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Diagnostics
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Biophotonics in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy
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Biophotonics in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 18222

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Karina S. Litvinova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
Interests: medical lasers; biomedical photonics; optical medical diagnostics; imaging and mapping; biomedical sensing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biophotonics is a fast-growing field with a very broad spectrum of technologies and techniques, from imaging to novel tools for surgery, with applications from ophthalmology to oncology. Even so, laser and sensing technologies (often inter-connected) have the potential to open a range of novel medical applications. Every type of disease features signature biomolecular components, requiring individual diagnostic techniques and a particular cure. Thus, the main targets of biophotonic research can be formulated as the development of effective and reliable techniques for use in detecting, predicting prognosis, and treating disease. 

This Special Issue will highlight the extraordinary performance of modern photonic research in biomedicine. The articles should present the recent status of laser technology applied in the biomedical field, focusing on biosensors, bioassays, imaging, photonics-based devices for in vivo/in vitro disease diagnosis, the application of light for treating disease, and a number of others.

Dr. Karina S. Litvinova
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Tissue optics
  • Laser–tissue interaction
  • Diagnostic biophotonics
  • Therapeutic biophotonics
  • Biosensors
  • Imaging and mapping
  • Laser cutting, welding, and heat treatment

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1336 KiB  
Article
Preoperative AI-Driven Fluorescence Diagnosis of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
by Victoriya Andreeva, Evgeniia Aksamentova, Andrey Muhachev, Alexey Solovey, Igor Litvinov, Alexey Gusarov, Natalia N. Shevtsova, Dmitry Kushkin and Karina Litvinova
Diagnostics 2022, 12(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12010072 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer remain urgent problems. Histological examination of biopsy material—the gold standard of diagnosis—is an invasive procedure that requires a certain amount of time to perform. The ability to detect abnormal cells using fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) has [...] Read more.
The diagnosis and treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer remain urgent problems. Histological examination of biopsy material—the gold standard of diagnosis—is an invasive procedure that requires a certain amount of time to perform. The ability to detect abnormal cells using fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) has been shown in many studies. This technique is rapidly expanding due to its safety, relative cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. However, skin lesion FS-based diagnosis is challenging due to a number of single overlapping spectra emitted by fluorescent molecules, making it difficult to distinguish changes in the overall spectrum and the molecular basis for it. We applied deep learning (DL) algorithms to quantitatively assess the ability of FS to differentiate between pathologies and normal skin. A total of 137 patients with various forms of primary and recurrent basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were observed by a multispectral laser-based device with a built-in neural network (NN) “DSL-1”. We measured the fluorescence spectra of suspected non-melanoma skin cancers and compared them with “normal” skin spectra. These spectra were input into DL algorithms to determine whether the skin is normal, pigmented normal, benign, or BCC. The preoperative differential AI-driven fluorescence diagnosis method correctly predicted the BCC lesions. We obtained an average sensitivity of 62% and average specificity of 83% in our experiments. Thus, the presented “DSL-1” diagnostic device can be a viable tool for the real-time diagnosis and guidance of non-melanoma skin cancer resection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biophotonics in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy)
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10 pages, 1251 KiB  
Article
Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Blood Serum: A Preliminary Study
by Lyudmila V. Bel’skaya, Elena A. Sarf and Denis V. Solomatin
Diagnostics 2021, 11(12), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122391 - 18 Dec 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4848
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the possibility of simultaneous determination of the concentration of components from the characteristics of FTIR spectra using the example of a model blood serum. To prepare model solutions, a set of freeze-dried control sera based [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to analyze the possibility of simultaneous determination of the concentration of components from the characteristics of FTIR spectra using the example of a model blood serum. To prepare model solutions, a set of freeze-dried control sera based on bovine blood serum was used, certified for approximately 38 parameters. Based on the values of the absorbance and areas of absorption bands in the FTIR spectra of model solutions, a regression equation was constructed by solving a nonlinear problem using the generalized reduced gradient method. By using the absorbance of the absorption bands at 1717 and 3903 cm−1 and the areas of the absorption bands at 616, 3750, and 3903 cm−1, it is possible to simultaneously determine the concentrations of 38 components with an error of less than 0.1%. The results obtained confirm the potential clinical use of FTIR spectroscopy as a reagent-free express method for the analysis of blood serum. However, its practical implementation requires additional research, in particular, analysis of real blood serum samples and validation of the method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biophotonics in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy)
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13 pages, 1342 KiB  
Article
Medical Infrared Thermography in Odontogenic Facial Cellulitis as a Clinical Decision Support Tool. A Technical Note
by Stéphane Derruau, Fabien Bogard, Guillaume Exartier-Menard, Cédric Mauprivez and Guillaume Polidori
Diagnostics 2021, 11(11), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11112045 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4608
Abstract
Background: Odontogenic cellulitis are frequent infections of the head and neck fascial spaces that can sometimes spread and be life-threatening, requiring urgent hospitalization. Early diagnosis of facial cellulitis with diffuse inflammatory process is crucial in patient management but not always obvious in the [...] Read more.
Background: Odontogenic cellulitis are frequent infections of the head and neck fascial spaces that can sometimes spread and be life-threatening, requiring urgent hospitalization. Early diagnosis of facial cellulitis with diffuse inflammatory process is crucial in patient management but not always obvious in the field. Medical infrared thermography (MIT) is a noninvasive tool increasingly used to evaluate skin temperature maps and delineate inflammatory lesions. Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of MIT to improve the clinical examination of patients with facial cellulitis. Methods: Image processing work was carried out to highlight the thermal gradient resulting from inflammation linked to infection, in 2 patients with facial cellulitis. Results: In real-time, MIT allowed to precisely locate the inflammatory focus linked to cellulitis with no propagation to danger areas such as infraorbital space or around pharyngeal axis. Conclusion: Here, we show the first cases using MIT as a powerful complementary tool in the clinical evaluation of patients with facial cellulitis. Significance: This technology could help optimize the hospitalization decision through a facilitated assessment of infection spread in head and neck tissues and helping to incision for drainage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biophotonics in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy)
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19 pages, 52995 KiB  
Article
Methods of Non-Invasive In Vivo Optical Diagnostics in the Assessment of Structural Changes in the Skin Induced by Ultraviolet Exposure in an Experimental Model
by Dmitry Kulikov, Mikhail Makmatov-Rys, Irina Raznitsyna, Polina Glazkova, Anastasiia Gerzhik, Alexey Glazkov, Viktoriya Andreeva, Darya Kassina and Dmitry Rogatkin
Diagnostics 2021, 11(8), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081464 - 12 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2547
Abstract
Background: This paper demonstrates the use of optical diagnostic methods to assess the dynamic skin changes observed in acute and chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in vivo. Methods: Firstly, in order to initiate photoaging (chronic UV exposure), animals (n = 40) [...] Read more.
Background: This paper demonstrates the use of optical diagnostic methods to assess the dynamic skin changes observed in acute and chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in vivo. Methods: Firstly, in order to initiate photoaging (chronic UV exposure), animals (n = 40) were divided into two groups: chronic UV exposure (n = 30), and control (n = 10; without irradiation). Photoaging in animals was induced by chronic repeated exposure to UVA radiation three times per week, for 12 weeks continuously, while the UV dose increased stepwise over the course of the experiment (55 minimal erythema doses (MED) in total). Laser fluorescence spectroscopy (LFS), optical tissue oximetry (OTO), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the shaved dorsum skin were performed regularly, once per week until the conclusion of the study. At 0, 5, and 12 weeks of the experiment, histological examination of animal tissues using hematoxylin/eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining was performed. At the second stage, erythema was induced in mice (n = 15) by acute UV exposure at high doses. The colorimetric assay of the image from a digital RGB camera was used to evaluate the erythema index. Results: The tissue content index ηcollagen of collagen was appropriate for the characterization of skin photoaging. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in ηcollagen were found between the control and photoaging groups from the 5th to the 9th week of the experiment. In addition, the rate of collagen degradation in the control group was about half that of the photoaging group. This marker allows the differentiation of photo- and chronoaging. OCT revealed the main optical layers of the skin in compliance with the histological pattern. The analysis of the RGB camera images provided visualization of the acute skin reaction to UV radiation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the applicability of optical methods for the quantitative assessment of acute and chronic skin effects of UV exposure in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biophotonics in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy)
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Review

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21 pages, 2497 KiB  
Review
From Zygote to Blastocyst: Application of Ultrashort Lasers in the Field of Assisted Reproduction and Developmental Biology
by Inna Ilina and Dmitry Sitnikov
Diagnostics 2021, 11(10), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101897 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2334
Abstract
Although the use of lasers in medical diagnosis and therapies, as well as in fundamental biomedical research is now almost routine, advanced laser sources and new laser-based methods continue to emerge. Due to the unique ability of ultrashort laser pulses to deposit energy [...] Read more.
Although the use of lasers in medical diagnosis and therapies, as well as in fundamental biomedical research is now almost routine, advanced laser sources and new laser-based methods continue to emerge. Due to the unique ability of ultrashort laser pulses to deposit energy into a microscopic volume in the bulk of a transparent material without disrupting the surrounding tissues, the ultrashort laser-based microsurgery of cells and subcellular components within structurally complex and fragile specimens such as embryos is becoming an important tool in developmental biology and reproductive medicine. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of ultrashort laser pulse interaction with the matter, advantages of their application for oocyte and preimplantation embryo microsurgery (e.g., for oocyte/blastomere enucleation and embryonic cell fusion), as well as for nonlinear optical microscopy for studying the dynamics of embryonic development and embryo quality assessment. Moreover, we focus on ultrashort laser-based approaches and techniques that are increasingly being applied in the fundamental research and have the potential for successful translation into the IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinics, such as laser-mediated individual embryo labelling and controlled laser-assisted hatching. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biophotonics in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy)
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