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Diagnostics
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Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2024 | Viewed by 7310

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Francesca Frijia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
2. Bioengineering and Clinical Engineering Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Interests: magnetic resonance imaging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The recent technical progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spatial resolution and sensitivity and the continuous development of new sequences have ensured that this technique remains widely used in all fields of medicine.

MRI can display tissue and body fluid characteristics, and for these reasons has become amongst the most heavily used medical imaging techniques for the diagnosis and follow up of diseases affecting different organs and tissues.

This Special Issue aims to provide an overview on the potential impact of MRI on the diagnosis and prognosis of different pathologies. Moreover, we provide an update on the recent advances in clinical and research applications of MRI.

We are looking for original research articles that discuss recent advances in MRI techniques, either alone or in combination with future directions of MRI. Relevant review articles and technical notes may also be considered.

Dr. Francesca Frijia
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • whole-body magnetic resonance imaging
  • neuro magnetic resonance imaging
  • cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
  • MR hardware development for clinical applications
  • deep learning and artificial intelligence in MR imaging
  • advanced MR image acquisition and reconstruction techniques for clinical application

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

11 pages, 597 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Disciplinary MRI Assessment May Optimize the Evaluation of Chondral Lesions in Acute Ankle Fractures: A Prospective Study
by Ali Darwich, Dominik Nörenberg, Julia Adam, Svetlana Hetjens, Andreas Schilder, Udo Obertacke, Sascha Gravius and Ahmed Jawhar
Diagnostics 2023, 13(20), 3220; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13203220 - 16 Oct 2023
Viewed by 733
Abstract
Chondral lesions (CL) in the ankle following acute fractures are frequently overlooked immediately after the injury or diagnosed at a later stage, leading to persistent symptoms despite successful surgery. The literature presents a wide range of discrepancies in the reported incidence of CLs [...] Read more.
Chondral lesions (CL) in the ankle following acute fractures are frequently overlooked immediately after the injury or diagnosed at a later stage, leading to persistent symptoms despite successful surgery. The literature presents a wide range of discrepancies in the reported incidence of CLs in acute ankle fractures. The objective of this prospective study is to provide a precise assessment of the occurrence of chondral lesions (CLs) in acute ankle fractures through MRI scans conducted immediately after the trauma and prior to scheduled surgery. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the disparities in the interpretation of these MRI scans, particularly concerning the size and extent of chondral damage, between radiologists and orthopedic surgeons. Over the period of three years, all patients presenting with an unstable ankle fracture that underwent operative treatment were consecutively included in this single-center prospective study. Preoperative MRIs were obtained for all included patients within 10 days of the trauma and were evaluated by a trauma surgeon and a radiologist specialized in musculoskeletal MRI blinded to each other’s results. The location of the lesions was documented, as well as their size and ICRS classification. Correlations and kappa coefficients as well as the p-values were calculated. A total of 65 patients were included, with a mean age of 41 years. The evaluation of the orthopedic surgeon showed CLs in 52.3% of patients. CLs occurred mainly on the tibial articular surface (70.6%). Most talar lesions were located laterally (11.2%). The observed CLs were mainly ICRS grade 4. According to the radiologist, 69.2% of the patients presented with CLs. The most common location was the talar dome (48.9%), especially laterally. Most detected CLs were graded ICRS 3a. The correlation between the two observers was weak/fair regarding the detection and classification of CLs and moderate regarding the size of the detected CLs. To enhance the planning of surgical treatment for ankle chondral lesions (CLs), it may be beneficial to conduct an interdisciplinary preoperative assessment of the performed scans. This collaborative approach can optimize the evaluation of ankle CLs and improve overall treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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14 pages, 13165 KiB  
Article
Biventricular Tissue Tracking with Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Reference Values of Left- and Right-Ventricular Strain
by Andrea Barison, Roberto Ceolin, Alessandro Palmieri, Pietro Paolo Tamborrino, Giancarlo Todiere, Chrysanthos Grigoratos, Ignazio Alessio Gueli, Carmelo De Gori, Alberto Clemente, Laura Pistoia, Alessia Pepe, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Vincenzo Positano, Michele Emdin, Filippo Cademartiri and Antonella Meloni
Diagnostics 2023, 13(18), 2912; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13182912 - 11 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 772
Abstract
We derived reference values of left-ventricular (LV) and right-ventricular (RV) strain parameters in a cohort of 100 healthy subjects by feature tracking cardiac magnetic resonance (FT-CMR). Global and regional strain values were calculated for the LV; circumferential and radialSAX strain parameters were [...] Read more.
We derived reference values of left-ventricular (LV) and right-ventricular (RV) strain parameters in a cohort of 100 healthy subjects by feature tracking cardiac magnetic resonance (FT-CMR). Global and regional strain values were calculated for the LV; circumferential and radialSAX strain parameters were derived from the short-axis (SAX) stack, while longitudinal and radialLAX strain parameters were assessed in three long-axis (LAX) views. Only global longitudinal strain (GLS) was calculated for the RV. Peak global LV circumferential strain was −16.7% ± 2.1%, LV radialSAX strain was 26.4% ± 5.1%, LV radialLAX strain was 31.1% ± 5.2%, LV GLS was −17.7% ± 1.9%, and RV GLS was −23.9% ± 4.1%. Women presented higher global LV and RV strain values than men; all strain values presented a weak relationship with body surface area, while there was no association with age or heart rate. A significant association was detected between all LV global strain measures and LV ejection fraction, while RV GLS was correlated to RV end-diastolic volume. The intra- and inter-operator reproducibility was good for all global strain measures. In the regional analysis, circumferential and radial strain values resulted higher at the apical level, while longitudinal strain values were higher at the basal level. The assessment of cardiac deformation by FT-CMR is feasible and reproducible and gender-specific reference values should be used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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15 pages, 2606 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic Role of Native T1 Mapping Compared to Conventional Magnetic Resonance Techniques in Cardiac Disease in a Real-Life Cohort
by Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Silvia Monastero, Giancarlo Todiere, Andrea Barison, Carmelo De Gori, Crysanthos Grigoratos, Maria Luisa Parisella, Lorenzo Faggioni, Dania Cioni, Riccardo Lencioni and Emanuele Neri
Diagnostics 2023, 13(14), 2461; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142461 - 24 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 877
Abstract
We sought to compare native T1 mapping to conventional late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and T2-STIR techniques in a cohort of consecutive patients undergoing cardiac MRI (CMR). CMR was performed in 323 patients, 206 males (64%), mean age 54 ± 8 years, and in [...] Read more.
We sought to compare native T1 mapping to conventional late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and T2-STIR techniques in a cohort of consecutive patients undergoing cardiac MRI (CMR). CMR was performed in 323 patients, 206 males (64%), mean age 54 ± 8 years, and in 27 age- and sex- matched healthy controls. In T2-STIR images, myocardial hyperintensity suggesting edema was found in 41 patients (27%). LGE images were positive in 206 patients (64%). T1 mapping was abnormal in 171 (49%). In 206 patients (64%), a matching between LGE and native T1 was found. T1 was abnormal in 32 out of 41 (78%) with edema in T2-STIR images. Overall, LGE and/or T2-STIR were abnormal in 209 patients, whereas native T1 was abnormal in 154 (52%). Conventional techniques and T1 mapping were concordant in 208 patients (64%). In 39 patients, T1 mapping was positive despite negative conventional techniques (12%). T1 mapping was able in conditions with diffuse myocardial damage such as cardiac amyloidosis, scleroderma, and Fabry disease (additive role in 42%). In contrast, T1 mapping was less effective in cardiac disease with regional distribution of myocardial damage such as myocardial infarction, HCM, and myocarditis. In conclusion, conventional LGE/T2-STIR and T1 mapping are complementary techniques and should be used together in every CMR examination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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14 pages, 1079 KiB  
Article
Multi-Parametric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for Prediction of Heart Failure Death in Thalassemia Major
by Antonella Meloni, Laura Pistoia, Maria Rita Gamberini, Liana Cuccia, Roberto Lisi, Valerio Cecinati, Paolo Ricchi, Calogera Gerardi, Gennaro Restaino, Riccardo Righi, Vincenzo Positano and Filippo Cademartiri
Diagnostics 2023, 13(5), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13050890 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1546
Abstract
We assessed the prognostic value of multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in predicting death from heart failure (HF) in thalassemia major (TM). We considered 1398 white TM patients (30.8 ± 8.9 years, 725 women) without a history of HF at baseline CMR, which [...] Read more.
We assessed the prognostic value of multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in predicting death from heart failure (HF) in thalassemia major (TM). We considered 1398 white TM patients (30.8 ± 8.9 years, 725 women) without a history of HF at baseline CMR, which was performed within the Myocardial Iron Overload in Thalassemia (MIOT) network. Iron overload was quantified by using the T2* technique, and biventricular function was determined with cine images. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) images were acquired to detect replacement myocardial fibrosis. During a mean follow-up of 4.83 ± 2.05 years, 49.1% of the patients changed the chelation regimen at least once; these patients were more likely to have significant myocardial iron overload (MIO) than patients who maintained the same regimen. Twelve (1.0%) patients died from HF. Significant MIO, ventricular dysfunction, ventricular dilation, and replacement myocardial fibrosis were identified as significant univariate prognosticators. Based on the presence of the four CMR predictors of HF death, patients were divided into three subgroups. Patients having all four markers had a significantly higher risk of dying for HF than patients without markers (hazard ratio (HR) = 89.93; 95%CI = 5.62–1439.46; p = 0.001) or with one to three CMR markers (HR = 12.69; 95%CI = 1.60–100.36; p = 0.016). Our findings promote the exploitation of the multiparametric potential of CMR, including LGE, for better risk stratification for TM patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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Review

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18 pages, 1324 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19-Related Olfactory Deficiency: Unraveling Associations with Neurocognitive Disorders and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
by Ludovica Simonini, Francesca Frijia, Lamia Ait Ali, Ilenia Foffa, Cecilia Vecoli, Carmelo De Gori, Sara De Cori, Monica Baroni, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Carlo Maremmani and Francesco Lombardo
Diagnostics 2024, 14(4), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040359 - 07 Feb 2024
Viewed by 936
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is one of the most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients and can impact patients’ lives significantly. The aim of this review was to investigate the multifaceted impact of COVID-19 on the olfactory system and to provide an overview of magnetic [...] Read more.
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is one of the most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients and can impact patients’ lives significantly. The aim of this review was to investigate the multifaceted impact of COVID-19 on the olfactory system and to provide an overview of magnetic resonance (MRI) findings and neurocognitive disorders in patients with COVID-19-related OD. Extensive searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar until 5 December 2023. The included articles were 12 observational studies and 1 case report that assess structural changes in olfactory structures, highlighted through MRI, and 10 studies correlating the loss of smell with neurocognitive disorders or mood disorders in COVID-19 patients. MRI findings consistently indicate volumetric abnormalities, altered signal intensity of olfactory bulbs (OBs), and anomalies in the olfactory cortex among COVID-19 patients with persistent OD. The correlation between OD and neurocognitive deficits reveals associations with cognitive impairment, memory deficits, and persistent depressive symptoms. Treatment approaches, including olfactory training and pharmacological interventions, are discussed, emphasizing the need for sustained therapeutic interventions. This review points out several limitations in the current literature while exploring the intricate effects of COVID-19 on OD and its connection to cognitive deficits and mood disorders. The lack of objective olfactory measurements in some studies and potential validity issues in self-reports emphasize the need for cautious interpretation. Our research highlights the critical need for extensive studies with larger samples, proper controls, and objective measurements to deepen our understanding of COVID-19’s long-term effects on neurological and olfactory dysfunctions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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18 pages, 1657 KiB  
Review
Anderson–Fabry Disease: Red Flags for Early Diagnosis of Cardiac Involvement
by Annamaria Iorio, Fabiana Lucà, Andrea Pozzi, Carmelo Massimiliano Rao, Cristina Chimenti, Stefania Angela Di Fusco, Roberta Rossini, Giorgio Caretta, Stefano Cornara, Simona Giubilato, Irene Di Matteo, Concetta Di Nora, Anna Pilleri, Sandro Gelsomino, Roberto Ceravolo, Carmine Riccio, Massimo Grimaldi, Furio Colivicchi, Fabrizio Oliva, Michele Massimo Gulizia and the Cardiac Rare Diseases Working Group Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO)add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Diagnostics 2024, 14(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14020208 - 18 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1257
Abstract
Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is a lysosome storage disorder resulting from an X-linked inheritance of a mutation in the galactosidase A (GLA) gene encoding for the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-GAL A). This mutation results in a deficiency or absence of α-GAL A activity, with [...] Read more.
Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is a lysosome storage disorder resulting from an X-linked inheritance of a mutation in the galactosidase A (GLA) gene encoding for the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-GAL A). This mutation results in a deficiency or absence of α-GAL A activity, with a progressive intracellular deposition of glycosphingolipids leading to organ dysfunction and failure. Cardiac damage starts early in life, often occurring sub-clinically before overt cardiac symptoms. Left ventricular hypertrophy represents a common cardiac manifestation, albeit conduction system impairment, arrhythmias, and valvular abnormalities may also characterize AFD. Even in consideration of pleiotropic manifestation, diagnosis is often challenging. Thus, knowledge of cardiac and extracardiac diagnostic “red flags” is needed to guide a timely diagnosis. Indeed, considering its systemic involvement, a multidisciplinary approach may be helpful in discerning AFD-related cardiac disease. Beyond clinical pearls, a practical approach to assist clinicians in diagnosing AFD includes optimal management of biochemical tests, genetic tests, and cardiac biopsy. We extensively reviewed the current literature on AFD cardiomyopathy, focusing on cardiac “red flags” that may represent key diagnostic tools to establish a timely diagnosis. Furthermore, clinical findings to identify patients at higher risk of sudden death are also highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

14 pages, 1229 KiB  
Systematic Review
Advancing Pediatric Sarcomas through Radiomics: A Systematic Review and Prospective Assessment Using Radiomics Quality Score (RQS) and Methodological Radiomics Score (METRICS)
by Gayane Aghakhanyan, Tommaso Filidei, Maria Febi, Salvatore C. Fanni, Andrea Marciano, Roberto Francischello, Francesca Pia Caputo, Lorenzo Tumminello, Dania Cioni, Emanuele Neri and Duccio Volterrani
Diagnostics 2024, 14(8), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14080832 - 17 Apr 2024
Viewed by 303
Abstract
Pediatric sarcomas, rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin, pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In this review, we explore the role of radiomics in reshaping our understanding of pediatric sarcomas, emphasizing methodological considerations and applications such as diagnostics and predictive modeling. A systematic review conducted [...] Read more.
Pediatric sarcomas, rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin, pose diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In this review, we explore the role of radiomics in reshaping our understanding of pediatric sarcomas, emphasizing methodological considerations and applications such as diagnostics and predictive modeling. A systematic review conducted up to November 2023 identified 72 papers on radiomics analysis in pediatric sarcoma from PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 reports were included in this review. The studies, predominantly retrospective, focus on Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, utilizing diverse imaging modalities, including CT, MRI, PET/CT, and PET/MRI. Manual segmentation is common, with a median of 35 features extracted. Radiomics Quality Score (RQS) and Methodological Radiomics Score (METRICS) assessments reveal a consistent emphasis on non-radiomic features, validation criteria, and improved methodological rigor in recent publications. Diagnostic applications dominate, with innovative studies exploring prognostic and treatment response aspects. Challenges include feature heterogeneity and sample size variations. The evolving landscape underscores the need for standardized methodologies. Despite challenges, the diagnostic and predictive potential of radiomics in pediatric oncology is evident, paving the way for precision medicine advancements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic and Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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