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Advances in Green Hydrogen Production Technologies

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A5: Hydrogen Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2025) | Viewed by 3863

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, R. Boškovića 32, 21000 Split, Croatia
Interests: renewable energy sources; especially diagnostics of hydrogen-powered PEM fuel cells; electrolyzers and electrochemical hydrogen compressors; including various numerical and experimental testing methods for characterization on cell and stack level; coupled with control techniques for efficient performance and durability

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: renewable hydrogen; hydrogen technology; electrolysis; plant/system engineering; renewable energy; hydrogen; fuel cells; energy transition; hydrogen strategy; hydrogen society; hydrogen economy; hydrogen safety

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to the Energies Special Issue on ‘Advances in Green Hydrogen Production Technologies’.

The durability of green hydrogen production technologies is one of the most significant challenges for their wider commercialization. For instance, the fluctuating intensity of input electricity derived from renewable energy sources, utilized in the electrolysis process for producing green hydrogen, leads to variations in operating temperatures. Consequently, the maintenance of these temperatures becomes necessary, posing both operational challenges and safety risks—operation at very low input currents can cause the mixing of hydrogen and oxygen, while frequent switching the device on/off, as well as operation with variable currents and temperature, affect the durability of the device. Therefore, a deeper understanding of their processes and complex mechanisms of performance degradation during operation is still a hot research topic and indispensable requirement in practice, alongside a need for the advanced in situ diagnostics of the phenomenon itself and monitoring of its progression. This is especially crucial for identifying the cause(s) of performance degradation. The ultimate broader aim is collecting more comprehensive information on the current state of performance of these devices for more efficient (green) hydrogen production, as well as forecasting their remaining useful lifetime. On the other hand, the wide range of procedures for accelerated degradation testing makes it difficult to compare the obtained results. Hence, due to the presence of non-linearity and even pronounced data stochasticity, their practical application in further analysis and interpretation is often very inappropriate. Moreover, the biggest challenge is still to extract useful information from such a large set of measured data, especially during the operation of these devices in practice.

Therefore, further progress and the realization of the expected scientific contributions of novel and original scientific papers on this very attractive topic should certainly represent a great challenge and motivation for researchers in this field.

Dr. Ivan Pivac
Dr. Ankica Kovač
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • green hydrogen production
  • electrolyzers
  • in situ diagnostics
  • prognostics
  • state of performance
  • remaining useful lifetime
  • durability
  • degradation mechanisms

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 2412 KB  
Article
Synergistic Temperature–Pressure Optimization in PEM Water Electrolysis: A 3D CFD Analysis for Efficient Green Ammonia Production
by Dexue Yang, Xiaomeng Zhang, Jianpeng Li, Fengwei Rong, Jiang Zhu, Guidong Li, Xu Ji and Ge He
Energies 2026, 19(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010002 - 19 Dec 2025
Viewed by 917
Abstract
To address the fluctuation and instability of renewable power generation and the steady-state demands of chemical processes, a single-channel, non-isothermal computational fluid dynamics 3D model was developed. This model explicitly incorporates the coupling effects of electrochemical reactions, two-phase flow, and heat transfer. Subsequently, [...] Read more.
To address the fluctuation and instability of renewable power generation and the steady-state demands of chemical processes, a single-channel, non-isothermal computational fluid dynamics 3D model was developed. This model explicitly incorporates the coupling effects of electrochemical reactions, two-phase flow, and heat transfer. Subsequently, the influence of key operating parameters on proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) system performance was investigated. The model accurately predicts the current–voltage polarization curve and has been validated against experimental data. Furthermore, the CFD model was employed to investigate the coupled effects of several key parameters—including operating temperature, cathode pressure, membrane thickness, porosity of the porous transport layer, and water inlet rate—on the overall electrolysis performance. Based on the numerical simulation results, the evolution of the ohmic polarization curve under temperature gradient, the block effect of bubble transport under high pressure, and the influence mechanism of the microstructure of the multi-space transport layer on gas–liquid, two-phase flow distribution are mainly discussed. Operational strategy analysis indicates that the high-efficiency mode (4.3–4.5 kWh/Nm3) is suitable for renewable energy consumption scenarios, while the economy mode (4.7 kWh/Nm3) reduces compression energy consumption by 23% through pressure–temperature synergistic optimization, achieving energy consumption alignment with green ammonia synthesis processes. This provides theoretical support for the optimization design and dynamic regulation of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Green Hydrogen Production Technologies)
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19 pages, 2424 KB  
Article
A Multi-Time Scale Optimal Dispatch Strategy for Green Ammonia Production Using Wind–Solar Hydrogen Under Renewable Energy Fluctuations
by Yong Zheng, Shaofei Zhu, Dexue Yang, Jianpeng Li, Fengwei Rong, Xu Ji and Ge He
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6518; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246518 - 12 Dec 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
This paper develops an optimal dispatch model for an integrated wind–solar hydrogen-to-ammonia system to address the mismatch between renewable-energy fluctuations and chemical production loads. The model incorporates renewable variability, electrolyzer dynamics, hydrogen-storage regulation, and ammonia-synthesis load constraints, and is solved using a multi-time-scale [...] Read more.
This paper develops an optimal dispatch model for an integrated wind–solar hydrogen-to-ammonia system to address the mismatch between renewable-energy fluctuations and chemical production loads. The model incorporates renewable variability, electrolyzer dynamics, hydrogen-storage regulation, and ammonia-synthesis load constraints, and is solved using a multi-time-scale MILP framework. An efficiency-priority power allocation strategy is further introduced to account for performance differences among electrolyzers. Using real wind–solar output data, a 72-h case study compares three operational schemes: the Balanced Scheme, the Steady-State Scheme, and the Following Scheme. The proposed Balanced Scheme reduces renewable curtailment to 2.4%, lowers ammonia load fluctuations relative to the Following Scheme, and decreases electricity consumption per ton of ammonia by 19.4% compared with the Steady-State Scheme. These results demonstrate that the integrated dispatch model and electrolyzer-cluster control strategy enhance system flexibility, energy efficiency, and overall economic performance in renewable-powered ammonia production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Green Hydrogen Production Technologies)
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21 pages, 3918 KB  
Article
Quantifying Grid-Forming Requirement for Electrolyzer-Based Hydrogen Production in Off-Grid Systems
by Lei Zhou, Ningbo Zhang, Yi Zhou, Yiwei Qiu and Shi Chen
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6440; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246440 - 9 Dec 2025
Viewed by 869
Abstract
Off-grid renewable power-to-hydrogen (ReP2H) systems face stability and economic constraints driven by the variability of renewable resources. This paper presents a comparative analysis of grid-forming (GFM) service requirements under three approaches, i.e., centralized GFM battery energy storage system (BESS), GFM electrolyzers and coordinated [...] Read more.
Off-grid renewable power-to-hydrogen (ReP2H) systems face stability and economic constraints driven by the variability of renewable resources. This paper presents a comparative analysis of grid-forming (GFM) service requirements under three approaches, i.e., centralized GFM battery energy storage system (BESS), GFM electrolyzers and coordinated multi-source GFM strategies. We first establish detailed GFM models for off-grid ReP2H systems under each approach and then conduct hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulations. By evaluating both dynamic performance and cost, we identify the strengths and limitations of the three strategies and quantify the GFM capacity needed to ensure stable off-grid hydrogen production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Green Hydrogen Production Technologies)
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