hybrid 5 MW M5BAT project optimized multiple battery chemistries for different services; and South Africa’s Eskom deployment improved renewable hosting capacity by 15–70% using modular BESS units. The analysis reveals grid-forming inverters and hierarchical control architectures as critical enablers, with model predictive control optimizing performance and droop control ensuring robustness. However, challenges like battery degradation, regulatory barriers, and high costs persist. This paper identifies future research directions in degradation-aware dispatch, cyber-resilient control, and market-based valuation of BESS flexibility services. By combining theoretical analysis with empirical results from international deployments, this study provides utilities and policymakers with actionable insights for implementing BESS in modern distribution grids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Energy Storage Technologies)
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