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Diagnostics
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Recent Advances in Biomarkers and Technologies That Support Preventive Medicine,...
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Recent Advances in Biomarkers and Technologies That Support Preventive Medicine, Improved Clinical Outcomes and Value-Based Care

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Laboratory Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2025) | Viewed by 1533

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alagarraju Muthukumar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
Interests: repurposing big data for clinical research; validating new diagnostic assays
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Kavithalakshmi Sataranatarajan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
Interests: laboratory medicine; clinical chemistry; aging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Healthcare is rapidly evolving, empowered by the development of new technology and automation. Clinical laboratories should keep pace with these changes to stay relevant and deliver cost-effective care and improved outcomes. Towards this goal, this Special Issue will focus on new blood-based biomarkers (single and multiplex assays) and technologies that enable early diagnoses, continuous monitoring, automation and easy implementation in rural and underserved areas to deliver value-based care.

Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • New biomarkers or panels for the early detection of cancer, brain injury and neurological defects;
  • Advancements in fluorescence labeling and detection technologies that facilitate the quan-titation of proteins in lower ranges (below picograms per milliliter);
  • Technologies that support the continuous monitoring of electrolytes, lactate, high-sensitivity troponin and other critical markers;
  • Near-patient testing platforms that allow both CBC and metabolic panel testing.

Dr. Alagarraju Muthukumar
Dr. Kavithalakshmi Sataranatarajan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • blood biomarkers
  • serum/plasma proteins
  • biomarkers in diseases
  • laboratory medicine
  • blood test

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 977 KiB  
Article
Sex-Specific Impact of Inflammation and Nutritional Indices on AVF Blood Flow and Maturation: A Retrospective Analysis
by Özgür Akkaya and Ümit Arslan
Diagnostics 2025, 15(10), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15101278 - 18 May 2025
Viewed by 669
Abstract
Background: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure rates are consistently higher in females, although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Inflammatory processes play a key role in AVF remodeling and venous arterialization, yet their influence may differ by sex. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure rates are consistently higher in females, although the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Inflammatory processes play a key role in AVF remodeling and venous arterialization, yet their influence may differ by sex. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of inflammatory indices on AVF blood flow and maturation, with a focus on sex-specific differences. Methods: This retrospective analytical study included 110 patients (50 females, 60 males) undergoing initial surgical AVF creation. Postoperative assessments occurred at the fourth and sixth weeks. Patients demonstrating insufficient maturation (blood flow < 600 mL/min) at the fourth week were re-evaluated after two weeks without any intervening procedures or additional interventions. Results: Intraoperative Transit-Time Flow Measurement (TTFM) revealed significantly higher median AVF blood flow in males compared to females (289 mL/min vs. 200 mL/min; p < 0.001). Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) findings confirmed these sex-related differences, demonstrating consistently lower blood flow rates in female patients. An elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was associated with approximately a 31% reduction in AVF blood flow among females, whereas an increased C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CrA) correlated with an approximate 9% decline. In males, an elevated systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) were significantly associated with decreased AVF blood flow. Conversely, a higher prognostic nutritional index (PNI) positively correlated with AVF blood flow in both sexes. Risk factors associated with inadequate AVF maturation (<600 mL/min at sixth week) included female sex, advanced age, obesity, smoking, anemia, low vitamin D levels, and elevated inflammatory indices (NLR, SII, and SIRI). Conclusions: Inflammatory and nutritional indices derived from routine laboratory tests may assist in estimating AVF maturation likelihood. While DUS reliably assesses AVF blood flow, complementary evaluation methods may be required to assess the broader vascular status. Further research is needed to clarify sex-specific inflammatory mechanisms influencing AVF outcomes and to guide individualized management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomarkers and Technologies That Support Preventive Medicine, Improved Clinical Outcomes and Value-Based Care)
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10 pages, 858 KiB  
Article
Elevated Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Interleukin-6 in HIV Immunological Non-Responders Among the Indonesian Population
by Agnes Rengga Indrati, Felicia Nathania Kosasih, Fitri Fadhilah, Amelia Pratiwi, Ummi Muthiah, Verina Logito, Anton Sumarpo, Jane Haryanto, Shofa Munaya, Ni Made Dwi Rosmiati, Dewi Kartika Turbawaty and Rudi Wisaksana
Diagnostics 2025, 15(8), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15080959 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 517
Abstract
Approximately 10–35% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) fail to restore CD4+ T cell counts, a state known as immunological non-responder (INR) characterized by persistent immune activation and elevated cytokine levels. Objective: This study aimed to identify [...] Read more.
Approximately 10–35% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) fail to restore CD4+ T cell counts, a state known as immunological non-responder (INR) characterized by persistent immune activation and elevated cytokine levels. Objective: This study aimed to identify cytokines that can serve as biomarkers for immune activation and inflammation in INR patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing two groups: INRs (PLHIV on ART with viral suppression) and immunological responders (IRs). We analyzed 40 samples of virologically suppressed PLHIV, measuring CD4+ T cell counts, viral load via RT-PCR, and cytokine levels through cytometric bead array (CBA). Results: The INR group exhibited significantly higher median serum levels of IL-6 (1.74 pg/mL vs. 0.94 pg/mL, p = 0.016) and IL-10 (1.65 pg/mL vs. 0.92 pg/mL, p = 0.03) compared to the IR group. Conclusions: Elevated IL-6 and IL-10 levels may serve as potential markers to distinguish INR from IR patients with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.731 and 0.707, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biomarkers and Technologies That Support Preventive Medicine, Improved Clinical Outcomes and Value-Based Care)
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