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Grid-Forming Converters in Power Systems
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Grid-Forming Converters in Power Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 July 2026 | Viewed by 2665

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yunhui Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Automation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: stability and control of new energy integration; modeling and control of HVDC networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the large-scale integration of renewable energy such as wind power and photovoltaic power, power systems are forming new characteristics, with a high proportion of renewable energy and power electronic equipment. Grid-connected converters serve as key power interaction interfaces and conversion units in new power systems, achieving energy exchange and regulation among power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, as well as energy storage. The emergence of grid-forming converters (GFMCs) challenges the synchronous mode of traditional passive grid-following power electronic grid-connected equipment. Different from grid-following converters, GFMCs show good stability characteristics under weak-grid conditions but demonstrate instability under strong-grid conditions. When the GFMC is connected to a strong grid, the transmission line impedance is small, which is equivalent to the working condition of two voltage sources operating in parallel directly. The two voltage sources produce strong coupling through a common connection point, and the one with a weaker grid-forming ability will first demonstrate instability, thus affecting the entire system. Therefore, this kind of stability problem is caused by grid-forming control and will pose a whole new challenge. In this context, this Special Issue aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from industry, laboratories, academia, and government to present the challenges and opportunities related to grid-forming converter-dominated power systems.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to the theory, design, modelling, analysis, control, and application of control of grid-forming converters in power systems.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Control strategies for grid-forming converters, including virtual synchronous machine control, droop-based methods, and so on.
  • Stability analysis and enhancement of grid-forming converters in strong/weak grids and high renewable penetration scenarios.
  • Grid-forming converters for renewable energy integration, including solar PV, wind, and energy storage systems.
  • Applications in microgrids and islanded systems, focusing on black-start capability and autonomous operation.
  • Advanced modeling and simulation techniques for grid-forming converters in EMT and phasor-domain studies.
  • Fault ride-through and grid support functionalities, such as voltage/frequency regulation and inertia emulation.
  • Hardware design and optimization of grid-forming converters, including wide-bandgap semiconductor-based solutions.
  • Interaction between grid-forming and grid-following converters in hybrid power systems.
  • Protection and fault management in grids dominated by grid-forming converters.
  • Standardization, grid codes, and compliance for grid-forming technologies.
  • Emerging applications in electric ships, more electric aircraft, and off-grid power systems.

Dr. Yunhui Huang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • grid-forming converters
  • modeling
  • design
  • stability analysis
  • control strategy
  • standard
  • applications
  • optimization techniques

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 6279 KB  
Article
Two-Layer Coordinated Optimization and Control Method for Wind Farms Considering Both Point of Common Coupling Voltage Level and Generator Terminal Voltage Security
by Bo Zhou, Yongcan Wang, Yunyang Xu, Xiaofeng Jiang, Boyuan Yu, Heng Nian and Zhen He
Energies 2026, 19(3), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030771 - 2 Feb 2026
Viewed by 372
Abstract
In large wind farms, uneven voltage distribution caused by feeder impedance and turbine spacing may pose safety hazards and reduce operational efficiency. This paper proposes a two-layer voltage coordination optimal control method for wind farms that balances both grid-connection point voltage levels and [...] Read more.
In large wind farms, uneven voltage distribution caused by feeder impedance and turbine spacing may pose safety hazards and reduce operational efficiency. This paper proposes a two-layer voltage coordination optimal control method for wind farms that balances both grid-connection point voltage levels and turbine-end voltage safety. The outer layer tracks voltage commands issued by the AVC master station at the point of common coupling (PCC), while the inner layer establishes a global optimization model considering generator terminal voltage safety. The second-order cone relaxation method converts nonlinear constraints into solvable convex forms. Through a two-layer iterative solution, it achieves optimal allocation of active and reactive power between wind turbines and static var compensators (SVGs) within the field, thereby enhancing the active power output at the wind farm port and increasing the system’s reactive power margin. Simulation results demonstrate that compared to conventional unified power factor control, the proposed method effectively enhances terminal voltage security, increases wind farm power generation, and boosts system reactive power reserve capacity while stably tracking PCC voltage commands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Forming Converters in Power Systems)
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18 pages, 3223 KB  
Article
Voltage Stabilization in Shipboard Diesel-PMSG Autonomous Set Using a Parallel-Connected Converter
by Arkadiusz Nerc, Dariusz Tarnapowicz and Zenon Zwierzewicz
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6629; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246629 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 529
Abstract
The paper presents an innovative method of voltage stabilization in a ship’s power supply system, which involves controlling a converter connected in parallel with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) as the main part of an autonomous power generation unit. The proposed solution [...] Read more.
The paper presents an innovative method of voltage stabilization in a ship’s power supply system, which involves controlling a converter connected in parallel with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) as the main part of an autonomous power generation unit. The proposed solution addresses the critical challenges of maintaining a stable voltage level under varying load conditions typical of marine power plants, which often face unpredictable operational demands. The novel system topology and the proposed converter control strategy enable precise regulation of the output voltage supplied to the ship’s loads, ensuring high power quality, enhanced system reliability, and improved operational efficiency. The results of simulations and experiments presented in the article, which are confirmed by analytical studies, demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the developed voltage stabilization method. This concept holds significant potential for application in modern maritime power systems, contributing to the advancement of autonomous, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly shipboard electrical technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Forming Converters in Power Systems)
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18 pages, 4440 KB  
Article
Probabilistic Assessment Method of Available Inertia for Wind Turbines Considering Rotational Speed Randomness
by Junchao Ma, Jianing Liu, Zhen He, Chenxu Wang, Congnan Qiu, Yilei Gu and Xing Pan
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6457; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246457 - 10 Dec 2025
Viewed by 407
Abstract
The large-scale integration of wind power into the grid has led to a reduction in system inertia, threatening frequency stability. There is an urgent need to accurately assess the inertia support capability of wind turbines, providing a theoretical basis for grid inertia dispatch [...] Read more.
The large-scale integration of wind power into the grid has led to a reduction in system inertia, threatening frequency stability. There is an urgent need to accurately assess the inertia support capability of wind turbines, providing a theoretical basis for grid inertia dispatch and supporting grid frequency stability. However, due to factors such as wake effects, time-delay effects, and wind shear effects, the rotational speeds of different wind turbines within a wind farm under certain wind speed conditions exhibit probabilistic distribution characteristics. Existing research on wind turbine inertia assessment rarely accounts for the rotational speed randomness. To address this, this paper proposes a probabilistic assessment method for the available inertia of wind turbines that considers rotational speed randomness, establishes a joint probability model for wind speed and rotational speed, deriving the conditional probability density function of rotational speed. By substituting this into the frequency-domain inertia model, we achieve probabilistic inertia assessment. Using operational data from a wind farm in China, a practical case study is constructed, verifying the accuracy of the proposed probabilistic assessment method. At a wind speed of 6 m/s, the proposed method accurately captures the actual system inertia within its 90% confidence interval, in contrast to a conventional approach which yielded a significant 6.5% error. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Forming Converters in Power Systems)
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17 pages, 7052 KB  
Article
Identification Method for Wideband Oscillation Parameters Caused by Grid-Forming Renewable Energy Sources Based on Multiple Matching Synchrosqueezing Transformation
by Ping Xiong, Yu Sun, Lie Li, Yifan Zhao, Xiaoqian Zhu, Shunfan He and Ming Zhang
Energies 2025, 18(19), 5123; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195123 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 676
Abstract
The oscillation problem has emerged as one of the critical challenges confronting emerging power systems, particularly with the increasing penetration of grid-forming renewable energy sources. This trend can lead to the coexistence of multiple oscillation modes across a wide frequency range. To enhance [...] Read more.
The oscillation problem has emerged as one of the critical challenges confronting emerging power systems, particularly with the increasing penetration of grid-forming renewable energy sources. This trend can lead to the coexistence of multiple oscillation modes across a wide frequency range. To enhance the safety and stability of power systems, this paper proposes a wideband oscillation parameter identification method based on the multiple matching synchrosqueezing transform (MMSST), addressing the limitations of traditional time–frequency analysis techniques in accurately separating and extracting oscillation components during wideband parameter identification. The method first applies MMSST to decompose the measured oscillation signal into a set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Subsequently, the Hilbert transform is applied to each IMF to extract the instantaneous frequency, amplitude, and initial phase, thereby achieving precise parameter identification of the oscillation signal. The validation study results demonstrate that the MMSST algorithm outperforms the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and variational mode decomposition (VMD) algorithms in accurately extracting individual oscillation components and estimating their dynamic characteristics. Additionally, the proposed method achieves superior performance in terms of both accuracy and robustness when compared to the EMD and VMD algorithms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grid-Forming Converters in Power Systems)
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