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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F3: Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2023) | Viewed by 12320

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Salman Mohagheghi

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Guest Editor

Electrical Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1610 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA
Interests: power system operation and control; renewable energy; power grid resilience; data analytics; energy justice
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The modern electric power grid is changing in many different aspects. Renewable energy resources, with their intermittent and stochastic nature, are being deployed at a large scale at the transmission and distribution levels. Demand responsive loads and plug-in electric vehicles are introducing more variability into electric demand, which necessitates a better integration with energy management systems. In addition, modern power systems are now equipped with a large number of sensors and actuators that enable remote monitoring and control of most system components, as well as implementing powerful distributed and decentralized control algorithms. To manage the modern power grid, we need advanced solutions for situational awareness and monitoring of its status in real-time, in addition to control algorithms that ensure its efficient, reliable, and secure operation. All this must be done under various model, parameter, and input uncertainties.

This Special Issue of Energies, “Power System Operation, Control and Stability,” is intended for disseminating new promising methods and techniques to model, analyze, and control power and energy systems and to improve their security, reliability, and quality of service. Prospective authors are invited to submit original contributions or survey papers for review for publication in this Special Issue. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

Situational awareness in power systems;
Advanced solutions for customer load forecasting at the feeder, service transformer, and meter levels;
Advanced solutions for customer demand response and home energy management systems;
Solutions for efficient integration of electric vehicles with the power distribution systems;
Innovative control algorithms for integration of renewable energy resources with the power transmission and distribution levels;
Power system stability under uncertainties;
Electric service restoration in the aftermath of a blackout;
Dynamic dispatch of energy resources in a power grid in response to large-scale disturbances;
Advanced methods for control and operation of electric microgrids.

Prof. Dr. Salman Mohagheghi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

integration of renewable energy resources
control of distributed energy resources
situational awareness
load forecasting
demand response and demand side management
electric vehicles
electric microgrids
electric service restoration
power system stability
smart and connected communities

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 6657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Coordinated Voltage Regulation Algorithm of a Power Distribution Grid with Multiple Photovoltaic Distributed Generators Based on Active Power Curtailment and On-Line Tap Changer

by Yassir Maataoui, Hamid Chekenbah, Omar Boutfarjoute, Vicenç Puig and Rafik Lasri

Energies 2023, 16(14), 5279; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145279 - 10 Jul 2023

Viewed by 807

Abstract

The aim of this research is to manage the voltage of an active distribution grid with a low X/R ratio and multiple Photovoltaic Distributed Generators (PVDGs) operating under varying conditions. This is achieved by providing a methodology for coordinating three voltage-based controllers implementing an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The first controller is for the On-Line Tap Changer (OLTC), which computes its adequate voltage reference. Whereas the second determines the required Active Power Curtailment (APC) setpoint for PVDG units with the aim of regulating the voltage magnitude and preventing continuous tap operation (the hunting problem) of OLTC. Finally, the last component is an auxiliary controller designed for reactive power adjustment. Its function is to manage voltage at the Common Coupling Point (CCP) within the network. This regulation not only aids in preventing undue stress on the OLTC but also contributes to a modest reduction in active power generated by PVDGs. The algorithm coordinating between these three controllers is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and tested on a modified IEEE 33-bus power distribution grid (PDG). The results revealed the efficacy of the adopted algorithm in regulating voltage magnitudes in all buses compared to the traditional control method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Operation, Control and Stability)

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18 pages, 2967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Underdetermined Blind Source Separation Algorithm on the Low-Frequency Oscillation in Power Systems

by Yuanyang Xia, Xiaocong Li, Zhili Liu and Yuan Liu

Energies 2023, 16(8), 3571; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083571 - 20 Apr 2023

Viewed by 867

Abstract

The timely discovery of low-frequency oscillations in power systems and accurate identification of their modal parameters is critical in numerous applications. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of using multi-channel signals and established a relative theory. An algorithm based on the underdetermined blind source separation (UBSS) algorithm was proposed using this theory. First, the energy ratio function was used to determine the fault occurrence time. Then, the Bayesian information criterion was used to estimate the number of fault sources, and the boundary conditions were set to determine the number of fault sources. Next, the UBSS algorithm was used to analyze raw data, extract individual components that characterize faults, and subsequently measure low-frequency oscillation modal parameters through the Hilbert transform. Finally, the fast independent component analysis (FastICA) algorithm was used to separate noise signal from raw data. This separation considerably reduced noise disturbance and ensured the stability of the proposed method. Model simulation was conducted in MATLAB and experimental measurement revealed that the proposed method effectively reduced noise disturbance and could be applied to conditions with considerable disturbance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Operation, Control and Stability)

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17 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating and Calibrating DER Model Parameters Using Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm in Renewable Rich Power Grid

by Armina Foroutan, Sagnik Basumallik and Anurag Srivastava

Energies 2023, 16(8), 3512; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083512 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 952

Abstract

The proliferation of inverter-based distributed energy resources (IBDERs) has increased the number of control variables and dynamic interactions, leading to new grid control challenges. For stability analysis and designing appropriate protection controls, it is important that IBDER models are accurate. This paper focuses on the accurate estimation and parameter calibration of DER_A, a recently proposed aggregated IBDER model. In particular, we focus on the parameters of the reactive power–voltage regulation module. We formulate the problem of parameter tuning as a non-linear least square minimization problem and solve it using the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method. The LM method is primarily chosen due to its flexibility in adaptively selecting between the steepest descent and Gauss–Newton methods through a damping parameter. The LM approach is used to minimize the error between the actual measurements and the estimated response of the model. Further, the computational challenges posed by the numerical calculation of the Jacobian are tackled using a quasi-Newton root-finding approach. The proposed method is validated on a real feeder model in the northeastern part of the United States. The feeder is modeled in OpenDSS and the measurements thus obtained are fed to the DER_A model for calibration. The simulation results indicate that our approach is able to successfully calibrate the relevant model parameters quickly and with high accuracy, with a total sum of square error of

3.57 \times 10^{- 7}

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Operation, Control and Stability)

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23 pages, 5947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Traction Electricity Consumption Determinants with Route Geometry and Vehicle Characteristics

by Arkadiusz Kampczyk, Wojciech Gamon and Katarzyna Gawlak

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2689; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062689 - 13 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1465

Abstract

Traction electricity (TE) consumption in rail transportation (rail transport) is determined by factors (determinant) related to the characteristics of railway lines and vehicles. They have an impact on driving speeds, which, in turn, affect energy consumption. The scientific research presented here combined the results of expert, direct and indirect measurement methods, including brainstorming, mind mapping, system approach, heuristics, failure mode and effect analysis. The main objective was to demonstrate the influence of the determinants of TE consumption, depending on the route (road) geometry and characteristics of the traction of electric vehicles and whole trains (catenary-supplied electric vehicles, non-autonomous electric vehicles, and network traction vehicles, especially electric locomotives and electric multiple units, electric multiple-units (EMUs)). Using a new approach, the TE consumption equation, we applied values for the movement resistances of electric locomotives during braking for a jointed railway track M_{res JRT braking} and continuous welded rail tracks M_{res CWRt braking}. The values of the movement resistances of the electric locomotives during startup on the jointed railway track M_{res JRT startup} and continuous welded rail tracks M_{res CWRt startup} were also applied. They showed a strong correlation with the existing speeds of catenary-supplied electric vehicles. The implementation of the new innovative approach is an important contribution to the development of engineering and technical sciences, in particular, the disciplines of civil engineering, surveying/geodesy, and transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Operation, Control and Stability)

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16 pages, 5740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Smart Static Transfer Switch Based on a Triac Semiconductor for AC Power Switching Control

by Ahmed H. Okilly, Namhun Kim, Jonghyuk Lee, Yegu Kang and Jeihoon Baek

Energies 2023, 16(1), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010526 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3149

Abstract

Power system disruptions can be categorized as issues with the quality of electricity brought on by voltage sags, lightning strikes, and other system-related interferences. The static transfer switch (STS) has recently emerged as the most important technology for electric power transmission, distribution, and control systems to manage power supply during power system disruption issues, particularly in cost-effectively supplying power to critical loads and sensitive loads without interruption. In this paper, for the switching between the two AC sources during the voltage disruptions issue with low transfer time, a smart static transfer switch (SSTS) based on a digital switching algorithm and Triac semiconductor switch is proposed and experimentally tested. A digital switching algorithm based on online AC voltage sensing and zero-crossing detection is proposed and implemented inside a DSP MCU. The printed circuit board (PCB) of the proposed SSTS is designed and manufactured for the experimental performance investigation with different AC input voltage conditions. A comparative study based on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed SSTS system with the previous works is also presented. A smart static transfer switch with a transition time of less than one cycle and a digital protection technique during fault conditions is obtained in this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Operation, Control and Stability)

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17 pages, 2233 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Coordinated Control of Electric Vehicles and PV Resources in an Unbalanced Power Distribution System

by Abdulrahman Almazroui and Salman Mohagheghi

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9324; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249324 - 09 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1342

Abstract

Improving air quality, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and achieving independence from fossil fuels have led most countries towards deploying solar photovoltaics (PV) in the power distribution grid and electrifying the transportation fleet. Internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are, in particular, one of the main culprits of injecting greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, making electric vehicles (EVs) an important tool in combating climate change. Despite their considerable environmental and economic benefits, the integration of PVs and EVs can introduce unique operational challenges for the power distribution grid. If not coordinated, high penetration of PVs and EVs can result in variety of power quality issues, such as instances of overvoltage and undervoltage, frequency fluctuations, and/or increased losses. This paper proposes a mixed-integer multi-objective nonlinear optimization model for optimal energy dispatch in a power distribution grid with high penetration of PV and EV resources. The model proposed here is an extension of the traditional voltage and var optimization (VVO) into a comprehensive and coordinated control of voltage, active power, and reactive power. A modified version of the IEEE 123-bus test distribution system is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Operation, Control and Stability)

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Review

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17 pages, 2448 KiB

Open AccessReview

Power Grid Infrastructural Resilience against Extreme Events

by Ahmed Daeli and Salman Mohagheghi

Energies 2023, 16(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010064 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2668

Abstract

Extreme weather events are one of the main causes of large-scale power outages in distribution systems. The changing climate has led to an increase in the frequency and severity of these events, which, if not mitigated, are expected to lead to more instances of widespread outages and the severe societal and economic damages that ensue. Protecting the power grid against such events, which are high impact yet low frequency, requires a paradigm shift in grid design practices. In recent years, many researchers have focused on the resilience of the power grid against extreme weather events by proposing various grid hardening and/or redundancy solutions. The goal of this paper is to provide a survey of the literature related to the infrastructural resilience of the power grid against extreme events. Currently, no standard definitions or metrics exist for power grid resilience, and researchers adopt various models for quantifying and assessing it. Hence, a review of the most commonly used definitions and metrics for resilience is provided first, with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. Next, the paper presents an extensive and critical review of the solution methodologies proposed in the literature for improving the infrastructural resilience of the power grid. The shortcomings of the current solution methods and gaps in research are identified, followed by a discussion of the future directions in research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Operation, Control and Stability)

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