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Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings
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Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 33975

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Nhu H.T. Nguyen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
Interests: mechanics of pavements and geo-materials; discrete element modelling; constitutive models of engineering materials; numerical analysis; pavement engineering
Dr. Mingjing Fang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
Interests: pavement materials; transportation geotech

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of coatings is one of the most prominent techniques to improve the durability and performance of pavements and buildings. These structures, under operation, are subjected to various mechanical, chemical and environmental factors. Appropriate design and implementation of coating techniques will limit thermal or icing effects and prevent the entering of chemicals and moisture into the structures, hence extending their life. In addition, surface coating is considered to be an effective method of repairing and maintaining pavement and building surfaces. In the last few decades, new coating materials and technologies have been developed and applied to construction to facilitate different purposes. This Special Issue aims to provide a broad overview and discussion of coating materials and technologies for buildings and pavements.

The topic of interest of this Special Issue includes (and related topics):

  • Building and pavement coating materials and treatments
  • Coating for heat reflection, anti-icing, anti-skid, water impermeability
  • Environmental performances of coating
  • Smart energy coating
  • Characterization of surface coating properties
  • Review and assessment of building and pavement coating
  • Innovative surface design and practice
  • Coating and surface testing

Dr. Nhu H.T. Nguyen
Dr. Mingjing Fang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (16 papers)

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17 pages, 5418 KiB  
Article
Resurfacing Performance Evaluation of Recycled Mixture with High Content of Iron Tailings Sand
by Hong Zhang, Yuanshuai Dong, Yun Hou, Zhenyu Qian, Jialei Tian and Yi Zhang
Coatings 2023, 13(3), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030487 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 822
Abstract
ITS is the main component of industrial solid waste, of which there are about 2 billion metric tons in China. A large number of ITS not only occupy land resources and pollute the environment but also pose major security risks. This study, based [...] Read more.
ITS is the main component of industrial solid waste, of which there are about 2 billion metric tons in China. A large number of ITS not only occupy land resources and pollute the environment but also pose major security risks. This study, based on a road resurfacing project in Shanxi Province, China, focused on the “iron tailings sand (ITS) plus reclaimed inorganic binder stabilized aggregate (RAI)” solid waste treatment method, which uses special cementitious material to stabilize ITS and RAI as a new base course material and aims to replace new aggregates by 100% to apply in the renovation project through testing the road performances of the recycled mixture. Although it does not comply with the conventional grading range, the new ITS and RAI mixture (the recycled mixture) can achieve excellent compressive performance from the material composition, and it can meet different levels of design strength under various load conditions by adjusting the mixing ratio (ITS content can reach up to 70%). The pavement performance of the recycled mixture was compared with that of cement-stabilized aggregate (the traditional base course material), and it was evaluated by testing its anti-water damage, frost resistance (dry and wet freeze), shrinkage, and fatigue characteristics. A total of 380 mixtures were tested. The results showed that, at the same strength level, the anti-water damage and frost resistance properties of the recycled mixture were better than those of cement-stabilized aggregate, whereas its shrinkage and fatigue properties were inferior. For anti-water damage properties, the water stability coefficient of the recycled mixture is about 2%~5% higher than that of cement-stabilized aggregate. For the frost resistance property, the wet frost coefficient of the recycled mixture is about 10%~15% higher, and the dry frost coefficient is about 5%~10% higher. The dry shrinkage strain of the recycled mixture is about 50 × 10−6~300 × 10−6 higher than that of cement-stabilized aggregate, and the temperature shrinkage coefficient is about 10 × 10−6~20 × 10−6 higher. Thereafter, the reduction of carbon emissions in engineering applications per kilometer was compared between the recycled mixture and cement-stabilized aggregate. The engineering application in Shanxi Province shows that the carbon reduction is approximately 18.869 t of CO2. In a word, the recycled mixture has excellent pavement performance and reduces carbon emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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14 pages, 2728 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Engineering Characteristics of High-Speed Railway Subgrade Filler in Island Permafrost Regions
by Xiaohe Liu, Degou Cai, Hongye Yan, Zongqi Bi and Zhuqing Li
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020429 - 14 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1071
Abstract
The high-speed railway (HSR) subgrade has a strict settlement-control standard at the mm level, but its deformation stability is significantly threatened on permafrost with poor thermal stability and in susceptible-to-thawing settlements. Therefore, the filler suitable for permafrost regions needs to be explored and [...] Read more.
The high-speed railway (HSR) subgrade has a strict settlement-control standard at the mm level, but its deformation stability is significantly threatened on permafrost with poor thermal stability and in susceptible-to-thawing settlements. Therefore, the filler suitable for permafrost regions needs to be explored and determined. In this study, the frost heaves, permeabilities and static strength characteristics of three coarse fillers were experimentally investigated, and the optimal subgrade filler was determined for the certain HSR, the first HSR in permafrost regions around the world. The test fillers include pure fillers, 5% cement improved fillers and 5% cement + 3% modifier improved fillers, and the effects of curing time, modifier content and freeze–thaw cycles were analyzed. The test results show that: (1) the frost heave rate and permeability coefficient decrease with the increase of curing time and modifier content, while increasing with the freeze-thaw cycles; (2) After six freeze–thaw cycles, the cement + modifier improved filler’s frost heave rate and permeability coefficient are 0.51 and 0.00331 cm/s, a larger decrease in the frost heave rate (more than 50%) and the permeability coefficient (about one order of magnitude) than that of pure filler; (3) The cement + modifier improved filler shares the highest compressive strength under different curing times and freeze-thaw cycles. In summary, the modifier has a more significant influence on the engineering characteristics than the curing time or freeze-thaw cycles, and the cement + modifier improved filler has the best comprehensive performance. This study will provide a technical reference for the foundation-treatment and disease-prevention of HSRs in island permafrost regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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12 pages, 4730 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Tire-Pavement Contact Tri-Axial Stress Distribution Based on Sensor Array
by Jiaxi Guan, Xinglin Zhou, Lu Liu and Maoping Ran
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020416 - 12 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2241
Abstract
A tire’s three-dimensional stress for pavement is an important cause of asphalt pavement disease. In order to study the contact stress distribution between the tire and the pavement under real conditions, a sensor that can measure the tri-axial stress synchronously is designed, and [...] Read more.
A tire’s three-dimensional stress for pavement is an important cause of asphalt pavement disease. In order to study the contact stress distribution between the tire and the pavement under real conditions, a sensor that can measure the tri-axial stress synchronously is designed, and a complete measurement system is established. The variation trend and stress value of tri-axial stress under steady rolling of the tire were obtained, and the stress distribution characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the stress in the three directions near the tire shoulder is greater than that in the crown area, and the stress peak moves gradually from front to back with the rolling of the tire. Compared with the simplified simulation model, these results provides valuable suggestions for exploring the real tire-pavement interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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10 pages, 804 KiB  
Article
Development and Performance of Eco-Sustainable Form-Stable Phase Change Materials (PCMs) for Mortars to Be Applied in Buildings Located in Different Climatic Areas
by Mariaenrica Frigione, Antonella Sarcinella and Josè Luis Barroso de Aguiar
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020258 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1454
Abstract
The growing concern for the environment and the depletion of raw materials such as fossil fuels is driving research towards the exploitation of new materials and the development of new technologies. Phase-change materials (PCMs) are increasingly used to reduce the energy required for [...] Read more.
The growing concern for the environment and the depletion of raw materials such as fossil fuels is driving research towards the exploitation of new materials and the development of new technologies. Phase-change materials (PCMs) are increasingly used to reduce the energy required for the heating/cooling of buildings. The biggest challenge is to find a PCM with suitable characteristics able to meet the needs of the different climates in which it is placed. The originality of our research, therefore, lies in the possibility of selecting the most appropriate polymer to produce a PCM suitable for different climatic conditions that characterize the area in which a building is located. Furthermore, the proposed form-stable PCMs were obtained by including low-toxic, low-flammability polymers in waste stone fragments, according to the principles of a circular economy. These original sustainable PCMs were then used as aggregates by adding them to mortars (based on air lime, hydraulic lime, cement and gypsum). The mortars containing the PCMs were analyzed in fresh (workability) and hardened (flexural and compressive strengths and thermal characteristics) states. The results obtained showed that although the inclusion of PCM reduced the mechanical properties of the mortars, good mechanical properties can be still achieved by using an adequate binder content. The produced mortars were also analyzed by thermal analysis to assess how the addition of a PEG-based PCM affected their thermal behavior. The original PCMs were proven to be effective in improving the indoor temperature when included in mortars applied as plasters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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12 pages, 3785 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Analysis of an Asphalt Mixture Overlay Reinforced with a Biaxial Geogrid
by Eduardo J. Rueda, Juan Gabriel Bastidas-Martínez, Juan Carlos Ruge, Yeison Alayón and Jeisson Olivos
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010099 - 05 Jan 2023
Viewed by 2210
Abstract
Geosynthetic materials have been demonstrated to be an accurate element in civil engineering, specifically in the field of pavement. Regarding the implementation of these materials in asphalt mixture layers, geosynthetics, such as geotextile and geogrid, have been used to delay the crack propagation [...] Read more.
Geosynthetic materials have been demonstrated to be an accurate element in civil engineering, specifically in the field of pavement. Regarding the implementation of these materials in asphalt mixture layers, geosynthetics, such as geotextile and geogrid, have been used to delay the crack propagation and/or increase the fatigue life. However, the use of these material is based on the experience learned in the field or results obtained from testing on a reduced scale in the laboratory. This research work aims at evaluating the influence that geogrids have as a reinforcement to asphalt mixture layer samples. Within this context, in this work, two types of large-scale samples (with and without reinforcement) are subjected to a monotonic load under two support conditions (simple support and granular base). The results were summarized with the load-line displacement diagram, where parameters such as the peak load, displacement, stiffness, and work of fracture were analyzed. The results reveal that the asphalt layer with geogrid experiences a double benefit since it withstands greater magnitudes of load and delays the appearance of rutting problems. To conclude, the geogrid as a reinforcement for asphalt mixture layers strongly impact their mechanical behavior, increasing the service life of the pavement structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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15 pages, 10495 KiB  
Article
Stabilization of Sandy Soils by Bentonite Clay Slurry at Laboratory Bench and Pilot Scales
by Mousa Bani Baker, Raed Abendeh, Abdulla Sharo and Adel Hanna
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1922; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121922 - 08 Dec 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3521
Abstract
Sand is one of the most abundant, naturally occurring materials in many parts of the world, which is used in local rural areas in infrastructure projects such as in the construction of low volume paved and unpaved road layers due to their availability [...] Read more.
Sand is one of the most abundant, naturally occurring materials in many parts of the world, which is used in local rural areas in infrastructure projects such as in the construction of low volume paved and unpaved road layers due to their availability at low cost and scarcity of other suitable construction materials. Several geotechnical solutions for sand stabilization have been undertaken to improve their properties in order to overcome erosion, failure of pavements under traffic loading, embankments, cuts and excavations caused by failures of sand structure. In this investigation, bentonite clay–water slurry was used due to its cohesive and eco-friendly nature to improve sand strength by the means of manual injection in the laboratory and pilot scales. Sand was stabilized using variation of bentonite clay contents, 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (by weight of dry sand), at different curing times: 0 days, 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days. Direct shear tests were conducted to determine shear strength parameters for sand before and after stabilization process. Furthermore, a transparent polypropylene box (60 cm × 40 cm × 30 cm) was used in this study as a larger scale for sand stabilization technique by applying manual grouting of bentonite clay–water slurry to the sand mass. A mechanical shaker was used at 100, 200, 300, and 400 rpm for 10 min at each stage to test the stability of sand in addition to using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain images for stabilized sand and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to scan soil mass before and after stabilization. The test results showed that a slurry composed of 3% of bentonite clay additive with 10.3% added water by weight of dry sand mass are the optimum amounts for the stabilization process, which provides a substantial resistance to shear forces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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15 pages, 4094 KiB  
Article
Performance Study and Multi-Index Synergistic Effect Analysis of Phosphogypsum-Based Composite Cementitious Material
by Mingsheng Chen, Peng Liu, Dewen Kong, Yuan Li, Yao Chen, Gengyin Cui, Jingdong Wang, Ke Yu and Ningbo Wu
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121918 - 07 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1550
Abstract
The application of phosphogypsum in building materials can consume waste phosphogypsum and reduce ecological pressure. In this study, building phosphogypsum was used as the base material, and fly ash, lime, cement, and other materials were added to explore the performance of phosphogypsum-based cementitious [...] Read more.
The application of phosphogypsum in building materials can consume waste phosphogypsum and reduce ecological pressure. In this study, building phosphogypsum was used as the base material, and fly ash, lime, cement, and other materials were added to explore the performance of phosphogypsum-based cementitious composite building materials via orthogonal experimental method. Variance analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to summarize the performance variation of these phosphogypsum-based composite cementitious materials. This work demonstrates that the building phosphogypsum content and the water-cement mass ratio are significant factors affecting the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of these materials scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the mechanical properties and thermal insulation properties of the prepared phosphogypsum-based composite cementitious materials were good in the C-S-H gel system and ettringite formation uniform specimens. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the building phosphogypsum content, fly ash content in the supplementary cementitious material, lime content, water-cement mass ratio, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity. The compressive strength and the thermal conductivity were analyzed by the index membership degree. The comprehensive performance of the phosphogypsum-based composite cementitious materials was evaluated, and basic theoretical research into the use of the phosphogypsum-based composite cementitious materials in a building non-load-bearing wall was carried out. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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17 pages, 6495 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nano-TiO2 on Capillary Water Absorption of Recycled Aggregate Concrete
by Chuheng Zhong, Zhiling Yu, Jinzhi Zhou, Yuhua Long, Peng Tian and Jinhui Chen
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1833; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121833 - 26 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
To improve the durability performance of recycled aggregate concrete in actual use, this paper uses nano-TiO2-modified recycled coarse aggregate to study, through experiments, the effects of nano-TiO2 on the pore distribution of recycled coarse aggregate concrete after freeze–thaw. The capillary-water-absorption [...] Read more.
To improve the durability performance of recycled aggregate concrete in actual use, this paper uses nano-TiO2-modified recycled coarse aggregate to study, through experiments, the effects of nano-TiO2 on the pore distribution of recycled coarse aggregate concrete after freeze–thaw. The capillary-water-absorption law was used as the evaluation index. The recycled coarse aggregate concrete was prepared with different contents of nano-TiO2, and changes in the 24 h capillary water absorption and porosity of the recycled aggregate concrete after freeze–thaw cycles were analysed. With the help of high-resolution image recognition and binary-image-processing technology, the pore distribution of the recycled aggregate concrete before and after freeze–thaw cycles was obtained. Through the analysis of the water-absorption data at different times, the initial capillary-water-absorption rate, S1, is obtained. The capillary water absorption of recycled aggregate concrete is reacted with S1, and the initial capillary-water-absorption prediction model of nano-TiO2 recycled aggregate concrete under freeze–thaw cycles is established. The results show that under the action of freeze–thaw cycles, the capillary water absorption of recycled coarse aggregate concrete increases with the increase in the RCA substitution rate and decreases with the increase in nano-TiO2 content. After 150 freeze–thaw cycles, the cumulative water absorption and porosity of RC25-NT1.2 decreased by 25.52% and 14.57%, respectively, compared with the test block without nanomaterials. It was found that nano-TiO2 has a prominent role in modifying recycled aggregate concrete. Nano-TiO2 can reduce the cumulative water absorption and porosity of recycled aggregate concrete and alleviate the negative impact of the recycled coarse aggregate on capillary water absorption of concrete after freeze–thaw cycles. It was observed by scanning electron microscopy that a large amount of C–S–H gel was produced inside the concrete mixed with nano-TiO2, which bonded the internal pores and cracks to form a dense structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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24 pages, 5206 KiB  
Article
A Practical Design Guide for Unbonded Jointed Plain Concrete Roads over Deteriorated HMA Roads: Realistic Traffic Loading
by Fatih İrfan Baş, Osman Ünsal Bayrak and Halim Ferit Bayata
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1817; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121817 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1649
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the material properties and the thickness of the layers of an unbonded jointed plain concrete pavement design over a deteriorated flexible pavement that lost its service capability. Maximum principal stresses occurring under the concrete pavement should not exceed [...] Read more.
This study aimed to determine the material properties and the thickness of the layers of an unbonded jointed plain concrete pavement design over a deteriorated flexible pavement that lost its service capability. Maximum principal stresses occurring under the concrete pavement should not exceed the modulus of rupture of the concrete. Three-dimensional finite element analyses using ANSYS (Release 18.1 SAS IP, Inc.) software were carried out with the Taguchi method. The most reliable solution for the pavement design was investigated with whole configuration axle loading that reflects the realistic traffic situation. The stress values under the concrete slab due to the positive temperature gradient neglected in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) method were also investigated. The concrete slabs are exposed to these stresses for longer than the axle loads. Temperature distributions throughout the thickness of the concrete slab were calculated with the bilinear formulas suggested in the study. Axle loadings were applied on both the pavement edge and corner to reflect the most critical loading condition in the pavement design. The critical axle type was found to be 1.2. It was observed that a 0.15 m concrete thickness was appropriate for the concrete class, joint spacing and hot mix asphalt (HMA) elasticity modulus levels used for the 1.22, 1.122, and 1.2 + 111 axle types, but it was not appropriate for the 1.2 axle types. The slab thicknesses calculated with the AASHTO method, and the finite element method were found to be close to each other. It was determined that the concrete thickness significantly affected the maximum principal stress, with a performance statistic (S/N) value of 1692 for the 1.2 axle type. This was followed by the modulus of elasticity of the concrete with an S/N value of 0.356, the modulus of elasticity of the existing flexible pavement with an S/N value of 0.244, and the concrete joint spacing with an S/N value of 0.105. A practical design guide was recommended to extend the service life of a highly deteriorated flexible pavement with the construction of unbonded jointed plain concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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14 pages, 2039 KiB  
Article
Freeze and Thaw Effect on Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Modified with Natural Bentonite Clay
by Mousa Ibraheem Bani Baker, Raed Mohammad Abendeh and Mohammad Ali Khasawneh
Coatings 2022, 12(11), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111664 - 02 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1506
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of freeze and thaw (FT) cycles on the performance of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures modified by partial replacement of mineral filler of the aggregate with natural bentonite clay (NBC) in order to reduce damage that occurs [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of freeze and thaw (FT) cycles on the performance of asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures modified by partial replacement of mineral filler of the aggregate with natural bentonite clay (NBC) in order to reduce damage that occurs due to rapid FT cycles within the pavement structure. After exposure to FT cycles, AC mixture stability is reduced and becomes lower than minimum requirements, which leads to earlier damage of pavement. In order to enhance the AC mixture’s abilities to sustain severe FT cycles, this study used NBC amounts as a substitute for mineral filler by weight of its portion of the total aggregate: 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Marshall stability, flow, and FT cycles were tested, and interior damage degree was assessed by a nondestructive test called ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The results revealed the viability of combining NBC with asphalt mixtures for the purpose of improving the mixtures’ properties, particularly in environments where asphalt pavement is exposed to alternating FT cycles. The results also revealed that replacement of filler with NBC by 5% in AC mixtures reduced the damage caused over 8 continuous weeks of rapid FT cycles by 13%, which, in future applications, would reduce maintenance cost and prolong the pavement’s service life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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22 pages, 37052 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Steel Fiber of Rigid Pavements: A 3D Finite Element and Parametric Analysis
by Bakhtiyar Q. Khawaja Al Harki, Mohammed S. Al Jawahery and Ayman A. Abdulmawjoud
Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101478 - 06 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1670
Abstract
Rigid pavements have high compressive strength and low flexural strength due to the brittleness of concrete. This leads to the formation of cracks easily under the applied loads of vehicles; therefore, the design of concrete pavements usually leads to an increase in the [...] Read more.
Rigid pavements have high compressive strength and low flexural strength due to the brittleness of concrete. This leads to the formation of cracks easily under the applied loads of vehicles; therefore, the design of concrete pavements usually leads to an increase in the high thicknesses. Hybrid steel fibers are used in concrete to increase flexural strength and minimize crack formation. Using concrete with steel fibers in pavements reduces the required concrete thickness. In recent decades, the application of the finite element method to predict the behavior of rigid pavements has increased. This study investigates the influence of hybrid steel fiber on the behavior of rigid pavements; a finite element modeling approach is used to simulate the case study. Several parameters are entered and investigated in this study, including the proportion mix of hybrid fiber concrete (HFC), which contains 0.2% macro synthetic fibers and 0.68, 0.8, and 0.96% of steel fibers, compressive strengths of 25, 35, and 45 MPa, slab thicknesses of 150, 200, and 250 mm, and the load of the tandem axle at the edge of mid slab on the Winkler foundation. The ATENA software package is used to perform a nonlinear finite element analysis. Thirty-six rigid specimen pavements with dimensions of 3600 × 3600 mm were modeled in this investigation. The results showed that the addition ratio (0.68 + 0.2)% of hybrid fibers is more effective in improving the load bearing capacity with a slab thickness of 150 mm and 25 MPa compressive strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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17 pages, 7213 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Fatigue Test and Performance Evaluation of High-Strength Steel Wires Based on the Suspender of a 11-Year-Old Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Arch Bridge
by Yulin Deng and Luming Deng
Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101475 - 05 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1272
Abstract
In this study, based on an actual project, the steel wire in the suspender of a concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge was selected from appropriate samples to perform acetic acid-accelerated salt spray tests, and steel wire samples with different corrosion degrees were obtained. [...] Read more.
In this study, based on an actual project, the steel wire in the suspender of a concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge was selected from appropriate samples to perform acetic acid-accelerated salt spray tests, and steel wire samples with different corrosion degrees were obtained. A laser microscope was used to measure the roughness of the samples, and three corrosion samples were randomly selected from each group for grinding. Fatigue tests were performed on steel wire samples with different degrees of corrosion and polished steel wire samples, and the fatigue fracture was observed and analyzed. The results showed that few cracks on the steel wire surface could be eliminated by grinding, and the fatigue life of the specimens could be increased. Finally, the stress-life-mass loss rate (S-N-η) probability model based on the Weibull distribution was obtained using the measured fatigue data, which can be further referenced in the planning of the inspection of suspender service status, steel wire corrosion protection, and fatigue life prediction, etc. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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14 pages, 2377 KiB  
Article
Evaluation Test of NO Degradation by Nano-TiO2 Coatings on Road Pavements under Natural Light
by Mingjing Fang, Longfan Peng, Yunyu Li, Yuxiao Cheng and Lu Zhan
Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081200 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1775
Abstract
Reducing or degrading nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by automobile exhausts has diversified ways. This paper presents a solution to degrade NO by Nano-sized titanium dioxide (Nano-TiO2) mixed with coating materials for traffic marking on road pavements. The effect on [...] Read more.
Reducing or degrading nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by automobile exhausts has diversified ways. This paper presents a solution to degrade NO by Nano-sized titanium dioxide (Nano-TiO2) mixed with coating materials for traffic marking on road pavements. The effect on degradation was evaluated by adopting a simple laboratory test with statistical analysis. During the test, five different contents of Nano-TiO2, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%, mix with a coating material for pavement marking, followed by an interpretation of the micro mechanism of degradation effect. The results show that the pavement marking coatings mixed with Nano-TiO2 has a good performance on NO degradation. The effect of degradation is increased with increasing the content of Nano-TiO2 particles, however. At the same time, a peak value with about 70% of the maximum removing rate existed when applying 4% Nano-TiO2 due to the agglomeration phenomenon for nanoparticles close to each other for adding more Nano-TiO2. The methods to reduce agglomeration are also suggested, and a routine field test for all potential traffic coating materials is recommended in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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11 pages, 3472 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study of Black Cotton Soil Stabilization with Natural Lime and Pozzolans in Pavement Subgrade Construction
by Zihong Yin, Raymond Leiren Lekalpure and Kevin Maraka Ndiema
Coatings 2022, 12(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010103 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4330
Abstract
This study explores the engineering characteristics of Black cotton soil (BCS) stabilized with natural lime, volcanic ash (VA), and their mixtures. Based on the available literature, the stabilization of VA-BCS is limited. Laboratory tests conducted on stabilized BCS include the Atterbeg limits, the [...] Read more.
This study explores the engineering characteristics of Black cotton soil (BCS) stabilized with natural lime, volcanic ash (VA), and their mixtures. Based on the available literature, the stabilization of VA-BCS is limited. Laboratory tests conducted on stabilized BCS include the Atterbeg limits, the proctor test, the swell percent test, and the California bearing ratio (CBR). The results showed that adding VA and lime greatly improves the engineering characteristics of BCS. BCS stabilized with a mixture of VA and lime showed superior results. Adding 3% lime with 20% VA increased natural CBR values 10.76 times, reduced plasticity by 29%, and reduced swell percent by 88%. Stabilized BCS with 3% lime + 20% VA meets the minimum swell, plasticity, and strength requirements; thus, it can be used as an alternative to cutting and filling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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24 pages, 11343 KiB  
Article
Lab-Controlled Experimental Evaluation of Heat-Reflective Coatings by Increasing Surface Albedo for Cool Pavements in Urban Areas
by Yang Lu, Md Asif Rahman, Nicholas W. Moore and Aidin J. Golrokh
Coatings 2022, 12(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010007 - 22 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3290
Abstract
Many studies were conducted to find possible strategies for reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect during the hot summer months. One of the largest contributors to UHI is the role that paved surfaces play in the warming of urban areas. Solar-reflective cool [...] Read more.
Many studies were conducted to find possible strategies for reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect during the hot summer months. One of the largest contributors to UHI is the role that paved surfaces play in the warming of urban areas. Solar-reflective cool pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements. Pavement reflectance can be enhanced by using a reflective surface coating. The use of heat-reflective coatings to combat the effects of pavements on UHI was pre-viously studied but no consistent conclusions were drawn. To find a conclusive solution, this work focuses on the abilities of heat-reflective pavement coatings to reduce UHI in varying weather conditions. Within this context, both concrete and asphalt samples were subject to a series of per-formance tests when applied to a heat-reflective coating, under the influence of normal, windy, and humid conditions. During these tests, the samples were heated with a halogen lamp and the surface temperature profile was measured using an infrared thermal camera. The air temperature was recorded with a thermometer, and the body temperature at multiple depths of the samples was measured using thermocouples. The results from these tests show that the effectiveness of the heat-reflective coating varies under different weather conditions. For instance, the coated samples were about 1 °C cooler for concrete and nearly 5 °C cooler for asphalt, on average. However, this temperature difference was reduced significantly under windy conditions. As such, the findings from this work conclude that the heat-reflective coatings can effectively cool down the pavement by increasing the surface albedo, and thus might be a viable solution to mitigate UHI impacts in the city/urban areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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Review

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16 pages, 13837 KiB  
Review
Sustainable and Bio-Based Coatings as Actual or Potential Treatments to Protect and Preserve Concrete
by Antonella Sarcinella and Mariaenrica Frigione
Coatings 2023, 13(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010044 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2644
Abstract
The durability of reinforced concrete strongly depends on the environment in which it is located; in any case, the concrete and the reinforcing bars it contains are constantly subject to slow deterioration processes. The protection of concrete structures is, therefore, essential to increase [...] Read more.
The durability of reinforced concrete strongly depends on the environment in which it is located; in any case, the concrete and the reinforcing bars it contains are constantly subject to slow deterioration processes. The protection of concrete structures is, therefore, essential to increase their service life, reducing the costs for their repair and maintenance. The commercial widely used coatings are mainly based on petroleum derivatives (i.e., resins, solvents): increased sensitivity and attention to human health and the protection of the environment pressed research to find alternatives to synthetic products, identifying safer materials with a low environmental impact to employ as protective coatings. In this review, new sustainable products already used or potentially suitable to act as protective treatments for concrete were analyzed and presented. These are natural (bio-based) or waste materials, in which the use of synthetic resins and hazardous solvents, for humans and the environment, are minimized, exploiting waste materials or by-products of other processes, if possible. The main properties and characteristics of these new products are illustrated, highlighting the potential advantages over commercial products also in terms of performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Building and Pavement Coatings)
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