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Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2
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Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 24012

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Robert Jach

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Guest Editor
Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 23, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
Interests: gynecologic oncology; cervical cancer; cervical cancer screening; hysterectomy; laparoscopic surgery; cancer prevention; ovary; oncology; cervical cancer prevention
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is at its apogee, causing a paradigm shift in the way we perceive health, life, and our somatic, mental, and spiritual needs. We do not yet know the consequences of this pandemic on the health of women with gynecological and breast cancers. Research in the field of oncological gynecology, especially in relation to disease diagnosis and treatment, has been curtailed by the lockdown imposed by the pandemic. On the other hand, the fast progress in COVID-19 vaccines allows us some optimism regarding the possibility to resume research on new strategies for the primary and secondary prevention of gynecological and breast cancers and for more efficacious treatments. I cordially invite you to share your discoveries and observations in the field of oncological gynecology with the scientific community and the medical world. This Special Issue will publish reviews and original papers concerning recent advances in diagnostic (based on AI, radiotracers, SLN mapping, biomarkers, DNA/mRNA agents, molecular biology), imaging (expert ultrasonography, hysteroscopy), and treatment modalities (tips and tricks in surgery, minimally invasive techniques, tailored systemic therapy, immunotherapy, side effects management, complications management, terminal phase of cancer management, oncofertility, cancer treatment during pregnancy) for these types of cancer.

I invite you to a fascinating scientific adventure.

Prof. Dr. Robert Jach
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Research

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10 pages, 1072 KiB  
Article
Can the ADC Value Be Used as an Imaging “Biopsy” in Endometrial Cancer?
by Octavia Petrila, Ionut Nistor, Narcis Sandy Romedea, Dragos Negru and Viorel Scripcariu
Diagnostics 2024, 14(3), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14030325 - 02 Feb 2024
Viewed by 693
Abstract
Background: The tumor histological grade is closely related to the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer (EC). Multiparametric MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), provides information about the cellular density that may be useful to differentiate between benign and malignant uterine lesions. However, correlations [...] Read more.
Background: The tumor histological grade is closely related to the prognosis of patients with endometrial cancer (EC). Multiparametric MRI, including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), provides information about the cellular density that may be useful to differentiate between benign and malignant uterine lesions. However, correlations between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and histopathological grading in endometrial cancer remain controversial. Material and methods: We retrospectively evaluated 92 patients with endometrial cancers, including both endometrioid adenocarcinomas (64) and non-endometrioid adenocarcinomas (28). All patients underwent DWI procedures, and mean ADC values were calculated in a region of interest. These values were then correlated with the tumor grading offered by the histopathological examination, which was considered the gold standard. In this way, the patients were divided into three groups (G1, G2, and G3). The ADC values were then compared to the results offered by the biopsy to see if the DWI sequence and ADC map could replace this procedure. We also compared the mean ADC values to the myometrial invasion (</>50%) and lymphovascular space invasion. Results: We have divided the ADC values into three categories corresponding to three grades: >0.850 × 10−3 mm2/s (ADC1), 0.730–0.849 × 10−3 mm2/s (ADC2) and <0.730 × 10−3 mm2/s (ADC3). The diagnostic accuracy of the ADC value was 85.71% for ADC1, 75.76% for ADC2, and 91.66% for ADC3. In 77 cases out of 92, the category in which they were placed using the ADC value corresponded to the result offered by the histopathological exam with an accuracy of 83.69%. For only 56.52% of patients, the biopsy result included the grading system. For each grading category, the mean ADC value showed better results than the biopsy; for G1 patients, the mean ADC value had an accuracy of 85.71% compared to 66.66% in the biopsy, G2 had 75.76% compared to 68.42%, and G3 had 91.66 compared to 75%. For both deep myometrial invasion and lymphovascular space invasion, there is a close, inversely proportional correlation with the mean ADC value. Conclusions: Mean endometrial tumor ADC on MR-DWI is inversely related to the histological grade, deep myometrial invasion and lymphovascular space invasion. Using this method, the patients could be better divided into risk categories for personalized treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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11 pages, 1771 KiB  
Article
FcRn Expression in Endometrial Cancer and Its Association with Clinicopathologic Features
by Dae Hyun Song, Juseok Yang, Cho Hee Kim, Min Hye Kim, Jae Yoon Jo and Jong Chul Baek
Diagnostics 2023, 13(24), 3660; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13243660 - 14 Dec 2023
Viewed by 800
Abstract
Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) has robust molecular diagnostic evidence that correlates well with prognosis. In various types of cancers, FcRn has been identified as an early marker for prognosis. This study aims to assess FcRn expression and its association with clinicopathological features in [...] Read more.
Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) has robust molecular diagnostic evidence that correlates well with prognosis. In various types of cancers, FcRn has been identified as an early marker for prognosis. This study aims to assess FcRn expression and its association with clinicopathological features in endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: We employed a tissue microarray (TMA) from a retrospective cohort of 41 patients diagnosed with endometrioid endometrial cancer post hysterectomy between January 2002 and December 2009 at Gyeongsang National University Hospital. Relevant clinical data collection for the cohort involved reviewing patients’ electronic medical charts. FcRn expression in microarrays of patient EC tissue was examined in conjunction with clinicopathologic data. Experiments, including siRNA knock-down, PCR mRNA semiquantification, Western blot, and confluence change tests, were conducted on the Ishikawa cell line. Results: The overall FcRn expression rate in EC patients was 41.8%. FIGO stage showed a statistically significant relationship with FcRn expression, while age, lymphovascular invasion, myometrial invasion, and tumor size had no effect. In endometrioid cancer cells of FIGO stage IA, FcRn was less frequently expressed than in other high-staged EC patients (p = 0.021). In experiments on the Ishikawa cell line, the siRNA knock-down group exhibited quantitatively lower FCGRT mRNA expression and lower FcRn protein signal compared to the scrambled RNA control group. The change in confluence over time measured at three hotspots did not show a significant difference between groups. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the initial assessment of FcRn expression in endometrioid EC samples. FcRn expression was significantly associated with the FIGO stage. Ishikawa cell line proliferation did not significantly change in response to decreased FcRn expression. Further studies are needed to elucidate FcRn expression in EC as a potential molecular parameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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13 pages, 2052 KiB  
Article
Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Analysis of Clinical and Pathological Features of PIK3CA-Mutated Breast Cancer
by Jolanta Smok-Kalwat, Grzegorz Chmielewski, Rafał Stando, Jacek Sadowski, Paweł Macek, Artur Kowalik, Ewelina Nowak-Ozimek and Stanisław Góźdź
Diagnostics 2023, 13(18), 2887; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13182887 - 08 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1053
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) is a well-known oncogene with a high prevalence of mutation in breast cancer patients. The effect of the mutation is a deregulation in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related pathways, and, consequently, in unrestricted cell growth and differentiation. With [...] Read more.
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) is a well-known oncogene with a high prevalence of mutation in breast cancer patients. The effect of the mutation is a deregulation in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related pathways, and, consequently, in unrestricted cell growth and differentiation. With the advent of precision oncology, PIK3CA has emerged as a pivotal treatment target, culminating in the recent approval of alpelisib. Despite years of research on this genetic alteration, certain aspects of its influence on the prognosis of breast cancer remain ambiguous. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize the clinical picture of breast cancer patients with PIK3CA mutation in comparison to the PIK3CA-wild-type group. We examined 103 tumor samples from 100 breast cancer patients using a next-generation sequencing panel. Presence of the mutation was linked to an older age at diagnosis, a lower expression of Ki67 protein, a greater percentage of tumors expressing progesterone receptors, and a notably higher incidence of metastatic disease at presentation. No significant differences were identified in overall and progression-free survival between the two groups. Our findings enhance the understanding of how PIK3CA mutations shape the clinical and prognostic landscape for breast cancer patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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11 pages, 922 KiB  
Article
Neoductgenesis in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Coexists with Morphological Abnormalities Characteristic for More Aggressive Tumor Biology
by Agnieszka Łazarczyk, Joanna Streb, Przemysław Hałubiec, Anna Streb-Smoleń, Robert Jach, Diana Hodorowicz-Zaniewska, Elżbieta Łuczyńska and Joanna Szpor
Diagnostics 2023, 13(4), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040787 - 19 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1372
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive form of breast cancer that is generally indolent, however, could advance to invasive carcinoma in more than one-third of cases if left untreated. Thus, there is continuous research to find DCIS characteristics that would enable [...] Read more.
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive form of breast cancer that is generally indolent, however, could advance to invasive carcinoma in more than one-third of cases if left untreated. Thus, there is continuous research to find DCIS characteristics that would enable clinicians to decide if it could be left without intensive treatment. Neoductgenesis (i.e., formation of the new duct of improper morphology) is a promising, but still not sufficiently evaluated indicator of future tumor invasiveness. We gathered data from 96 cases of DCIS (histopathological, clinical, and radiological) to assess the relationship between the neoductgenesis and well-established features of high-risk tumor behavior. Furthermore, our intention was to determine which degree of neoductgenesis should be considered clinically significant. Our major finding was that neoductgenesis is strictly related to other characteristics that indicate the invasive potential of the tumor and, to achieve more accurate prediction, neoductgenesis should be accordingly recognized to less strict criteria. Therefore, we conclude that neoductgenesis is another important revelator of tumor malignancy and that it requires further investigation during prospective controlled trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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14 pages, 5969 KiB  
Article
The Prospects of Using Structural Phase Analysis of Microcalcifications in Breast Cancer Diagnostics
by Artem Piddubnyi, Olena Kolomiiets, Sergey Danilchenko, Andriy Stepanenko, Yuliia Moskalenko and Roman Moskalenko
Diagnostics 2023, 13(4), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040737 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1436
Abstract
The detection of microcalcifications in the breast by mammography is of great importance for the early diagnostics of breast cancer. This study aimed to establish the basic morphological and crystal-chemical properties of microscopic calcifications and their impact on breast cancer tissue. During the [...] Read more.
The detection of microcalcifications in the breast by mammography is of great importance for the early diagnostics of breast cancer. This study aimed to establish the basic morphological and crystal-chemical properties of microscopic calcifications and their impact on breast cancer tissue. During the retrospective study, 55 out of 469 breast cancer samples had microcalcifications. The expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors and Her2-neu showed no significant difference from the non-calcified samples. An in-depth study of 60 tumor samples revealed a higher expression of osteopontin in the calcified breast cancer samples (p ˂ 0.01). The mineral deposits had a hydroxyapatite composition. Within the group of calcified breast cancer samples, we detected six cases of colocalization of oxalate microcalcifications together with biominerals of the usual “hydroxyapatite” phase composition. The simultaneous presence of calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite was accompanied by a different spatial localization of microcalcifications. Thus, the phase compositions of microcalcifications could not be used as criteria for the differential diagnostics of breast tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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27 pages, 3493 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of He4 Use in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer: First and Second Recurrence, and an Analysis of HE4 Concentration during Second- and Third-Line Chemotherapy
by Anita Chudecka-Głaz, Aleksandra Strojna, Kaja Michalczyk, Sylwia Wieder-Huszla, Krzysztof Safranow, Edyta Skwirczyńska and Anna Jurczak
Diagnostics 2023, 13(3), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030452 - 26 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2076
Abstract
HE4 is a commonly used tumor marker for ovarian cancer (OC) diagnosis. In our study, we aimed to assess its use in the diagnosis of subsequent OC recurrences and to evaluate its changes during recurrence diagnosis and the subsequent lines of chemotherapy treatment. [...] Read more.
HE4 is a commonly used tumor marker for ovarian cancer (OC) diagnosis. In our study, we aimed to assess its use in the diagnosis of subsequent OC recurrences and to evaluate its changes during recurrence diagnosis and the subsequent lines of chemotherapy treatment. This retrospective single center study was conducted on 188 patients treated for ovarian cancer recurrence at the Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology. The sensitivity and specificity of HE4 for patient survival prediction were analyzed using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Survival times to reach one of the endpoints (OS, PFS, TFI, PFS2, TFI2) were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves. Elevated HE4 levels at the time of first relapse diagnosis, and after the third and the last course of second-line chemotherapy, significantly influences the time from OC diagnosis until first disease recurrence (PFS2) (p = 0.005, p = 0.015 and p = 0.002, respectively). Additionally, elevated serum HE4 concentration at the time of OC diagnosis (p = 0.012), and its later recurrence (first (p < 0.001), and second recurrent diagnosis (p = 0.143)) significantly influences patient OS. Increased HE4 concentration at the end of chemotherapeutic treatment negatively affects overall patient survival ((p = 0.006 for second line chemotherapy and (p = 0.022) for elevated HE4 concentration after the last course of third-line chemotherapy). Our preliminary results show an encouraging diagnostic and prognostic role of HE4 in recurrent ovarian cancer. HE4 measurements at different treatment time points during the second- and third-line chemotherapy treatment seem to correlate with patient survival. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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13 pages, 1004 KiB  
Article
The Diagnostic Role of FGF 21 in Endometrial Cancer and Other Pathologies of the Uterine Corpus
by Anna Jagodzińska, Anita Chudecka-Głaz, Kaja Michalczyk, Ewa Pius-Sadowska, Sylwia Wieder-Huszla, Anna Jurczak and Bogusław Machaliński
Diagnostics 2023, 13(3), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030399 - 22 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1611
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is becoming an increasing problem. Taking into account its pathomechanisms, we aimed to investigate whether FGF 21, an important metabolism regulator, could be used as a biomarker for endometrial cancer. The study included 233 patients who were classified into five subgroups [...] Read more.
Endometrial cancer is becoming an increasing problem. Taking into account its pathomechanisms, we aimed to investigate whether FGF 21, an important metabolism regulator, could be used as a biomarker for endometrial cancer. The study included 233 patients who were classified into five subgroups depending on the result of the histological examination: endometrial carcinomas, sarcomas, endometrial polyps, fibroids, and normal endometrium. Statistically significantly higher FGF 21 levels were found in patients diagnosed with malignant lesions (p < 0.001). FGF 21 concentration correlated with the degree of cellular differentiation (p = 0.020) and the presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.009). The diagnostic performance characteristics of FGF 21 as an EC diagnostic marker demonstrated an AUC of 0.677. Of all of the assessed biomarkers, FGF 21 had the highest specificity (90%), yet limited sensitivity (41%). Additionally, HE4 and CA 125 were confirmed to have roles as EC biomarkers, with a higher accuracy for HE4 (79% vs. 72%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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Review

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15 pages, 6714 KiB  
Review
Cutaneous Metastasis of Endometrial Cancer and Long-Term Survival: A Scoping Review and Our Experience
by Alexandra Nienhaus, Rahavie Rajakulendran and Elena Bernad
Diagnostics 2023, 13(15), 2603; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13152603 - 04 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1163
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cutaneous and soft tissue metastases of endometrial cancer are rare. This review aims to examine the prevalence of cutaneous metastasis, the diagnosis and treatment options, and the impact of cutaneous metastasis of endometrial cancer on overall survival. We also present [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Cutaneous and soft tissue metastases of endometrial cancer are rare. This review aims to examine the prevalence of cutaneous metastasis, the diagnosis and treatment options, and the impact of cutaneous metastasis of endometrial cancer on overall survival. We also present a particular case with a long-term overall survival. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed and PubMed Central using the following keywords: endometrial carcinoma metastasis, cutaneous metastasis, and five-year overall survival. Results: We identified 326 results and checked their titles for eligibility. There were eight studies included. We also presented a case of a 51-year-old woman with cutaneous metastasis and a large soft tissue metastasis with a prolonged overall survival of about 13 years after the appearance of the first cutaneous metastasis. Conclusions: This paper highlights the importance of skin evaluations in patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer. Healthcare providers must consider the possibility of cutaneous metastasis localization in patients with endometrial cancer to assign the correct stage and apply the appropriate treatment to increase long-term survival. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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23 pages, 425 KiB  
Review
Evaluation of the Potential Diagnostic Utility of the Determination of Selected Immunological and Molecular Parameters in Patients with Ovarian Cancer
by Aleksandra Englisz, Marta Smycz-Kubańska and Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz
Diagnostics 2023, 13(10), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101714 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1393
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious challenges in modern gynaecological oncology. Due to its non-specific symptoms and the lack of an effective screening procedure to detect the disease at an early stage, ovarian cancer is still marked by a high mortality [...] Read more.
Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious challenges in modern gynaecological oncology. Due to its non-specific symptoms and the lack of an effective screening procedure to detect the disease at an early stage, ovarian cancer is still marked by a high mortality rate among women. For this reason, a great deal of research is being carried out to find new markers that can be used in the detection of ovarian cancer to improve early diagnosis and survival rates of women with ovarian cancer. Our study focuses on presenting the currently used diagnostic markers and the latest selected immunological and molecular parameters being currently investigated for their potential use in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
15 pages, 3848 KiB  
Review
Immature Teratoma: Diagnosis and Management—A Review of the Literature
by Liviu Moraru, Melinda-Ildiko Mitranovici, Diana Maria Chiorean, Marius Coroș, Raluca Moraru, Ioan Emilian Oală and Sabin Gligore Turdean
Diagnostics 2023, 13(9), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13091516 - 23 Apr 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4806
Abstract
An immature teratoma is a germinal malignant tumor composed of three germ cell layers, occurring more frequently in young women. It is the second most frequent among the malignant germinal tumors after dysgerminoma, and it is the only neoplasm with germ cells that [...] Read more.
An immature teratoma is a germinal malignant tumor composed of three germ cell layers, occurring more frequently in young women. It is the second most frequent among the malignant germinal tumors after dysgerminoma, and it is the only neoplasm with germ cells that are histologically graded. Even if we do not have a consensus regarding its therapeutical management, it has a good prognosis, with an excellent overall survival rate and good fertility preservation. More studies are needed regarding the necessity of adjuvant chemotherapy in pediatric oncology, and because of chemotherapy’s long-term adverse effects, surveillance or a targeted treatment is preferred, but the main therapy is fertility-sparing surgery. Special attention should be given to the genetic mapping of the histological pieces for patient risk stratification due to its value in prognosis and future treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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17 pages, 1566 KiB  
Review
Diagnosis and Management of Dysgerminomas with a Brief Summary of Primitive Germ Cell Tumors
by Melinda-Ildiko Mitranovici, Diana Maria Chiorean, Maria Cezara Mureșan, Corneliu-Florin Buicu, Raluca Moraru, Liviu Moraru, Titiana Cornelia Cotoi, Ovidiu Simion Cotoi, Havva Serap Toru, Adrian Apostol, Sabin Gligore Turdean, Claudiu Mărginean, Ion Petre, Ioan Emilian Oală, Zsuzsanna Simon-Szabo, Viviana Ivan and Lucian Pușcașiu
Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 3105; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123105 - 09 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3040
Abstract
Dysgerminoma represents a rare malignant tumor composed of germ cells, originally from the embryonic gonads. Regarding its incidence, we do not have precise data due to its rarity. Dysgerminoma occurs at a fertile age. The preferred treatment is the surgical removal of the [...] Read more.
Dysgerminoma represents a rare malignant tumor composed of germ cells, originally from the embryonic gonads. Regarding its incidence, we do not have precise data due to its rarity. Dysgerminoma occurs at a fertile age. The preferred treatment is the surgical removal of the tumor succeeded by the preservation of fertility. Even if a multidisciplinary team, founded in 2009 by a gynecologist, an oncologist, a pediatric oncologist and a pediatric surgeon, under the guidance of the Malignant Germ Cell International Consortium (MaGIC), studies this type of tumor, issues still remain related to the lack of a randomized study and to both the management and understanding of the concept of OMGCTs (ovarian malignant germ cell tumors). The aim of this review is to present from the literature the various approaches for this type of tumor, and, regarding innovative therapies or possible prevention, which can be applied in clinical practice. Multidisciplinarity and treatment in reference centers have proven their usefulness as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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18 pages, 1946 KiB  
Review
Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities for Breast Cancer Diagnosis: An Overview of Recent Findings and Perspectives
by Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei, Fahimeh Aminolroayaei, Hamide Nematollahi, Mohammad Ghaderian and Sogand Shahbazi Gahrouei
Diagnostics 2022, 12(11), 2741; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112741 - 09 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1679
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women and the leading cause of death. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures that are widely used in the diagnostic and treatment evaluation of breast cancer. [...] Read more.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women and the leading cause of death. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures that are widely used in the diagnostic and treatment evaluation of breast cancer. This review article describes the characteristics of new MRI methods and reviews recent findings on breast cancer diagnosis. This review study was performed on the literature sourced from scientific citation websites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science until July 2021. All relevant works published on the mentioned scientific citation websites were investigated. Because of the propensity of malignancies to limit diffusion, DWI can improve MRI diagnostic specificity. Diffusion tensor imaging gives additional information about diffusion directionality and anisotropy over traditional DWI. Recent findings showed that DWI and DTI and their characteristics may facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis, followed by better treatment. Overall, with the development of instruments and novel MRI modalities, it may be possible to diagnose breast cancer more effectively in the early stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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Other

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12 pages, 6731 KiB  
Case Report
An Extremely Rare Case of Disseminated Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis with a Pelvic Leiomyosarcoma and Omental Metastasis after Laparoscopic Morcellation: Systematic Review of the Literature
by Antonella Vimercati, Carla Mariaflavia Santarsiero, Angela Esposito, Carmela Putino, Antonio Malvasi, Gianluca Raffaello Damiani, Antonio Simone Laganà, Amerigo Vitagliano, Marco Marinaccio, Leonardo Resta, Ettore Cicinelli, Gerardo Cazzato, Eliano Cascardi and Miriam Dellino
Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123219 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2103
Abstract
Minimally invasive treatment of uterine fibroids usually requires a power morcellation, which could be associated with several complications. A rare sequela is disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. Indeed, recurrence or metastasis in these cases could be attributed to iatrogenic or under-evaluation of primary tumors, although [...] Read more.
Minimally invasive treatment of uterine fibroids usually requires a power morcellation, which could be associated with several complications. A rare sequela is disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. Indeed, recurrence or metastasis in these cases could be attributed to iatrogenic or under-evaluation of primary tumors, although a subset of cases is a sporadic sample of biological progression. We present an extremely rare case of a patient who underwent laparoscopic morcellation and after 12 years developed a pelvic leiomyosarcoma with two omental metastases, disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis with a parasite leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei and a parasite cellular leiomyoma simultaneously. The diagnosis was predicted preoperatively by an expert sonographer who recognized the ultrasound characteristics of uterine sarcoma and the localization of some of the masses, so the patient was referred to the gynaecological oncologists who could appropriately treat her. We present here a case report and a systematic review that could be a useful tool for further discussion and future clinical practice guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Cancers: Volume 2)
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