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Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 23156

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Samuel Simon Araya

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, 4422 Esch-Belval Belvaux Sanem, Luxembourg
Interests: fuel cell systems; thermal engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Vincenzo Liso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 5, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: energy systems modeling; fuel cells; hydrogen; methanol
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrogen energy research and development has attracted growing attention as one of the key solutions for a clean future energy system. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, national governments across the world are developing ambitious policies to support hydrogen technology, and an increasing level of funding has been allocated for projects of research, development, and demonstration of this technology. At the same time, the private sector is capitalizing on the opportunity with larger investments in hydrogen technology solutions.

While intense research activities have been dedicated to this field, several issues require further research prior to achieving a full commercialization of hydrogen technology solutions. This Special Issue seeks to contribute to disseminating the most recent advancements in the field with respect to both modeling and experimental analysis. The focus is placed on research covering all aspects of the hydrogen energy route, including fuel production, storage, transportation, and final usage. This also includes the development of hydrogen-based fuels, such as ammonia, alcohols, and methane.

We look forward to considering your submissions.

Dr. Samuel Simon Araya
Dr. Vincenzo Liso
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fuel cell materials and systems
  • electrolysis materials and systems
  • catalysis
  • hydrogen storage and transportation
  • hydrogen based electro-fuels (e.g., methanol, ammonia, enriched methane)
  • control and diagnostics

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

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31 pages, 7887 KiB  
Article
Energy Hub Model for the Massive Adoption of Hydrogen in Power Systems
by Fabio Massaro, Maria Luisa Di Silvestre, Marco Ferraro, Francesco Montana, Eleonora Riva Sanseverino and Salvatore Ruffino
Energies 2024, 17(17), 4422; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174422 - 3 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1595
Abstract
A promising energy carrier and storage solution for integrating renewable energies into the power grid currently being investigated is hydrogen produced via electrolysis. It already serves various purposes, but it might also enable the development of hydrogen-based electricity storage systems made up of [...] Read more.
A promising energy carrier and storage solution for integrating renewable energies into the power grid currently being investigated is hydrogen produced via electrolysis. It already serves various purposes, but it might also enable the development of hydrogen-based electricity storage systems made up of electrolyzers, hydrogen storage systems, and generators (fuel cells or engines). The adoption of hydrogen-based technologies is strictly linked to the electrification of end uses and to multicarrier energy grids. This study introduces a generic method to integrate and optimize the sizing and operation phases of hydrogen-based power systems using an energy hub optimization model, which can manage and coordinate multiple energy carriers and equipment. Furthermore, the uncertainty related to renewables and final demands was carefully assessed. A case study on an urban microgrid with high hydrogen demand for mobility demonstrates the method’s applicability, showing how the multi-objective optimization of hydrogen-based power systems can reduce total costs, primary energy demand, and carbon equivalent emissions for both power grids and mobility down to −145%. Furthermore, the adoption of the uncertainty assessment can give additional benefits, allowing a downsizing of the equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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Review

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64 pages, 5254 KiB  
Review
Mechanisms and Modelling of Effects on the Degradation Processes of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell: A Comprehensive Review
by Krystof Foniok, Lubomira Drozdova, Lukas Prokop, Filip Krupa, Pavel Kedron and Vojtech Blazek
Energies 2025, 18(8), 2117; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18082117 - 20 Apr 2025
Viewed by 515
Abstract
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), recognised for their high efficiency and zero emissions, represent a promising solution for automotive applications. Despite their potential, durability challenges under real-world automotive operating conditions—arising from chemical, mechanical, catalytic, and thermal degradation processes intensified by contaminants—limit their [...] Read more.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), recognised for their high efficiency and zero emissions, represent a promising solution for automotive applications. Despite their potential, durability challenges under real-world automotive operating conditions—arising from chemical, mechanical, catalytic, and thermal degradation processes intensified by contaminants—limit their broader adoption. This review aims to systematically assess recent advancements in understanding and modelling PEMFC degradation mechanisms. The article critically evaluates experimental approaches integrated with advanced physicochemical modelling techniques, such as impedance spectroscopy, microstructural analysis, and hybrid modelling approaches, highlighting their strengths and specific limitations. Experimental studies conducted under dynamic, realistic conditions provide precise data for validating these models. The review explicitly compares physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid modelling strategies, discussing trade-offs between accuracy, computational demand, and generalizability. Key findings emphasise that hybrid models effectively balance precision with computational efficiency. Finally, the article identifies apparent research gaps. It suggests future directions, including developing degradation-resistant materials, improved simulation methodologies, and intelligent control systems to optimise PEMFC performance and enhance operational lifespan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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42 pages, 7784 KiB  
Review
Performance Evaluation of Pressure Swing Adsorption for Hydrogen Separation from Syngas and Water–Gas Shift Syngas
by Aleksander Krótki, Joanna Bigda, Tomasz Spietz, Karina Ignasiak, Piotr Matusiak and Daniel Kowol
Energies 2025, 18(8), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18081887 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1111
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is a key energy carrier and industrial feedstock, with growing interest in its production from syngas and water–gas shift (WGS) syngas. Effective purification methods are essential to ensure high hydrogen purity for various applications, particularly fuel cells, chemical synthesis, [...] Read more.
Hydrogen (H2) is a key energy carrier and industrial feedstock, with growing interest in its production from syngas and water–gas shift (WGS) syngas. Effective purification methods are essential to ensure high hydrogen purity for various applications, particularly fuel cells, chemical synthesis, or automotive fuel. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) has emerged as a dominant separation technology due to its efficiency, scalability, and industrial maturity. This study reviews PSA-based hydrogen purification and proposes an experimental framework based on literature insights. Key process variables influencing PSA performance, such as adsorbent selection, cycle sequences, pressure conditions, and flow configurations, are identified. The proposed experimental methodology includes breakthrough adsorption studies and PSA process evaluations under dynamic conditions, with variations in column configuration, adsorption pressure (8–9 bar), and process concept (Berlin and Linde Gas). The purpose of the review is to prepare for syngas separation by the selected process in terms of hydrogen recovery and purity using ITPE’s advanced technological facilities. The findings are expected to contribute to improving PSA-based hydrogen purification strategies, offering a pathway for enhanced industrial-scale hydrogen production. This work provides a foundation for bridging theoretical PSA principles with practical implementation, supporting the growing demand for clean hydrogen in sustainable energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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28 pages, 1510 KiB  
Review
Review of Environmental Life Cycle Assessment for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles in Road Transport
by Dorota Burchart and Iga Przytuła
Energies 2025, 18(5), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051229 - 3 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1157
Abstract
This article summarizes current research on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) in road transport. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change are pushing the transport sector to intensify efforts toward decarbonization. One promising solution is the adoption [...] Read more.
This article summarizes current research on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) in road transport. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change are pushing the transport sector to intensify efforts toward decarbonization. One promising solution is the adoption of hydrogen technologies, whose development is supported by European Union regulations, such as the “Fit for 55” package. FCEVs are characterized by zero emissions during operation, but their environmental impact largely depends on the methods of hydrogen production. The use of renewable energy sources in hydrogen production can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while hydrogen produced from fossil fuels can even result in higher emissions compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. This article also discusses the importance of hydrogen refueling infrastructure and the efficiency of fuel storage and transportation systems. In conclusion, LCA shows that FCEVs can support the achievement of climate goals, provided that the development of hydrogen production technologies based on renewable sources and the corresponding infrastructure is ensured. The authors also highlight the potential of hybrid technologies as a transitional solution in the process of transforming the transport sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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18 pages, 7733 KiB  
Review
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems-Based Devices for Determining Natural Gas Calorific Value and Measuring H2 Content in Hydrogenated Gaseous Fuels
by Pawel Knapkiewicz
Energies 2025, 18(4), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040971 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 2153
Abstract
This article presents advancements in using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systemsbased (MEMS-based) devices for measuring the calorific value and hydrogen content in hydrogenated gaseous fuels, such as natural gas. As hydrogen emerges as a pivotal clean energy source, blending it with natural gas becomes essential for [...] Read more.
This article presents advancements in using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systemsbased (MEMS-based) devices for measuring the calorific value and hydrogen content in hydrogenated gaseous fuels, such as natural gas. As hydrogen emerges as a pivotal clean energy source, blending it with natural gas becomes essential for a sustainable energy transition. However, precise monitoring of hydrogen concentrations in gas distribution networks is crucial to ensure safety and reliability. Traditional methods like gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, while accurate, are often too complex and costly for real-time applications. In contrast, MEMS technology offers innovative, cost-effective alternatives that exhibit miniaturization, ease of installation, and rapid measurement capabilities. The article discusses the development of a novel MEMS thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and a new ionization spectrometer with an optical readout, both of which enable accurate assessment of hydrogen content and calorific values in natural gas. The TCD has demonstrated a 3% uncertainty in calorific value measurement and an impressive accuracy in determining hydrogen concentrations ranging from 2% to 25%. The research detailed in this article highlights the feasibility of integrating these MEMS devices into existing infrastructure, paving the way for efficient hydrogen monitoring in real-world applications. Moreover, preliminary findings reveal the potential for robust online process control, positioning MEMS technology as a transformative solution in the future of energy measurement. The ongoing innovations could significantly impact residential heating, industrial processes, and broader energy management strategies, facilitating a sustainable transition to hydrogen-enriched energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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32 pages, 2280 KiB  
Review
Underground Hydrogen Storage: Transforming Subsurface Science into Sustainable Energy Solutions
by Kwamena Opoku Duartey, William Ampomah, Hamid Rahnema and Mohamed Mehana
Energies 2025, 18(3), 748; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030748 - 6 Feb 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1606
Abstract
As the global economy moves toward net-zero carbon emissions, large-scale energy storage becomes essential to tackle the seasonal nature of renewable sources. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) offers a feasible solution by allowing surplus renewable energy to be transformed into hydrogen and stored in [...] Read more.
As the global economy moves toward net-zero carbon emissions, large-scale energy storage becomes essential to tackle the seasonal nature of renewable sources. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) offers a feasible solution by allowing surplus renewable energy to be transformed into hydrogen and stored in deep geological formations such as aquifers, salt caverns, or depleted reservoirs, making it available for use on demand. This study thoroughly evaluates UHS concepts, procedures, and challenges. This paper analyzes the most recent breakthroughs in UHS technology and identifies special conditions needed for its successful application, including site selection guidelines, technical and geological factors, and the significance of storage characteristics. The integrity of wells and caprock, which is important for safe and efficient storage, can be affected by the operating dynamics of the hydrogen cycle, notably the fluctuations in pressure and stress within storage formations. To evaluate its potential for broader adoption, we also examined economic elements such as cost-effectiveness and the technical practicality of large-scale storage. We also reviewed current UHS efforts and identified key knowledge gaps, primarily in the areas of hydrogen–rock interactions, geochemistry, gas migration control, microbial activities, and geomechanical stability. Resolving these technological challenges, regulatory frameworks, and environmental sustainability are essential to UHS’s long-term and extensive integration into the energy industry. This article provides a roadmap for UHS research and development, emphasizing the need for further research to fully realize the technology’s promise as a pillar of the hydrogen economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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22 pages, 4474 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen Purity: Influence of Production Methods, Purification Techniques, and Analytical Approaches
by Yunji Kim and Heena Yang
Energies 2025, 18(3), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030741 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1645
Abstract
Hydrogen purity plays a crucial role in the expanding hydrogen economy, particularly in applications such as fuel cells and industrial processes. This review investigates the relationship between hydrogen production methods and resulting purity levels, emphasizing the differences between reforming, electrolysis, and biomass-based techniques. [...] Read more.
Hydrogen purity plays a crucial role in the expanding hydrogen economy, particularly in applications such as fuel cells and industrial processes. This review investigates the relationship between hydrogen production methods and resulting purity levels, emphasizing the differences between reforming, electrolysis, and biomass-based techniques. Furthermore, it explores state-of-the-art purification technologies, including pressure swing adsorption (PSA), membrane separation, and cryogenic distillation, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations in achieving ultra-pure hydrogen. Analytical methods such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and cavity ring-down spectroscopy are also discussed in terms of their accuracy and application scope for hydrogen quality assessment. By integrating findings from global and domestic studies, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and advancements in hydrogen purity, offering insights into optimizing hydrogen for a sustainable energy future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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46 pages, 2145 KiB  
Review
Recovered Ammonia as a Sustainable Energy Carrier: Innovations in Recovery, Combustion, and Fuel Cells
by Daniele La Corte, Marina Maddaloni, Reza Vahidzadeh, Marta Domini, Giorgio Bertanza, Samee Ullah Ansari, Matteo Marchionni, Vittorio Tola and Nancy Artioli
Energies 2025, 18(3), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030508 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1316
Abstract
Recovered ammonia, extracted from waste streams such as industrial leachates and organic waste, represents a unique opportunity to harness a sustainable, carbon-free energy resource. This paper focuses on the energy potential of ammonia recovered from waste, emphasizing its role as a critical element [...] Read more.
Recovered ammonia, extracted from waste streams such as industrial leachates and organic waste, represents a unique opportunity to harness a sustainable, carbon-free energy resource. This paper focuses on the energy potential of ammonia recovered from waste, emphasizing its role as a critical element in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Integrating recovered ammonia into energy systems enables industries to reduce dependence on conventional ammonia production, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and advance circular economy practices. The study reviews advanced technologies for recovering ammonia from waste, as well as its application in combustion processes and fuel cells. Particular emphasis is placed on optimizing ammonia combustion to minimize nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and on utilizing recovered ammonia in direct ammonia fuel cells and hydrogen generation for fuel cells. Challenges associated with scaling waste recovery technologies and integrating recovered ammonia into existing energy infrastructures are critically examined. By providing an in-depth assessment of the environmental and economic benefits of using recovered ammonia as an energy source, this paper highlights its potential to decarbonize sectors such as transportation, industry, and power generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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47 pages, 2013 KiB  
Review
Green Hydrogen for Energy Transition: A Critical Perspective
by Ruggero Angelico, Ferruccio Giametta, Biagio Bianchi and Pasquale Catalano
Energies 2025, 18(2), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020404 - 17 Jan 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2241
Abstract
Green hydrogen (GH2) is emerging as a key driver of global energy transition, offering a sustainable pathway to decarbonize energy systems and achieve climate objectives. This review critically examines the state of GH2 research production technologies and their integration into [...] Read more.
Green hydrogen (GH2) is emerging as a key driver of global energy transition, offering a sustainable pathway to decarbonize energy systems and achieve climate objectives. This review critically examines the state of GH2 research production technologies and their integration into renewable energy systems, supported by a bibliometric analysis of the recent literature. Produced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy, GH2 shows significant potential to decarbonize industries, enhance grid stability, and support the Power-to-X paradigm, which interlinks electricity, heating, transportation, and industrial applications. However, widespread adoption faces challenges, including high production costs, infrastructure constraints, and the need for robust regulatory frameworks. Addressing these barriers requires advancements in electrolyzer efficiency, scalable fuel cell technologies, and efficient storage solutions. Sector-coupled smart grids incorporating hydrogen demonstrate the potential to integrate GH2 into energy systems, enhancing renewable energy utilization and ensuring system reliability. Economic analyses predict that GH2 can achieve cost parity with fossil fuels by 2030 and will play a foundational role in low-carbon energy systems by 2050. Its ability to convert surplus renewable electricity into clean energy carriers positions it as a cornerstone for decarbonizing energy-intensive sectors, such as industry, transportation, and heating. This review underscores the transformative potential of GH2 in creating a sustainable energy future. By addressing technical, economic, and policy challenges and through coordinated efforts in innovation and infrastructure development, GH2 can accelerate the transition to carbon-neutral energy systems and contribute to achieving global climate goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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14 pages, 1965 KiB  
Review
Methods for Enhancing Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: The Benefits of Applying Magnetic Fields
by Michael Binns
Energies 2024, 17(19), 4897; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194897 - 30 Sep 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1606
Abstract
The electrolysis of water is one of the most promising ways of producing green hydrogen. This produces hydrogen using electricity and does not generate additional carbon dioxide like the more conventional reforming of fossil fuels. However, making electrolysis competitive with conventional methods for [...] Read more.
The electrolysis of water is one of the most promising ways of producing green hydrogen. This produces hydrogen using electricity and does not generate additional carbon dioxide like the more conventional reforming of fossil fuels. However, making electrolysis competitive with conventional methods for hydrogen production is a challenge because of the cost of electricity and because of inefficiencies and costs in electrolysis systems. Initially this review looks at the basic design of water electrolysis and asks where energy is lost. Then, a selection of the latest results in the area of magnetic field-enhanced water electrolysis are examined and discussed, in particular focusing on the empirical results of magnetic field-assisted electrolysis with the aim of comparing findings and identifying limitations of current studies such that recommendations can be made for advanced design of hydrogen producing electrolysis systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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22 pages, 4449 KiB  
Review
Ejectors in Hydrogen Recirculation for PEMFC-Based Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Design, Operation, and Numerical Simulations
by Masoud Arabbeiki, Mohsen Mansourkiaei, Domenico Ferrero and Massimo Santarelli
Energies 2024, 17(19), 4815; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194815 - 26 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1828
Abstract
Fuel cell systems often utilize a hydrogen recirculation system to redirect and transport surplus hydrogen back to the anode, which enhances fuel consumption and boosts the efficiency of the fuel cell. Hydrogen recirculation pumps and ejectors are the most investigated systems. Ejectors are [...] Read more.
Fuel cell systems often utilize a hydrogen recirculation system to redirect and transport surplus hydrogen back to the anode, which enhances fuel consumption and boosts the efficiency of the fuel cell. Hydrogen recirculation pumps and ejectors are the most investigated systems. Ejectors are gaining recognition as an essential device in fuel cell systems. However, their application in hydrogen recirculation systems is often limited by a narrow operational range. Therefore, it is advantageous to compile the present condition of the study on various ejector shapes as well as configurations that can accommodate a broader operational range, along with the numerical simulations employed in these studies. This paper begins by examining the structure and operation of ejectors. It then compares and analyzes the latest advancements in research on ejector-based hydrogen recirculation systems with extended operating ranges and reviews the details of numerical simulations of ejectors, which are crucial for the development of innovative and efficient ejectors. This study provides key insights and recommendations for integrating hydrogen ejectors into the hydrogen cycle system of fuel cell engines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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38 pages, 2312 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen Purification Technologies in the Context of Its Utilization
by Anna Król, Monika Gajec, Jadwiga Holewa-Rataj, Ewa Kukulska-Zając and Mateusz Rataj
Energies 2024, 17(15), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153794 - 1 Aug 2024
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5264
Abstract
This publication explores current and prospective methods for hydrogen production and purification, with a strong emphasis on membrane-based technologies for purification and separation. This focus is justified by the ongoing shift towards renewable energy sources (RESs) in electricity generation, necessitating strategic changes to [...] Read more.
This publication explores current and prospective methods for hydrogen production and purification, with a strong emphasis on membrane-based technologies for purification and separation. This focus is justified by the ongoing shift towards renewable energy sources (RESs) in electricity generation, necessitating strategic changes to increase hydrogen utilization, particularly in the automotive, heavy road, and rail sectors, by 2025–2030. The adoption of hydrogen from RESs in the construction, energy, and industrial sectors (e.g., for process heat or fertilizer production) is also under consideration, driving the need for innovative production, separation, and purification methods. Historically, industrial-scale hydrogen has been predominantly derived from fossil fuels, but renewable sources such as electrolysis, biological, and thermal processes now offer alternatives with varying production efficiencies (0.06–80%) and gas compositions. Therefore, selecting appropriate separation and purification methods is critical based on specific usage requirements and the gas composition. Industrial-scale hydrogen purification commonly employs pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technologies, capable of achieving up to 99.99% purity. Cryogenic distillation is suitable for applications needing up to 95% purity. Membrane technologies, including polymer, metallic, and electrolytic membranes, have traditionally been limited to moderate volumes of pure gas production but are crucial for hydrogen purification and separation. This publication critically evaluates the potential of membrane technology for hydrogen separation, particularly in response to the anticipated rise in demand for RES-derived hydrogen, including from renewable feedstocks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogen Energy IV)
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