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Progress and Challenges in Wind Farm Optimization

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 January 2026) | Viewed by 3926

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 37224, Republic of Korea
Interests: control; wind turbines/farms; condition monitoring; modeling; estimation; prediction; neural network

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Guest Editor
Wind Energy Research Department, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju-do, Jeju-si 63357, Republic of Korea
Interests: wind farm flow analysis; wake modeling and optimization; wind farm layout optimization; wind farm power forecasting; time series data prediction; wind turbine noise propagation analysis; wind noise testing and evaluation; low-frequency noise propagation modeling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the past few decades, wind energy has emerged as one of the most significant and rapidly growing renewable energy sources. However, optimizing wind farms’ performance and cost-effectiveness remains a critical challenge due to complex factors such as wake interactions, variability in wind resources, and environmental constraints.

This Special Issue will explore cutting-edge advancements in wind farm optimization, focusing on layout design, operational strategies, predictive maintenance, and the integration of emerging technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. Key areas of interest include optimizing wind farm layouts to maximize power output, mitigating wake effects, minimizing operational costs, and enhancing grid integration. Additionally, innovative approaches to environmental impact reduction, such as noise minimization and ecological considerations, will be addressed.

The topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Wind farm layout optimization;
  • Operational and control strategies;
  • Predictive maintenance and cost reduction;
  • Wake effect modeling and mitigation;
  • Integration of wind energy with hybrid systems;
  • Machine learning and AI applications in optimization;
  • Environmental impact assessments and mitigation.

Through this Special Issue, we will advance the state-of-the-art in wind farm optimization, providing valuable insights for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers dedicated to the future of wind energy.

Prof. Dr. Sung-ho Hur
Dr. Eunkuk Son
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wind farm optimization
  • wake effect mitigation
  • layout design
  • predictive maintenance
  • machine learning
  • artificial intelligence
  • operational strategies
  • environmental impact
  • grid integration
 

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 7879 KB  
Article
Analysis of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Clusters Using Condensed Two-Dimensional Velocity Data Obtained from Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics
by Md. Shameem Moral, Hiroto Inai, Yutaka Hara, Yoshifumi Jodai and Hongzhong Zhu
Energies 2026, 19(8), 1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19081835 - 8 Apr 2026
Viewed by 468
Abstract
Vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) clusters have been extensively investigated owing to their positive aerodynamic interactions. However, accurate predictions of the flow field and power output of each rotor in VAWT clusters using high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) remain computationally expensive. In this study, [...] Read more.
Vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) clusters have been extensively investigated owing to their positive aerodynamic interactions. However, accurate predictions of the flow field and power output of each rotor in VAWT clusters using high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) remain computationally expensive. In this study, we propose a fast computation method for the flow field and operating state of each rotor of VAWT clusters using temporally and spatially averaged velocity data compressed from an unsteady velocity field obtained via a 3D-CFD simulation of an isolated rotor. First, the unsteady 3D flow field in the 3D-CFD simulation is time-averaged over several revolutions. Next, the temporally averaged velocity is spatially averaged in the vertical direction to obtain spatially compressed data. Based on a previously developed fast computation framework, a wind-farm flow field is constructed using condensed two-dimensional velocity data obtained from a single turbine. The proposed method is applied to three-rotor configurations, and the rotational speeds of the turbines are compared with the wind-tunnel measurements. The results show that the proposed method substantially improved the prediction accuracy while maintaining a low computational cost. In addition, it can be used to efficiently design and optimize turbine layouts in VAWT wind farms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Challenges in Wind Farm Optimization)
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22 pages, 5402 KB  
Article
Underwater Radiated Noise Analysis of Fixed Offshore Wind Turbines Considering the Acoustic Properties of the Western Coast of the Korean Peninsula
by Jooyoung Lee, Sangheon Lee, Cheolung Cheong, Songjune Lee and Gwang-se Lee
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6151; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236151 - 24 Nov 2025
Viewed by 599
Abstract
With continued technological advancements, the sizes of fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines have increased, resulting in increased operational noise levels. In this study, we investigated the underwater radiated noise generated by wind turbine operation along the western coast of the Korean Peninsula using numerical [...] Read more.
With continued technological advancements, the sizes of fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines have increased, resulting in increased operational noise levels. In this study, we investigated the underwater radiated noise generated by wind turbine operation along the western coast of the Korean Peninsula using numerical simulations. Using the OpenFAST software, a load analysis of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW reference turbine with a jacket substructure was conducted for the various wind speeds defined in Design Load Case 1.2. The load analysis results and gear mesh frequency components were applied as excitation forces in a finite-element-method-based structural–acoustic coupled analysis model to evaluate underwater radiated noise, incorporating the acoustic properties of the seabed along the western coast of the Korean Peninsula and dynamic state of the sea surface. The numerical results were subsequently compared with experimental measurements of the operational noise from wind turbines supported by jacket substructures. The results indicated that, excluding certain frequency bands, the spectral levels were similar across the frequency spectrum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Challenges in Wind Farm Optimization)
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27 pages, 7010 KB  
Article
Trailing-Edge Noise and Amplitude Modulation Under Yaw-Induced Partial Wake: A Curl–UVLM Analysis with Atmospheric Stability Effects
by Homin Kim, Taeseok Yuk, Kukhwan Yu and Soogab Lee
Energies 2025, 18(19), 5205; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195205 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 697
Abstract
This study examines the effects of partial wakes caused by upstream turbine yaw control on the trailing-edge noise of a downstream turbine under stable and neutral atmospheric conditions. Using a combined model coupling the unsteady vortex lattice method (UVLM) with the Curl wake [...] Read more.
This study examines the effects of partial wakes caused by upstream turbine yaw control on the trailing-edge noise of a downstream turbine under stable and neutral atmospheric conditions. Using a combined model coupling the unsteady vortex lattice method (UVLM) with the Curl wake model, calibrated with large eddy simulation data, wake behavior and noise characteristics were analyzed for yaw angles from −30° to +30°. Results show that partial wakes slightly raise overall noise levels and lateral asymmetry of trailing-edge noise, while amplitude modulation (AM) strength is more strongly influenced by yaw control. AM varies linearly with wake deflection at moderate yaw angles but behaves nonlinearly beyond a threshold due to large wake deflection and deformation. Findings reveal that yaw control can significantly increase the lateral asymmetry in the AM strength directivity pattern of the downstream turbine, and that AM characteristics depend on the complex interplay between inflow distribution and convective amplification effects, highlighting the importance of accurate wake prediction, along with appropriate consideration of observer point location and blade rotation, for evaluating AM characteristics of a wind turbine influenced by a partial wake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Challenges in Wind Farm Optimization)
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30 pages, 3560 KB  
Article
The Planning of Best Site Selection for Wind Energy in Indonesia: A Synergistic Approach Using Data Envelopment Analysis and Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making
by Chia-Nan Wang, Yu-Chi Chung, Fajar Dwi Wibowo, Thanh-Tuan Dang and Ngoc-Ai-Thy Nguyen
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4176; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154176 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1580
Abstract
The objective of this study is to create an integrated and sustainability-centered framework to identify optimal locations for wind energy projects in Indonesia. This research employs a novel two-phase multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that combines the strengths of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Fuzzy [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to create an integrated and sustainability-centered framework to identify optimal locations for wind energy projects in Indonesia. This research employs a novel two-phase multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that combines the strengths of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and Fuzzy Combined Compromise Solution (F-CoCoSo). Initially, DEA is utilized to pinpoint the most promising sites based on a variety of quantitative factors. Subsequently, these sites are evaluated against qualitative criteria such as technical, economic, environmental, and socio-political considerations using FAHP for criteria weighting and F-CoCoSo for ranking the sites. Comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the criteria weights and a comparative assessment of methodologies substantiate the robustness of the proposed framework. The results converge on consistent rankings across methods, highlighting the effectiveness of the integrated approach. Notably, the results consistently identify Lampung, Aceh, and Riau as the top-ranked provinces, showcasing their strategic suitability for wind plant development. This framework provides a systematic approach for enhancing resource efficiency and strategic planning in Indonesia’s renewable energy sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Challenges in Wind Farm Optimization)
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