Children

12 pages, 636 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCase Report

Effects of the Whole-Body Vibration Exercise on Sleep Disorders, Body Temperature, Body Composition, Tone, and Clinical Parameters in a Child with Down Syndrome Who Underwent Total Atrioventricular Septal Defect Surgery: A Case-Report

by Luiza Torres-Nunes, Patrícia Prado da Costa-Borges, Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos, José Alexandre Bachur, Ana Carolina Coelho-Oliveira, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo and Mario Bernardo-Filho

Children 2023, 10(2), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020213 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3541

Abstract

Background: The health and developmental issues of people with Down syndrome (DS) are complex and are associated with many medical, psychological, and social problems from childhood through into adulthood. DS children have an increased risk of multiorgan comorbidities, including congenital heart disease. Atrioventricular [...] Read more.

Background: The health and developmental issues of people with Down syndrome (DS) are complex and are associated with many medical, psychological, and social problems from childhood through into adulthood. DS children have an increased risk of multiorgan comorbidities, including congenital heart disease. Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is a congenital heart malformation that often occurs in DS people. Aim: Physical activity and exercise are recommended for patients with cardiovascular disease and are considered to be the gold standard of cardiac rehabilitation. Whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE) is considered a form of exercises. The aim of this case report is to show the effects of WBVE on sleep disturbances, body temperature, body composition, tone, and clinical parameters in a child with DS with corrected total AVSD. The subject is a 10-year-old girl, with free-type DS, who underwent surgery to correct a total AVSD at 6 months. She underwent periodic cardiological monitoring and was released to perform any type of physical exercise, including WBVE. WBVE improved sleep quality and body composition. Conclusion: WBVE leads to physiological effects that benefit the DS child. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

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11 pages, 662 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring of Auditory Function in Newborns of Women Infected by SARS-CoV-2 during Pregnancy

by Enrico Apa, Maria Teresa Presutti, Cecilia Rossi, Maria Federica Roversi, Salvatore Neri, Giancarlo Gargano, Giovanni Bianchin, Valeria Polizzi, Valeria Caragli, Daniele Monzani, Alberto Berardi, Silvia Palma and Elisabetta Genovese

Children 2023, 10(2), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020194 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

Background: Gestational SARS-CoV-2 infection can impact maternal and neonatal health. The virus has also been reported to cause newborn sensorineural hearing loss, but its consequences for the auditory system are not fully understood. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Background: Gestational SARS-CoV-2 infection can impact maternal and neonatal health. The virus has also been reported to cause newborn sensorineural hearing loss, but its consequences for the auditory system are not fully understood. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on newborn’ hearing function during the first year of life. Methods: An observational study was conducted from 1 November 2020 to 30 November 2021 at University Modena Hospital. All newborns whose mother had been infected by SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy were enrolled and underwent audiological evaluation at birth and at 1 year of age. Results: A total of 119 neonates were born from mothers infected by SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. At birth, five newborns (4.2%) presented an increased threshold of ABR (Auditory Brainstem Evoked Response), but the results were confirmed only in 1.6% of cases, when repeated 1 month later, while the ABR thresholds in all other children returned to normal limits. At the 1-year follow-up, no cases of moderate or severe hearing loss were observed, while concomitant disorders of the middle ear were frequently observed. Conclusions: Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of the trimester in which it was contracted, appears not to induce moderate or severe hearing loss in infants. It is important to clarify the possible effect of the virus on late-onset hearing loss and future research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hearing Disorders in Children: Early Intervention, Treatment and Rehabilitation)

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17 pages, 637 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Fathers’ Experiences of Caring for a Child with a Chronic Illness: A Systematic Review

by Shelley Spurr, Cynthia A. Danford, Karyn J. Roberts, Debbie Sheppard-LeMoine, Fernanda Machado Silva-Rodrigues, Michelle Darezzo Rodrigues Nunes, Leslie Darmofal, Anne L. Ersig, Mandie Foster, Barbara Giambra, Stacee Lerret, Michele Polfuss, Lindsay Smith and Suja Somanadhan

Children 2023, 10(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020197 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10699

Abstract

The prevalence of children living with chronic health conditions is increasing worldwide and can disrupt family roles, relationships, function, and parental involvement in family caregiving. The purpose of this systematic review was to explore fathers’ experiences and involvement in caring for a child [...] Read more.

The prevalence of children living with chronic health conditions is increasing worldwide and can disrupt family roles, relationships, function, and parental involvement in family caregiving. The purpose of this systematic review was to explore fathers’ experiences and involvement in caring for a child with a chronic condition. Systematic searches using seven databases were conducted. Study criteria included (1) peer-reviewed original research in English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese, (2) children less than 19 years of age with a chronic condition, (3) fathers (biological or guardian) as direct informants, and (4) outcomes addressing fathers’ experience, perceptions, and/or involvement in the child’s care. Data were synthesized from ten articles reflecting eight separate studies that utilized quantitative designs. Three areas of focus were identified: Family Functioning, Father’s Psychological Health, and Need for Support. Data suggested increased involvement from the father in caring for their child with a chronic condition was associated with improved family functioning, increased anxiety and distress, decreased self-esteem, and increased need for support. This review revealed a paucity of data regarding fathers’ experiences and involvement when caring for a child with a chronic condition, with that available primarily from developed countries. Rigorous empirical studies are needed to deepen understanding of how fathers are involved in the care of their child with a chronic condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Family-Centred Interventions for Children with Disabilities and Chronic Illnesses: Practice-Based Evidence)

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13 pages, 570 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Should Perirectal Swab Culture Be Performed in Cases Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit? Lessons Learned from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

by Aysen Orman, Yalcin Celik, Guliz Evik, Gulden Ersöz, Necdet Kuyucu and Berfin Ozgokce Ozmen

Children 2023, 10(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020187 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2662

Abstract

Serial perirectal swabs are used to identify colonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria and prevent spread. The purpose of this study was to determine colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). An additional purpose was to establish whether sepsis and epidemic associated with [...] Read more.

Serial perirectal swabs are used to identify colonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria and prevent spread. The purpose of this study was to determine colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). An additional purpose was to establish whether sepsis and epidemic associated with these factors were present in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), to which infants with hospital stays exceeding 48 h in an external healthcare center NICU were admitted. Perirectal swab samples were collected in the first 24 h by a trained infection nurse using sterile cotton swabs moistened with 0.9% NaCl from patients admitted to our unit after hospitalization exceeding 48 h in an external center. The primary outcome was positivity in perirectal swab cultures, and the secondary outcomes were whether this caused invasive infection and significant NICU outbreaks. A total of 125 newborns meeting the study criteria referred from external healthcare centers between January 2018 and January 2022 were enrolled. Analysis revealed that CRE constituted 27.2% of perirectal swab positivity and VRE 4.8%, and that one in every 4.4 infants included in the study exhibited perirectal swab positivity. The detection of colonization by these microorganisms, and including them within the scope of surveillance, is an important factor in the prevention of NICU epidemics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Healthcare for Neonates)

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10 pages, 658 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Risk Factors of Language Delay at Two Years of Corrected Age among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infants: A Population-Based Study

by Wei-Lun Tseng, Chia-Huei Chen, Jui-Hsing Chang, Chun-Chih Peng, Wai-Tim Jim, Chia-Ying Lin, Chyong-Hsin Hsu, Tzu-Yu Liu, Hung-Yang Chang and on behalf of the Taiwan Premature Infant Follow-up Network

Children 2023, 10(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020189 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3923

Abstract

Language delays are often underestimated in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) preterm infants. We aimed to identify the risk factors of language delay at two years of corrected age in this vulnerable population. VLBW infants, who were assessed at two years of corrected age using the [...] Read more.

Language delays are often underestimated in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) preterm infants. We aimed to identify the risk factors of language delay at two years of corrected age in this vulnerable population. VLBW infants, who were assessed at two years of corrected age using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development, third edition, were included using a population-based cohort database. Language delay was defined as mild to moderate if the composite score was between 70 and 85 and severe if the score was < 70. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the perinatal risk factors associated with language delay. The study comprised 3797 VLBW preterm infants; 678 (18%) had a mild to moderate delay and 235 (6%) had a severe delay. After adjusting for confounding factors, low maternal education level, low maternal socioeconomic status, extremely low birth weight, male sex, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and/or cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) were found to be significantly associated with both mild to moderate and severe delays. Resuscitation at delivery, necrotizing enterocolitis, and patent ductus arteriosus requiring ligation showed significant associations with severe delay. The strongest factors predicting both mild to moderate and severe language delays were the male sex and severe IVH and/or cystic PVL; thus, early targeted intervention is warranted in these populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intensive Care for Very Preterm Infants)

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11 pages, 236 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Multicentre Italian Study on the Psychological Impact of an Inconclusive Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis after Positive Neonatal Screening

by Antonella Tosco, Diletta Marino, Sara Polizzi, Valentina Tradati, Rita Padoan, Claudia Giust, Benedetta Fabrizzi, Giovanni Taccetti, Lucia Merli and Vito Terlizzi

Children 2023, 10(2), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020177 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

Background: An inconclusive diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) after positive newborn screening (NBS) may cause parental distress. We compared the psychological impact of CF transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome (CRMS)/CF screen-positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID), and clear CF diagnosis, on parents. Methods: The participants [...] Read more.

Background: An inconclusive diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) after positive newborn screening (NBS) may cause parental distress. We compared the psychological impact of CF transmembrane conductance regulator-related metabolic syndrome (CRMS)/CF screen-positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID), and clear CF diagnosis, on parents. Methods: The participants were administered the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Italian version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised as quantitative tools and semi-structured interviews as qualitative tools. Parental experience, child representation, relationships, future information, and perception of health status were investigated. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim maintaining anonymity. Results: Thirty-two families were enrolled: sixteen with CF and CRMS/CFSPID, respectively. Anxiety and depression values were high in both groups, as were the measurement of traumatic impact subscales: avoidance, intrusiveness, and hyperarousal. The children’s health was evaluated by respective parents as being nearly healthy. Conclusions: Our results highlight negative psychological impacts, including emotional and affective representations, on parents of children with inconclusive CF diagnosis compared with those with clear diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lung Diseases in Children: From Rarer to Commonest)

22 pages, 1070 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pediatric Glaucoma—From Screening, Early Detection to Management

by Ruyue Shen, Venice S. W. Li, Mandy O. M. Wong and Poemen P. M. Chan

Children 2023, 10(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020181 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5366

Abstract

Pediatric glaucoma (PG) covers a rare and heterogeneous group of diseases with variable causes and presentations. Delayed diagnosis of PG could lead to blindness, bringing emotional and psychological burdens to patients’ caregivers. Recent genetic studies identified novel causative genes, which may provide new [...] Read more.

Pediatric glaucoma (PG) covers a rare and heterogeneous group of diseases with variable causes and presentations. Delayed diagnosis of PG could lead to blindness, bringing emotional and psychological burdens to patients’ caregivers. Recent genetic studies identified novel causative genes, which may provide new insight into the etiology of PG. More effective screening strategies could be beneficial for timely diagnosis and treatment. New findings on clinical characteristics and the latest examination instruments have provided additional evidence for diagnosing PG. In addition to IOP-lowering therapy, managing concomitant amblyopia and other associated ocular pathologies is essential to achieve a better visual outcome. Surgical treatment is usually required although medication is often used before surgery. These include angle surgeries, filtering surgeries, minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries, cyclophotocoagulation, and deep sclerectomy. Several advanced surgical therapies have been developed to increase success rates and decrease postoperative complications. Here, we review the classification and diagnosis, etiology, screening, clinical characteristics, examinations, and management of PG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Eye Disease: Screening, Causes and Treatment)

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11 pages, 769 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of a Family-Centred Intervention for Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Model Project in Rural Ireland

by Roy McConkey, Pauline O’Hagan and Joanne Corcoran

Children 2023, 10(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020175 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4517

Abstract

The greater risk of poor mental health and social isolation, experienced by parents of children with developmental disabilities, is compounded by family circumstances and living in rural settings. Often parents receive little personal support. Family-centred interventions have been recommended internationally for promoting children’s [...] Read more.

The greater risk of poor mental health and social isolation, experienced by parents of children with developmental disabilities, is compounded by family circumstances and living in rural settings. Often parents receive little personal support. Family-centred interventions have been recommended internationally for promoting children’s development, as well as boosting parental wellbeing. Yet, in many countries, current service provision is predominately child-focused and clinic-centred. An innovative, family-centred support service was designed and evaluated in a rural county of Ireland. Support staff visit the family home every month for around one year with regular check-ins by phone. The service aims included setting developmental goals for the child that were agreed with parents, alongside actions to address the personal needs of parents and siblings. In addition, community activities are identified or created to promote the social inclusion of the child and family in local communities, as well as locating opportunities for social activities for mothers. To date, 96 families with 110 children have been involved and three monthly reviews have been undertaken of each child’s progress. Baseline measures on parents’ mental health and social isolation were gathered and repeated when parents had completed their involvement with the project, along with qualitative information regarding the parents’ experiences. Most children attained their learning targets, alongside those selected as personal goals by parents; in particular, parents reported their child’s greater involvement in community activities, increased knowledge and skills, and with more confidence and resilience. Significant increases in parental well-being scores were reported, but there was a limited impact on their social participation and that of their child. This evidence-based model of provision is an example of how current social care provision for families who have a child with developmental disabilities could be cost-effectively re-envisioned even in rural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Family-Centred Interventions for Children with Disabilities and Chronic Illnesses: Practice-Based Evidence)

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12 pages, 1189 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Clinical Symptoms and Biochemical Parameters in Odontogenic Cellulitis of the Head and Neck Region in Children

by Adrianna Słotwińska-Pawlaczyk, Bogusława Orzechowska-Wylęgała, Katarzyna Latusek and Anna Maria Roszkowska

Children 2023, 10(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010172 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3321

Abstract

Many cases of cellulitis in the head and neck region among hospitalized pediatric patients are related to odontogenic infections. C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR), D-dimer, and prealbumin can be used to assess the severity of [...] Read more.

Many cases of cellulitis in the head and neck region among hospitalized pediatric patients are related to odontogenic infections. C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR), D-dimer, and prealbumin can be used to assess the severity of odontogenic inflammation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the biochemical parameters as a predictor factor of the severity of odontogenic cellulitis in children. This study was conducted from 2020 to 2021 on patients admitted to the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology and Pediatric Head and Neck Surgery of the Upper Silesian Children’s Health Center in Katowice. We included 40 patients aged 2–16 in the study, who were divided into two groups: research (SS-Study subject) (n = 20) and control (CS-Control subject) (n = 20). The patients underwent an interview and physical examination to assess the presence of intraoral and extraoral swelling and the presence of trismus. The patients who qualified for the study had blood taken to determine the level of CRP, WBCs, NLR, D-dimers, and prealbumin. Differences in biochemical test results in the SS and CS were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the SS group, the mean values of biochemical parameters exceeded the clinical norm. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between CRP and extraoral swelling. The NLR correlates significantly with extraoral swelling and the length of hospitalization. D-dimer statistically correlated with trismus, extraoral swelling, and the number of anatomical spaces involved. The NLR and CRP ratio can be considered a prognostic marker of the course of infection and hospitalization time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Behaviours and Their Predictors in Children)

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8 pages, 245 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lung Ultrasound Role in Diagnosis of Neonatal Respiratory Disorders: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study

by Rania Ismail, Nehal M. El Raggal, Laila A. Hegazy, Hossam M. Sakr, Osama A. Eldafrawy and Yasmin A. Farid

Children 2023, 10(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010173 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3849

Abstract

Lung ultrasound (LUS) has become one of the most exciting applications in neonatal point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), yet still lacks routine clinical use. This study assesses the utility of LUS for neonatal respiratory disorders (NRDs) diagnosis and follow-up compared to chest X-ray (CXR). A [...] Read more.

Lung ultrasound (LUS) has become one of the most exciting applications in neonatal point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), yet still lacks routine clinical use. This study assesses the utility of LUS for neonatal respiratory disorders (NRDs) diagnosis and follow-up compared to chest X-ray (CXR). A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 neonates having NRDs with a gestational age ≥28 weeks, excluding those having multiple congenital anomalies, chromosomal aberrations, hydrops fetalis and/or heart failure. CXR and LUS were done on admission for diagnosis and were repeated after 7 days, or if needed earlier within the 7 days. The diagnosis of NRDs by CXR and LUS on admission and after 7 days was comparable (p > 0.05). LUS diagnosis sensitivity and specificity for respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumothorax and pulmonary atelectasis were 94.7/100%, 97.5/95%, 92.3/100%, 90.9/98.9% and 100/97.8%, respectively. The total agreement between LUS and CXR was 98.5% with 95% CI (0.88 to 0.92). LUS and CXR had considerable agreement in the diagnosis of NRDs. Being a reliable bedside modality of diagnosis and safer than CXR, LUS may be considered an alternative method for the diagnosis of neonates with NRDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Healthcare for Neonates)

8 pages, 792 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Emotional Outcomes of Medical Students in Pediatric Emergency Medicine Telesimulation

by Osamu Nomura, Momoka Sunohara, Ichiro Watanabe and Taichi Itoh

Children 2023, 10(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010169 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged the feasibility of traditional in-person simulation-based clinical training due to the public health recommendation on social distancing. During the pandemic, telesimulation training was implemented to avoid multiple students and faculties gathering in confined spaces. While [...] Read more.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged the feasibility of traditional in-person simulation-based clinical training due to the public health recommendation on social distancing. During the pandemic, telesimulation training was implemented to avoid multiple students and faculties gathering in confined spaces. While medical trainees’ perceived emotions have been acknowledged as a critical outcome of the in-person simulation-based training, the impact of telesimulation on trainees’ emotions has been unexamined. We conducted an educational team-based simulation study with a pediatric case of septic shock. Seventeen and twenty-four medical students participated in the telesimulation training and in-person simulation training, respectively. The institutional pandemic social restrictions at the time of each training session determined the participant assignment to either the telesimulation training or in-person simulation training. All participants responded to the Japanese version of the Medical Emotion Scale, which includes 20 items rated on a five-point Likert-type scale before, during, and after the simulation sessions. The measured emotions were categized into four emotion groups according to two dimensions: positive or negative and activating or deactivating emotions. The one-way analysis of variance between the telesimulation and in-person simulation training revealed no significant differences in the emotions perceived by the participants before, during, and after the simulation training sessions. The perceived emotions of medical students were comparable between the telesimulation and in-person simulation training. Further longitudinal studies with larger samples and multiple variables are needed to generalize the effectiveness of telesimulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Injuries: New Insights into Management, Prevention, and Education)

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18 pages, 1680 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Psychosocial Effect of Parental Cancer: Qualitative Interviews with Patients’ Dependent Children

by Elise S. Alexander, Moira O’Connor and Georgia K. B. Halkett

Children 2023, 10(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010171 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8823

Abstract

Background: Children living with parental cancer are at an increased risk for various psychosocial, emotional, and behavioural problems. However, research regarding how children are affected by their parent’s diagnosis is still developing and patients’ children are typically invisible in clinical practice. This study [...] Read more.

Background: Children living with parental cancer are at an increased risk for various psychosocial, emotional, and behavioural problems. However, research regarding how children are affected by their parent’s diagnosis is still developing and patients’ children are typically invisible in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate how children are affected by their parent’s cancer diagnosis, from children’s perspectives. Methods: Informed by methods of grounded theory and embedded within a social constructivist framework, twelve children (ranging from 5 to 17 years) living with a parent with cancer were interviewed using a semi-structured format assisted by a novel approach derived from play- and art-based developmental literature. Results: Findings indicate that patients’ children are constantly worried and distressed, and there are barriers that can be overcome to mitigate this. Four overarching themes were identified: (I) Feeling worried and distressed; (II) Comprehending their parent’s cancer diagnosis; (III) Being disconnected from their supports; and (IV) Needing someone to talk to. Conclusions: Children experience considerable levels of ongoing worry and distress when a parent is diagnosed with cancer and have difficulties comprehending and articulating this. They also feel a level of disconnection from their usual support systems (e.g., parents) and are limited regarding who they can seek out and talk to. Mitigating children’s ongoing worries and distress by promoting the availability and accessibility of parents and other supports to children, and reducing communication barriers between children and adults, should be a primary focus of psycho-oncology research and practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy)

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13 pages, 431 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Change in Prevalence of Hypertension among Korean Children and Adolescents during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Population-Based Study

by Kyungchul Song, Se Yong Jung, Juyeon Yang, Hye Sun Lee, Ho-Seong Kim and Hyun Wook Chae

Children 2023, 10(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010159 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2866

Abstract

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, the prevalence of obesity increased globally; this may be associated with hypertension incidence. However, investigations on the changes in the prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents are limited. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of [...] Read more.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, the prevalence of obesity increased globally; this may be associated with hypertension incidence. However, investigations on the changes in the prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents are limited. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of hypertension among 1428 youths aged 10–18 years using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018–2020. We assessed the prevalence of hypertension according to sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and residential district. The prevalence of hypertension increased from 7.1% to 12.5% in all participants. In the sex-specific analysis, the prevalence was found to be increased in boys. In the age-specific analysis, the prevalence was found to be increased in youths aged 13–15 years. In the BMI-specific analysis, an increase in the prevalence was prominent in the normal BMI group. In the residential district-specific analysis, the prevalence of hypertension among youth increased in urban areas. Our results show that the prevalence of hypertension increased among Korean children and adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak. These findings suggest the importance of close monitoring of hypertension among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Disease in Children)

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13 pages, 919 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Delayed Time to Antibiotics in Medical and Surgical Necrotizing Enterocolitis

by Katherine E. Chetta, Katherine G. Vincent, Bresney Fanning, Ashley B. Klumb, Justin A. Chetta, Allison M. Rohrer, Leslie H. Spence and Jeanne G. Hill

Children 2023, 10(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010160 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3946

Abstract

This study investigated whether delayed receipt of antibiotics in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with disease severity. In this retrospective, single-center cohort study of infants diagnosed with NEC over 4 years, we compared the timing of antibiotic administration in infants (time [...] Read more.

This study investigated whether delayed receipt of antibiotics in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with disease severity. In this retrospective, single-center cohort study of infants diagnosed with NEC over 4 years, we compared the timing of antibiotic administration in infants (time order placed to time of receipt) in medical and surgical NEC. Cases were independently reviewed, then various clinical factors were compared. Of 46 suspected cases, 25 were confirmed by a panel of radiologists with good interrater reliability (ICC 0.657; p < 0.001). Delays in antibiotic receipt were 1.7× greater in surgical than medical NEC cases (p = 0.049). Every hour after order entry increased the adjusted odds of surgical NEC by 2.4 (1.08–5.23; p = 0.032). Delayed antibiotic receipt was more common in infants with surgical than medical NEC. Larger studies will be needed to investigate if optimizing antibiotic expediency could improve intestinal outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practical Issues in Treatment of Preterm Infants)

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15 pages, 2540 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Development and Usability of a Mobile App for Parents of Children with ADHD

by Costina-Ruxandra Păsărelu, Reka Kertesz and Anca Dobrean

Children 2023, 10(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010164 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5659

Abstract

Background: Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental health problems in children. Behavioral parent training (BPT) is the first-line treatment recommended by clinical guidelines; however, parental dropout is high. Mobile apps could be used as an adjunct to BPT [...] Read more.

Background: Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent mental health problems in children. Behavioral parent training (BPT) is the first-line treatment recommended by clinical guidelines; however, parental dropout is high. Mobile apps could be used as an adjunct to BPT in order to increase treatment adherence, homework compliance, and parental engagement. In this paper, we describe the development process of a mobile app for parents of children with ADHD. Methods: We conducted a study to investigate parents’ perceived usability of the ADHD Coping Card. Results: The mobile app developed has a high usability. Future improvements in the app were suggested by parents. Conclusions: Given the increasing importance of digital mental health interventions in psychotherapy, it is important that future research is conducted with a higher number of participants to investigate the key factors implicated in choosing such an intervention in the future, both by parents and by mental health specialists. A mobile app can be used as an add-on in psychotherapy with parents of children with ADHD. Digital health interventions could help surpass gaps in treatment access for child mental health problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health)

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11 pages, 1070 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gentle Touch and Sucrose for Pain Relief during Suctioning in Preterm Newborns—A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Nayara Rodrigues Gomes de Oliveira, Cibelle Kayenne Martins Roberto Formiga, Bruna Abreu Ramos, Rafaela Noleto dos Santos, Nayara Nubia de Sousa Moreira, Patricia Gonçalves Evangelista Marçal and Waldemar Naves do Amaral

Children 2023, 10(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010158 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3480

Abstract

Pain management is challenging in neonatal care. We aimed to compare the effects of gentle touch and sucrose on pain relief during suctioning in premature newborns (PTNB). This crossover randomized clinical trial enrolled PTNBs with low birth weight, hemodynamically stable, and requiring suctioning [...] Read more.

Pain management is challenging in neonatal care. We aimed to compare the effects of gentle touch and sucrose on pain relief during suctioning in premature newborns (PTNB). This crossover randomized clinical trial enrolled PTNBs with low birth weight, hemodynamically stable, and requiring suctioning during hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit. PTNBs underwent three different suctioning procedures. The first was performed without intervention (baseline). Right after, PTNBs were randomly allocated (sucrose and gentle touch or vice versa) to the next two suctioning procedures. Two validated scales assessed pain: the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R). We evaluated 50 PTNBs (mean of 28 weeks) with a mean low birth weight of 1050 g; most were under continuous positive airway pressure 37 (74%) and mechanical ventilation 41 (82%). Gentle touch was efficacious for pain relief since NIPS (p = 0.010) compared to baseline. Sucrose was also effective in reducing pain NIPS and PIPP-R (p < 0.001). Although the two interventions reduced pain, no difference was observed between gentle touch and sucrose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practical Issues in Treatment of Preterm Infants)

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18 pages, 1018 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Diagnosis and Management of Cancer Treatment-Related Cardiac Dysfunction and Heart Failure in Children

by Mohamed Hegazy, Stephanie Ghaleb and Bibhuti B Das

Children 2023, 10(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010149 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6396

Abstract

It is disheartening for parents to discover that their children have long-term cardiac dysfunction after being cured of life-threatening childhood cancers. As the number of childhood cancer survivors increases, early and late oncology-therapy-related cardiovascular complications continues to rise. It is essential to understand [...] Read more.

It is disheartening for parents to discover that their children have long-term cardiac dysfunction after being cured of life-threatening childhood cancers. As the number of childhood cancer survivors increases, early and late oncology-therapy-related cardiovascular complications continues to rise. It is essential to understand that cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer survivors is persistent and progressive. A child’s cancer experience extends throughout his lifetime, and ongoing care for long-term survivors is recognized as an essential part of the cancer care continuum. Initially, there was a lack of recognition of late cardiotoxicities related to cancer therapy. About 38 years ago, in 1984, pioneers like Dr. Lipshultz and others published anecdotal case reports of late cardiotoxicities in children and adolescents exposed to chemotherapy, including some who ended up with heart transplantation. At that time, cardiac tests for cancer survivors were denied by insurance companies because they did not meet appropriate use criteria. Since then, cardio-oncology has been an emerging field of cardiology that focuses on the early detection of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction occurring during and after oncological treatment. The passionate pursuit of many healthcare professionals to make life better for childhood cancer survivors led to more than 10,000 peer-reviewed publications in the last 40 years. We synthesized the existing evidence-based practice and described our experiences in this review to share our current method of surveillance and management of cardiac dysfunction related to cancer therapy. This review aims to discuss the pathological basis of cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, how to stratify patients prone to cardiotoxicity by identifying modifiable risk factors, early detection of cardiac dysfunction, and prevention and management of heart failure during and after cancer therapy in children. We emphasize serial longitudinal follow-ups of childhood cancer survivors and targeted intervention for high-risk patients. We describe our experience with the new paradigm of cardio-oncology care, and collaboration between cardiologist and oncologist is needed to maximize cancer survival while minimizing late cardiotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Cardiology)

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21 pages, 1045 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Regional Differences in Chinese Female Demand for Childcare Services of 0–3 Years: The Moderating and Mediating Effects of Family Childcare Context

by Chuanfang Chen, Huimin Hu and Renbing Shi

Children 2023, 10(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010151 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4911

Abstract

There are multiple reasons to consider the use of formal childcare: parental employment, child development, fertility choices, elderly health, generational relations, etc. This study explores the relationship between regional differences (urban/rural; eastern/central/western) and demand for childcare services (quantity, price, quality) from birth to [...] Read more.

There are multiple reasons to consider the use of formal childcare: parental employment, child development, fertility choices, elderly health, generational relations, etc. This study explores the relationship between regional differences (urban/rural; eastern/central/western) and demand for childcare services (quantity, price, quality) from birth to three years of age, moderated and mediated by the family childcare contexts among Chinese women. Altogether, 1770 mothers of children aged 0–3 were selected from a national survey and analyzed. There are three major findings: (1) Urban mothers show a willingness to spend on the higher monetary cost of center-based childcare compared to rural mothers, as a result of more severe work–child conflicts faced by urban women. Urban–rural gaps in individual and household income also contribute to the differences in affordability. (2) Mothers in eastern China have a more substantial need to place their infants or toddlers in nurseries before the age of three than their counterparts in central and western China, primarily due to a lack of grandparental and paternal childcare support and an expectation of higher quality programs. (3) There is no significant regional disparity in terms of care-related or education-related quality preferences. The paper proposes regional prioritized strategies and targeted services to address the “3A” problems of childcare provision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nursing)

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12 pages, 1567 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of Emotion Regulation and Executive Functioning in the Intervention Outcome of Children with Emotional and Behavioural Problems

by Blossom Fernandes, Mark Wright and Cecilia A. Essau

Children 2023, 10(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010139 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8672

Abstract

Emotional and behavioural problems are closely associated with impairments in regulating emotions and in executive functions (EF). To examine this further, the aim of the present study was to determine whether EF and emotion regulation at baseline would predict emotional and behavioural problem [...] Read more.

Emotional and behavioural problems are closely associated with impairments in regulating emotions and in executive functions (EF). To examine this further, the aim of the present study was to determine whether EF and emotion regulation at baseline would predict emotional and behavioural problem scores post-intervention, and further explore the extent to which emotion regulation mediates these outcomes. Participants were 41 primary school children who exhibited emotional and/or behavioural problems, aged 8 to 11 years. All the children completed measures of emotional and behavioural problems, cognitive emotion regulation, anxiety symptoms, and performed two experimental tasks to measure working memory and response inhibition before and after participating in a transdiagnostic Cognitive Behaviour Therapy-based programme, “Super Skills for Life” (SSL), and at 3-months follow-up. Results revealed significant reduction in the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategy catastrophising and other blame following the intervention. Additionally, EF and emotion regulation was associated with outcomes for emotional problems and conduct problems. More specifically maladaptive emotion regulation strategy such as catastrophising and other blame was closely related with self-reports of emotional problems, likewise other blame, was also linked with scores of conduct problems. This study provides preliminary empirical support for EF and emotion regulation in predicting outcomes of emotional and behavioural problems in children following intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Children and Adolescents)

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14 pages, 498 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prevalence and Determinants of Depressive Symptoms among Young Adolescents in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Sarbhan Singh, Chee Herng Lai, Nuur Hafizah Md Iderus, Sumarni Mohd Ghazali, Lonny Chen Rong Qi Ahmad, Lim Mei Cheng, Mohamad Nadzmi Nadzri, Asrul Anuar Zulkifli, Jeyanthi Suppiah, Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki, Nik Daliana Nik Farid, Rama Krishna Supramanian, Awatef Amer Nordin, Chong Zhuo Lin, Kushilpal Kaur and Nur’ain Mohd Ghazali

Children 2023, 10(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010141 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 10258

Abstract

Depression is the most common mental health problem affecting adolescents globally, wherein its increasing prevalence together with the negative health impacts escalates the need for further research in this area. This work determined the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among young [...] Read more.

Depression is the most common mental health problem affecting adolescents globally, wherein its increasing prevalence together with the negative health impacts escalates the need for further research in this area. This work determined the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among young adolescents in Malaysia. A total of 1350 adolescent aged 13 to 14 years in school across nine secondary schools in Selangor state, Malaysia participated in a cross-sectional study. Independent variables were examined using the using the Global School-Based Student Health Survey included age, gender, ethnicity, alcohol intake, smoking and illicit drug use, loneliness, bullying, parental marital status, income and supervision; and the Health Literacy and Stigma questionnaire examined mental health literacy levels. Depressive symptoms were the dependent variable which was examined using the Center for Epidemiology Study Depression (CESD) instrument. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among all participants was 19 % (95% CI [16.9, 21.2]), with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms being reported among females 26.3% (95% CI [23.0, 29.8]) compared to males 11.7% (95% CI [9.4, 14.4]). Determinants namely females (AOR = 3.83; 95% CI [2.66, 5.52]), smoking (AOR = 6.16; 95% CI [3.15, 12.05]), been bullied (AOR = 3.70; 95% CI [2.51, 5.47]), felt lonely (AOR = 10.46; 95% CI [7.09, 15.42]) and having no parental supervision (AOR = 1.79; 95% CI [1.26, 2.53]) significantly increased the odds of depressive symptoms among all adolescents in the multivariate model. In addition, feeling lonely, being bullied and smoking were identified as common significant determinants of depressive symptoms across both genders. Feeling lonely (65% to 71%) and being bullied (10% to 19%) were ranked as the most important determinants of depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Tackling these factors would be instrumental in helping decision makers formulate depression prevention strategies and activities for adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Predictors and Diagnosis of Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents)

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14 pages, 2361 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Associations between Chronic Pain and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Youth: A Scoping Review

by Eleanor A. J. Battison, Patrick C. M. Brown, Amy L. Holley and Anna C. Wilson

Children 2023, 10(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010142 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 10736

Abstract

Background: Chronic pain and ADHD are common conditions among youth that negatively impact functioning. This review fills a critical gap by summarizing current research on chronic pain and ADHD comorbidity, and it proposes a conceptual model of shared associations and underlying mechanisms. Objective: [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic pain and ADHD are common conditions among youth that negatively impact functioning. This review fills a critical gap by summarizing current research on chronic pain and ADHD comorbidity, and it proposes a conceptual model of shared associations and underlying mechanisms. Objective: The aims of the current study were to: (1) review the extant literature and present estimates of the prevalence of comorbid non-headache chronic pain and ADHD in youth and (2) describe potential shared mechanisms for ADHD and chronic non-headache pain in youth. We also outline future directions to inform future research and interventions directed to youth with comorbid pain and ADHD. Design: A scoping review of the literature was performed in MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using a wide range of search terms related to pain, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Results: Eleven published studies were included in the review. These studies examined the prevalence of chronic pain among youth with ADHD, the prevalence of ADHD in chronic pain samples, and the association between chronic pain and ADHD among youth. Findings revealed results from studies indicating a higher prevalence of ADHD among youth with chronic pain and a higher prevalence of chronic pain in samples of youth with ADHD. Conclusions: Findings from this scoping review suggest an association between chronic pain and ADHD among youth. Little research was found to examine the etiology of this association. Future studies should examine underlying mechanisms of comorbid chronic pain and ADHD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine)

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15 pages, 1466 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Changes in Perceived Enjoyment throughout a 12-Week School-Based Exergaming Intervention

by Lisa Röglin, Oliver Stoll, Kerstin Ketelhut, Anna Lisa Martin-Niedecken and Sascha Ketelhut

Children 2023, 10(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010144 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3441

Abstract

This study assessed whether a high-intensity exergame represents an enjoyable training tool for children in the elementary school setting. Furthermore, it evaluated whether gender, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fitness level, weekly physical activity level, and general interest in sports moderate [...] Read more.

This study assessed whether a high-intensity exergame represents an enjoyable training tool for children in the elementary school setting. Furthermore, it evaluated whether gender, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), fitness level, weekly physical activity level, and general interest in sports moderate perceived enjoyment during the 12-week intervention. Thirty fifth- and sixth-grade students (10.5 ± 0.7 years; 50% girls) participated in this study. During baseline assessments, anthropometric measurements and a shuttle run test were conducted. Throughout the intervention period, the students participated in 15–20-min exergaming sessions (ES) in the ExerCube twice a week during school hours. Enjoyment was assessed after an ES in weeks 2 and 12. Additionally, enjoyment was evaluated after a physical education (PE) class in week 2. The results reveal no significant changes in enjoyment (p = 0.164) over time. The modest changes over time were significantly affected by BMI (p = 0.027), WHtR (p = 0.007), and weekly activity level (p = 0.016). Compared to the PE class, enjoyment was significantly higher during the ES (p < 0.001). None of the covariates showed a significant effect. Mean HR during the ES reached 87.1 ± 1.9% of students’ individual maximum HR. In conclusion, the ExerCube provides a promising tool for schools to promote enjoyable moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Education, Physical Activity, and Health Education in Children and Adolescents)

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14 pages, 1002 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integration of Obese Children in Physical Education Sessions: An Exploratory Study

by Bilel Aydi, Okba Selmi, Santo Marsigliante, Mohamed A. Souissi, Nizar Souissi and Antonella Muscella

Children 2023, 10(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010133 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4127

Abstract

We investigated the effect of the role of the joker in children with obesity (OCs) on integration and physio-psychological responses during small-sided games (SSG) training programs. Sixteen OC students (age 13.8 ± 0.73 years) performed training programs consisting of two sessions a week [...] Read more.

We investigated the effect of the role of the joker in children with obesity (OCs) on integration and physio-psychological responses during small-sided games (SSG) training programs. Sixteen OC students (age 13.8 ± 0.73 years) performed training programs consisting of two sessions a week for three weeks. The experimental protocol consisted of 16 teams of 4 children (3 of normal weight and 1 OC). The 16 teams were divided into 2 groups, one with an OC playing as the joker (SSG-J) and the other group with OC playing as non-joker (SSG-NJ). Maximum heart rates (HRmax), blood lactate concentration [La] and OMNI-Child perceived exertion were measured at the end of each SSG. A physical activity enjoyment Scale (PACES) was accomplished during physical activity for the evaluation of feelings in OCs. Additionally, the profile of mood states (POMS) was measured before and after the SSG-J and SSG-NJ programs. HRmax, [La], perceived exertion, and PACES scores were significantly higher after the SSG-J compared with SSG-NJ (increments of 6.4%, 31.7%, 19.5% and 18.1%, respectively). The score of the POMS variables was positively increased in the presence of jokers. The vigor score increased by 30%, while tension and total mood disturbance scores decreased by 27.6% and 4.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that the joker role could be effective in improving integration, physical enjoyment, physiological responses and mood states in OCs when a team game is used during PE sessions. PE teachers could then program joker exercises with the aim of improving OCs’ physical commitment willingness to play. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes)

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13 pages, 1802 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Body Image Perception in High School Students: The Relationship with Gender, Weight Status, and Physical Activity

by Stefania Toselli, Luciana Zaccagni, Natascia Rinaldo, Mario Mauro, Alessia Grigoletto, Pasqualino Maietta Latessa and Sofia Marini

Children 2023, 10(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010137 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8189

Abstract

Body image perception includes body size assessment, body desirability estimation, and perceptions concerning one’s own body shape and size. Adolescence is a period of intense and prompt physical transformation, which changes the perception of one’s body. This represents a critical period for the [...] Read more.

Body image perception includes body size assessment, body desirability estimation, and perceptions concerning one’s own body shape and size. Adolescence is a period of intense and prompt physical transformation, which changes the perception of one’s body. This represents a critical period for the development of body image. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate body image perception and investigate the relationships between it, weight status, sex, and physical activity in a sample of high school students living in Italy. General demographic information and details about physical activity were collected. Body image perception was measured with a body silhouette and two indexes were calculated: the FID (Feel minus Ideal Discrepancy) to evaluate the discrepancy between the perceived current figure and the ideal figure; and the FAI (Feel weight status minus Actual weight status Inconsistency) to observe improper perception of weight status. In addition, body shape concerns were evaluated with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), in which participants reported the frequency of experiencing negative thoughts about their body shape in the last four weeks. Two hundred and four students were included in the study (155 = female, mean age = 17.13 ± 1.70; 49 = male, mean age = 17.25 ± 1.69). Females felt more concerned about body shape than males (χ² = 11.347, p = 0.001). Distinctions emerged in terms of body mass index, the scores of Feel minus Ideal Discrepancy (FID), Feel weight status minus Actual weight status Inconsistency (FAI), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and of the silhouette mean comparisons due to sex, weight status, and PA interaction effects (p < 0.001). Additionally, 94% of the BSQ variability could be explained by sex, weight status, and PA. Although no direct effects were observed on body image perception, healthy habit promotion, such as physical activity, could positively affect adolescent lives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Promoting Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Motor Competence in Children)

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20 pages, 377 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Push and Pull Factors: Contextualising Biological Maturation and Relative Age in Talent Development Systems

by Liam Sweeney, Jamie Taylor and Áine MacNamara

Children 2023, 10(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010130 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5451

Abstract

In this conceptual paper, we contextualise ongoing attempts to manage challenge dynamics in talent systems in sport. Firstly, we review the broad literature base related to biological maturation, relative age, and the proposed interventions to mitigate effects. We suggest that the relative age [...] Read more.

In this conceptual paper, we contextualise ongoing attempts to manage challenge dynamics in talent systems in sport. Firstly, we review the broad literature base related to biological maturation, relative age, and the proposed interventions to mitigate effects. We suggest that the relative age effect may be a population level effect, indicative of deeper phenomena, rather than having a direct effect on challenge levels. In contrast, we suggest that biological maturation has a direct effect on challenge at the individual level. Therefore, our main critique of many existing approaches to the management of challenge is a lack of individual nuance and flexibility. We suggest the necessity for talent systems to adopt a more holistic approach, conceptualising biological maturation and relative age within a broader field of “push and pull factors” that impact challenge dynamics in talent development in sport. Finally, we provide practical guidance for talent systems in their approach to relative age and biological maturation, recognising that there is no “gold standard”. Instead, there is a need to recognize the highly individual and contextual nature of these concepts, focusing on strategic coherence through talent systems for the management of selection and development processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Science in Children)

9 pages, 1664 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Pediatric Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Experience

by Aušra Steponavičienė, Sigita Burokienė, Inga Ivaškevičienė, Indrė Stacevičienė, Daiva Vaičiūnienė and Augustina Jankauskienė

Children 2023, 10(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010126 - 7 Jan 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5506

Abstract

The overlap of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with other common respiratory pathogens may complicate the course of the disease and prognosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rates, characteristics, and outcomes of pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [...] Read more.

The overlap of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with other common respiratory pathogens may complicate the course of the disease and prognosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the rates, characteristics, and outcomes of pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A/B infections, and their coinfections. A single-center prospective cross-sectional study was performed at the pediatric emergency department in Vilnius from 1 October 2021 to 30 April 2022. In total, 5127 children were screened for SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and influenza A/B. SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests were positive for 21.0% of children (1074/5127). The coinfection rate of respiratory viruses (RSV, influenza A) in patients with COVID-19 was 7.2% (77/1074). Among the 4053 SARS-CoV-2 negative patients, RSV was diagnosed in 405 (10.0%) patients and influenza A/B in 827 (20.4%) patients. Patients with COVID-19 and coinfection did not have a more severe clinical course than those with RSV or influenza infection alone. RSV and SARS-CoV-2 primarily affected younger patients (up to 2 years), while the influenza was more common in older children (4–10 years). Patients infected with RSV were more severely ill, reflected by higher hospitalization proportion and need for respiratory support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Pediatric Emergency Medicine)

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14 pages, 268 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Maladaptive Self- and Interpersonal Functioning Increments General Psychiatric Severity in the Association with Adolescent Personality Pathology

by Carla Sharp and Breana Rachelle Cervantes

Children 2023, 10(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010120 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2656

Abstract

Dimensionalized diagnostic systems, especially the entry criterion of maladaptive self and interpersonal functioning, hold particular advantages for the downward extension of personality pathology to young persons, but require conceptual clarification. The current study evaluated the distinctiveness of maladaptive self and interpersonal functioning by [...] Read more.

Dimensionalized diagnostic systems, especially the entry criterion of maladaptive self and interpersonal functioning, hold particular advantages for the downward extension of personality pathology to young persons, but require conceptual clarification. The current study evaluated the distinctiveness of maladaptive self and interpersonal functioning by examining its incremental value over and above general psychiatric severity in the association with personality pathology. A community sample of N = 419 youth (50.4% female; M_age = 11.91, SD = 1.19) between the ages of 10 and 14 completed measures of maladaptive self- and interpersonal functioning, general psychiatric severity (internalizing–externalizing spectrum), and personality pathology. Results showed that, as expected, maladaptive self- and interpersonal functioning incremented general psychiatric severity in the association with personality pathology in adolescents. Results contribute to the literature base illustrating the value of the entry criterion of the ICD-11 and AMPD diagnostic system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ICD-11 Personality Disorder in Adolescents: Potentials and Pitfalls)

15 pages, 1299 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Importance of Early Intervention in Reducing Autistic Symptoms and Speech–Language Deficits in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Slavica Maksimović, Maša Marisavljević, Nina Stanojević, Milica Ćirović, Silvana Punišić, Tatjana Adamović, Jelena Đorđević, Ivan Krgović and Miško Subotić

Children 2023, 10(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010122 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 14076

Abstract

The intervention focused on starting treatment at an early age to develop the child’s full potential, which is known as early intervention. Given that autistic symptoms and language deficits occur at an early age and affect other areas of development in children with [...] Read more.

The intervention focused on starting treatment at an early age to develop the child’s full potential, which is known as early intervention. Given that autistic symptoms and language deficits occur at an early age and affect other areas of development in children with autistic spectrum disorder, we wanted to examine if early intervention is more effective in the reduction in autistic symptoms and language deficits in children aged 36–47 months old when compared to children 48–60 months old. The sample consisted of 29 children diagnosed with ASD who were admitted for integrative therapy. All participants were divided into two groups based on age: G1: 36–47 months old children, and G2: 48–60 months old children. To estimate the presence of autistic symptoms, we used the GARS-3, and for the assessment of speech–language abilities, we used the subscale Estimated Speech and Language Development (ESLD). Our results regarding the effect of the group on the difference in the scores at two time points showed that there was a statistically significant effect of the group on the reduction in autistic symptoms (p < 0.05) but no effect of the group on the differences in speech–language abilities between the two time points (p > 0.05). Our study highlights the importance of emphasizing the exact age when using the terms “early intervention” and “early development” in future studies and practice because it is necessary to determine and establish guidelines about which particular ages are crucial for starting treatment in certain developmental aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

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14 pages, 741 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship between Physical Fitness and Perceived Well-Being, Motivation, and Enjoyment in Chinese Adolescents during Physical Education: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study

by Wei Zheng, Hejun Shen, Mohammed B. Belhaidas, Yaping Zhao, Lei Wang and Jin Yan

Children 2023, 10(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010111 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 9869

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical fitness (PF) level and Chinese middle-school students’ perceived well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. Method: In this study, the participants were randomly selected from 16 Beijing-based middle schools in China. In addition [...] Read more.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical fitness (PF) level and Chinese middle-school students’ perceived well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. Method: In this study, the participants were randomly selected from 16 Beijing-based middle schools in China. In addition to the collection of demographic data (i.e., gender, age, and parental education), tools including the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, and the Physical Activity Children’s Enjoyment Scale were employed for collecting data on other variables of well-being, motivation, and enjoyment, respectively. Results: A total of 1678 adolescents (M age = 14.66 years, SD = 1.80) participated in this study. According to the results, significant gender differences could be observed in the PF categories of mean age, BMI, vital capacity, 50-m sprint, muscular strength, and flexibility (all p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant gender difference in the levels of well-being, motivation, and enjoyment observed, with similar scores for boys and girls (p > 0.05). Indeed, adolescents with low BMI scores and high levels of vital capacity, muscular strength, and flexibility showed better well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. However, no association was observed between timed sit-ups and pull-ups and well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. Conclusions: This study produced preliminary findings on the relationship between PF and Chinese adolescents’ perceived well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. To improve the health of adolescents, it is necessary to adopt prospective and experimental research designs for advocating for fitness education in school-based programs in future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Education, Physical Activity, and Health Education in Children and Adolescents)

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13 pages, 741 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Breaking Barriers to Rapid Whole Genome Sequencing in Pediatrics: Michigan’s Project Baby Deer

by Caleb P. Bupp, Elizabeth G. Ames, Madison K. Arenchild, Sara Caylor, David P. Dimmock, Joseph D. Fakhoury, Padmani Karna, April Lehman, Cristian I. Meghea, Vinod Misra, Danielle A. Nolan, Jessica O’Shea, Aditi Sharangpani, Linda S. Franck and Andrea Scheurer-Monaghan

Children 2023, 10(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010106 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7042

Abstract

The integration of precision medicine in the care of hospitalized children is ever evolving. However, access to new genomic diagnostics such as rapid whole genome sequencing (rWGS) is hindered by barriers in implementation. Michigan’s Project Baby Deer (PBD) is a multi-center collaborative effort [...] Read more.

The integration of precision medicine in the care of hospitalized children is ever evolving. However, access to new genomic diagnostics such as rapid whole genome sequencing (rWGS) is hindered by barriers in implementation. Michigan’s Project Baby Deer (PBD) is a multi-center collaborative effort that sought to break down barriers to access by offering rWGS to critically ill neonatal and pediatric inpatients in Michigan. The clinical champion team used a standardized approach with inclusion and exclusion criteria, shared learning, and quality improvement evaluation of the project’s impact on the clinical outcomes and economics of inpatient rWGS. Hospitals, including those without on-site geneticists or genetic counselors, noted positive clinical impacts, accelerating time to definitive treatment for project patients. Between 95–214 hospital days were avoided, net savings of $4155 per patient, and family experience of care was improved. The project spurred policy advancement when Michigan became the first state in the United States to have a Medicaid policy with carve-out payment to hospitals for rWGS testing. This state project demonstrates how front-line clinician champions can directly improve access to new technology for pediatric patients and serves as a roadmap for expanding clinical implementation of evidence-based precision medicine technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Genetics and Bioinformatics in Pediatric Diseases)

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6 pages, 727 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCase Report

A Bizarre Cause of Acute Appendicitis in a Pediatric Patient: An Ingested Tooth

by Zenon Pogorelić and Tin Čohadžić

Children 2023, 10(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010108 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6879

Abstract

(1) Background: Among all possible causes, foreign bodies are the rarest cause of appendicitis in the pediatric population. In the majority of cases, ingested foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract without causing symptoms. However, those foreign bodies that pass through the lumen [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Among all possible causes, foreign bodies are the rarest cause of appendicitis in the pediatric population. In the majority of cases, ingested foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract without causing symptoms. However, those foreign bodies that pass through the lumen of the vermiform appendix cannot re-enter the colon and may cause acute appendicitis. So far, various foreign bodies have been described to enter the appendix and cause acute appendicitis, such as seeds, needles, toothpicks, plant material, or even hair. Tooth or dental implants as a cause of acute appendicitis have been described in only a few cases. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of the tooth causing acute appendicitis in the pediatric population. (2) Case presentation: A 14-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department complaining of pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen and vomiting that persisted for approximately 24 h. Until then, the patient was healthy and had no concomitant diseases. Physical examination revealed guarding and tenderness in the right lower abdominal quadrant. The white blood cell count was 17.1 × 10⁹/L with a neutrophil count of 91.1% and a C-reactive protein of 39.3 mg/dL. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed a thickened, inflamed appendix with a diameter of 11 mm and free periappendicular fluid. A 9 × 6 mm foreign body at the base of the appendix was visualized. The patient was diagnosed with acute appendicitis, and an emergency laparoscopic appendectomy was performed on the same day. Intraoperatively, gangrenous appendicitis was noted and removed without complications. Upon examination of the removed specimen, it was determined that the patient’s appendicitis had been caused by an ingested tooth. As it later turned out, the patient had broken a lateral incisor while playing sports the day before admission without knowing that he had swallowed it. The patient recovered well and was discharged the day after surgery. (3) Conclusion: Although an extremely rare event, acute appendicitis can be caused by a swallowed tooth. This case highlights the importance of a thorough history in pediatric patients who present to the emergency department with suspected acute appendicitis to determine if there is a precipitating event that may have caused acute appendicitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)

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16 pages, 638 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Food Environment on Obesity in Children: A Systematic Review

by Johanna Key, Donna Burnett, Jeganathan Ramesh Babu and Thangiah Geetha

Children 2023, 10(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010098 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 10748

Abstract

Childhood obesity is an epidemic connected with poor eating. According to the United States Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS), food deserts are geographical locations in which residents have restricted or nonexistent access to healthful and quality food. Restricted access to healthy [...] Read more.

Childhood obesity is an epidemic connected with poor eating. According to the United States Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS), food deserts are geographical locations in which residents have restricted or nonexistent access to healthful and quality food. Restricted access to healthy food is commonly associated with poor nutrition-related health outcomes, including obesity. This review aims to highlight the relationship between residing in a food desert or a similar environment on body mass index (BMI) in school-aged children in North America, predominantly in the Midwest region of the United States and Mexico. In this study, 17 articles were included from PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Crossref. Most of these studies showed no association between the food environment and increased BMI. This discrepancy emphasizes the need for further research; the lack of access to healthful foods in food deserts is an issue that deserves additional attention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition)

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15 pages, 549 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Early Life Stress (ELS) Effects on Fetal and Adult Bone Development

by Xena Giada Pappalardo, Gianluca Testa, Rosalia Pellitteri, Paola Dell’Albani, Margherita Rodolico, Vito Pavone and Enrico Parano

Children 2023, 10(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010102 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3848

Abstract

Early life stress (ELS) refers to harmful environmental events (i.e., poor maternal health, metabolic restraint, childhood trauma) occurring during the prenatal and/or postnatal period, which may cause the ‘epigenetic corruption’ of cellular and molecular signaling of mental and physical development. While the impact [...] Read more.

Early life stress (ELS) refers to harmful environmental events (i.e., poor maternal health, metabolic restraint, childhood trauma) occurring during the prenatal and/or postnatal period, which may cause the ‘epigenetic corruption’ of cellular and molecular signaling of mental and physical development. While the impact of ELS in a wide range of human diseases has been confirmed, the ELS susceptibility to bone diseases has been poorly explored. In this review, to understand the potential mediating pathways of ELS in bone diseases, PRISMA criteria were used to analyze different stress protocols in mammal models and the effects elicited in dams and their progeny. Data collected, despite the methodological heterogeneity, show that ELS interferes with fetal bone formation, also revealing that the stress type and affected developmental phase may influence the variety and severity of bone anomalies. Interestingly, these findings highlight the maternal and fetal ability to buffer stress, establishing a new role for the placenta in minimizing ELS perturbations. The functional link between ELS and bone impairments will boost future investigations on maternal stress transmission to the fetus and, parallelly, help the assessment of catch-up mechanisms of skeleton adaptations from the cascading ELS effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Orthopedics & Sports Medicine)

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20 pages, 11400 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Management of Choanal Atresia: National Recommendations with a Comprehensive Literature Review

by Jure Urbančič, Domen Vozel, Saba Battelino, Imre Boršoš, Lev Bregant, Matic Glavan, Črtomir Iglič, Klemen Jenko, Boštjan Lanišnik and Tanja Soklič Košak

Children 2023, 10(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010091 - 2 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7580

Abstract

Choanal atresia is the most common congenital anatomical abnormality of the nasal cavities, manifested with a clinical picture of neonatal respiratory distress. The treatment requires interdisciplinary management based mainly on tertiary referral centre experiences. However, there is a lack of high-quality evidence in [...] Read more.

Choanal atresia is the most common congenital anatomical abnormality of the nasal cavities, manifested with a clinical picture of neonatal respiratory distress. The treatment requires interdisciplinary management based mainly on tertiary referral centre experiences. However, there is a lack of high-quality evidence in the available literature. Recommendations were prepared based on a systematic review of the supporting literature: on a website survey addressed to the participating authors consisting of 28 questions and on five live meetings. The initial response to the recommendations was determined at their presentation at the sectional meeting of the section for otorhinolaryngology of the Slovenian Medical Association. Then, reactions from the professional public were accepted until the recommendations were presented at the Expert Council for Otorhinolaryngology of the Slovenian Medical Association. A systematic literature review identified eight systematic reviews or meta-analyses and four randomized controlled clinical trials. Thirty-four recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and postoperative management were consolidated. The paper presents the proposal and first Slovenian recommendations for treating patients with choanal atresia. They are based on foreign medical institutions’ published literature and our clinical experience. They represent the basic requirements of diagnostics and may represent an essential guide in treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)

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8 pages, 243 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Permanent First Molars in Children Aged 7 to 10 Years Old

by Gelengul Urvasizoglu, Aybike Bas, Fatma Sarac, Peris Celikel, Fatih Sengul and Sera Derelioglu

Children 2023, 10(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010061 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3515

Abstract

Background: Dental caries is a chronic, infectious and preventable disease that is very common around the world. It has been observed that dental caries affect not only the majority of adults but also 60% to 90% of children. Permanent first molars (PFM) are [...] Read more.

Background: Dental caries is a chronic, infectious and preventable disease that is very common around the world. It has been observed that dental caries affect not only the majority of adults but also 60% to 90% of children. Permanent first molars (PFM) are the most commonly decayed teeth observed in children. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the decayed, missing filled teeth (DMFT) scores of PFMs in the early post-eruptive stage, within the scope of the United Nations Agenda for 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, thereby raising awareness for the prevention and treatment of permanent tooth decay. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in Erzurum between the years 2015–2016 by collecting data from children aged 7–10 years (17,208). In addition to the decayed, filled and missing data of the students’ 6-year-molars, their ages, genders, frequencies of both tooth brushing and dental office visits were evaluated. The relationship between the variables was analyzed with chi-square. Result: The present study analyzed the data of a total of 11,457 children, 5704 girls and 5753 boys with a mean age of 8.74 ± 1.18. There was a statistically significant difference between the PFMs 16, 26, 36 and 46 regarding the number of healthy, decayed, missing and restored teeth (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of caries in the PFMs of children aged 7–10 years was 15.9% and the mean DMFT was 0.79 ± 1.39. This result showed that PFMs might develop carious lesions and even be lost within three years in the early post-eruptive stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Dental Health: Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment)

31 pages, 4182 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Infodemiology of RSV in Italy (2017–2022): An Alternative Option for the Surveillance of Incident Cases in Pediatric Age?

by Matteo Riccò, Antonio Baldassarre, Sandro Provenzano, Silvia Corrado, Milena Pia Cerviere, Salvatore Parisi, Federico Marchesi and Marco Bottazzoli

Children 2022, 9(12), 1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121984 - 16 Dec 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3458

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not online queries for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) retrieved by means of Google Trends™ and the Italian Wikipedia analysis program mirror the occurrence of influenza-like illnesses (ILI), as reported by the Italian Influenza [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not online queries for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) retrieved by means of Google Trends™ and the Italian Wikipedia analysis program mirror the occurrence of influenza-like illnesses (ILI), as reported by the Italian Influenza Surveillance network (InfluNet). Estimated rates for ILI in the general population and in the age groups 0–4 years and 5–14 years were obtained for the influenza seasons 2017–2018 to 2020–2021. Similarly, a weekly fraction of online searches was retrieved for a series of terms associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Next, trends for daily visualization of Italian Wikipedia Pages for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Pneumonia, Bronchiolitis, Influenza, and Respiratory Failure were similarly retrieved. The correlation of all search terms with ILI was analyzed by means of Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Among search terms associated with the clinical diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus infections, the occurrence of ILI was highly correlated only with Bronchiolitis in the age group 0–4 years (β 0.210, p = 0.028), while more generic search terms, such as Bronchitis, fever, influenza, and Pneumonia, were identified as effective predictors of ILI, in general and by age groups. In a regression analysis modeled with ILIs as the outcome variable, daily visualizations for the Wikipedia pages on Bronchiolitis were identified as negative predictors for ILI in general (β = −0.152, p = 0.032), ILI in age group 0–4 years (β = −0.264, p = 0.001) and 5–14 years (β = −0.202, p = 0.006), while Influenza was characterized as a positive effector for ILIs in the age group 5–14 years (β = 0.245, p = 0.001). Interestingly, not only were the search terms extensively correlated with one another, but all of them were also characterized by autocorrelation through a Durbin-Watson test (all estimates DW < 2.0) In summary, our study identified a complicated pattern of data visualization as no clear association between rates of ILI in pediatric age group 0–4 and 5 to 14 years was actually found. Finally, our data stress that the infodemiology option may be quite problematic for assessing the time trend of RSV infections in Italy until more appropriate reporting will be made available, by sharing estimates of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, and through a more accurate characterization of younger age groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Children 2021: Challenges and Opportunities towards the Future)

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19 pages, 1007 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

by Federica Di Spirito, Alessandra Amato, Maria Pia Di Palo, Giuseppe A. Ferraro, Adone Baroni, Rosario Serpico and Maria Contaldo

Children 2022, 9(12), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121942 - 10 Dec 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4306

Abstract

In addition to the direct impact of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, the COVID-19 pandemic reports multiple effects on people’s health and psycho-physical well-being. In the dental field, oral hygiene sessions, regular dental check-ups, and aerosol-generating procedures were commonly postponed, thus resulting in repercussions on [...] Read more.

In addition to the direct impact of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, the COVID-19 pandemic reports multiple effects on people’s health and psycho-physical well-being. In the dental field, oral hygiene sessions, regular dental check-ups, and aerosol-generating procedures were commonly postponed, thus resulting in repercussions on oral health also favored by the changing eating and oral hygiene habits during the multiple lockdowns. Furthermore, dental settings and practices were generally perceived as at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, thus unsafe, and by general and pediatric dentists themselves. Last, the consequences of stress related to deprivation of social life and playful activities should not be underestimated in children, exposing them to the deleterious effects of bad oral habits, with repercussions on the balanced growth and development of the stomatognathic system. The present work intends to analyze the medium-term and long-term impact of COVID-19 on pediatric oral and dental care provision, reviewing pediatric dentistry practice and oral and dental needs of pedodontics patients during the first peak and the various waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, and lessons learned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Behaviours and Their Predictors in Children)

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20 pages, 6433 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in the Follow-Up of Patients with Fontan Circulation

by Sara Moscatelli, Nunzia Borrelli, Jolanda Sabatino, Isabella Leo, Martina Avesani, Claudia Montanaro and Giovanni Di Salvo

Children 2022, 9(12), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121875 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4993

Abstract

Since its first description in 1971, the Fontan procedure and its modifications have led to a substantial improvement in the survival rates of patients with a variety of types of complex Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) characterised by the presence of a single, dominant [...] Read more.

Since its first description in 1971, the Fontan procedure and its modifications have led to a substantial improvement in the survival rates of patients with a variety of types of complex Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) characterised by the presence of a single, dominant ventricle. However, despite the significant improvement of the prognosis over the years, Fontan patients are still exposed to several cardiovascular and systemic complications. It is, therefore, important to fully understand the pitfalls hidden behind a Fontan anatomy and the potential predictors of ventricular failure. Cardiovascular imaging plays a key role in this context, allowing for the early identification of complications with important prognostic implications. Echocardiography remains the first-line imaging modality for serial evaluation of Fontan patients. However, there is a growing role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance and cardiac computed tomography from pre-operative assessment to longitudinal follow-up. The aim of this paper will be to provide a comprehensive overview of the role, strengths, and weaknesses of each imaging modality in the assessment of congenital cardiac conditions palliated with the Fontan procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of the Pediatric Cardiology)

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15 pages, 1315 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Cardiovascular Morbidities in Adults Born Preterm: Getting to the Heart of the Matter!

by Vasantha H. S. Kumar

Children 2022, 9(12), 1843; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121843 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4409

Abstract

Advances in perinatal and neonatal care have led to improved survival of preterm infants into adulthood. However, the shift in focus to long-term health in adults born preterm requires a clear understanding of the impact of prematurity on developing organ systems and the [...] Read more.

Advances in perinatal and neonatal care have led to improved survival of preterm infants into adulthood. However, the shift in focus to long-term health in adults born preterm requires a clear understanding of the impact of prematurity on developing organ systems and the development of adult-oriented disease. A less well-recognized area of risk for surviving preterm infants is their cardiometabolic health. Epidemiologic evidence has linked preterm birth to the development of systemic hypertension, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease. Of more significant concern is that the risk of cardiometabolic disorders is higher in adults born preterm compared to full-term infants. The interconnected nature of the cardio-pulmonary system means worsening morbidity and mortality in adults born preterm. Addressing the problems of adults born preterm holistically would help promote cardiovascular health, wellness, and quality of life over their lifetime. Recognizing that adults born preterm are a unique subset of the population is a challenge in the current healthcare environment. Addressing issues relevant to adults born preterm in the clinically and research domain, using technology to characterize cardiopulmonary physiology and exercise tolerance, developing screening tools for early diagnosis and treatment, and robust follow-up of these infants with access to longitudinal data would improve both the quality and longevity of life in adults born preterm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Healthcare for Neonates)

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12 pages, 271 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Knowledge and Practice of Pediatricians Regarding Hypovitaminosis D—A Survey across 33 European Countries

by Davor Petrović, Edita Runjić, Ivan Buljan, Antonia Jeličić Kadić and Joško Markić

Children 2022, 9(12), 1831; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121831 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2570

Abstract

Hypovitaminosis D has been recognized as a worldwide pandemic, but there are disagreements regarding its diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and practice of European pediatricians concerning vitamin D (VD) and hypovitaminosis D and their adherence to relevant guidelines. [...] Read more.

Hypovitaminosis D has been recognized as a worldwide pandemic, but there are disagreements regarding its diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and practice of European pediatricians concerning vitamin D (VD) and hypovitaminosis D and their adherence to relevant guidelines. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an anonymous survey via SurveyMonkey on 304 European pediatricians. Most of the participants were general pediatricians, followed by endocrinologists and neonatologists. ESPGHAN’s and the national guidelines were the most frequently used. VD testing was mostly performed in patients with skeletal, chronic kidney, and autoimmune diseases. Participants predominantly answered the questions regarding the definition of hypovitaminosis D and VD supplementation correctly, especially in children younger than 12 months. They showed the least knowledge regarding the cut off-point for the initiation of the therapy and therapeutic doses used to treat confirmed hypovitaminosis D. Participants’ conflicting answers could be related to the differences between the guidelines. We consider that experts in this field should create uniform guidelines, and that those guidelines should also be promoted by national or local pediatric associations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

11 pages, 909 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Metabolomics: A New Tool in Our Understanding of Congenital Heart Disease

by Pier Paolo Bassareo and Colin J. McMahon

Children 2022, 9(12), 1803; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121803 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3180

Abstract

Although the genetic origins underpinning congenital heart disease (CHD) have been extensively studied, genes, by themselves, do not entirely predict phenotypes, which result from the complex interplay between genes and the environment. Consequently, genes merely suggest the potential occurrence of a specific phenotype, [...] Read more.

Although the genetic origins underpinning congenital heart disease (CHD) have been extensively studied, genes, by themselves, do not entirely predict phenotypes, which result from the complex interplay between genes and the environment. Consequently, genes merely suggest the potential occurrence of a specific phenotype, but they cannot predict what will happen in reality. This task can be revealed by metabolomics, the most promising of the “omics sciences”. Though metabolomics applied to CHD is still in its infant phase, it has already been applied to CHD prenatal diagnosis, as well as to predict outcomes after cardiac surgery. Particular metabolomic fingerprints have been identified for some of the specific CHD subtypes. The hallmarks of CHD-related pulmonary arterial hypertension have also been discovered. This review, which is presented in a narrative format, due to the heterogeneity of the selected papers, aims to provide the readers with a synopsis of the literature on metabolomics in the CHD setting. Full article

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12 pages, 1171 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physical Fitness Variations between Those Playing More and Those Playing Less Time in the Matches: A Case-Control Study in Youth Soccer Players

by Ana Filipa Silva, Filipe Manuel Clemente, César Leão, Rafael Oliveira, Georgian Badicu, Hadi Nobari, Luca Poli, Roberto Carvutto, Gianpiero Greco, Francesco Fischetti and Stefania Cataldi

Children 2022, 9(11), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111786 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3320

Abstract

The purpose of this study was (i) to compare two groups (players with more vs. less match play time) regarding body composition, vertical and horizontal jumping performance, and aerobic capacity; and (ii) to test the relationships between physical fitness and play time. This [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was (i) to compare two groups (players with more vs. less match play time) regarding body composition, vertical and horizontal jumping performance, and aerobic capacity; and (ii) to test the relationships between physical fitness and play time. This study followed a case-control design in which the outcome was playtime, and the causal attribute was physical fitness. Sixty-six youth male soccer players from under-16 (n = 21), under-17 (n = 19), under-18 (n = 12), and under-19 (n = 14) age groups were monitored for match play time during five months of observation. Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) no absence of more than a week due to injury or other conditions during the five months of observation and (2) physical assessments having been done simultaneously with those of the other players (at the beginning of the season). The exclusion criteria were (1) not participating in one week or more of training sessions, and (2) not participating in the physical fitness assessments. At the beginning of the season, players were assessed for anthropometry (height, body mass, skinfolds), countermovement jump, triple hop bilateral and unilateral jump, and aerobic capacity using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, level 2 (YYIRT). The group that played more time had significantly greater YYIRT results (+28.2%; p = 0.009; Cohen’s d = 0.664). No other significant differences were found between those who played more and fewer minutes. Moderate and significant linear positive correlations were found between YYIRT and play time in the under-19 group (r = 0.423; p = 0.031) and overall (r = 0.401; p < 0.001). In the case of the under-17 group, moderate and significant linear positive correlations were found between TSA and play time (r = 0.473; p = 0.041). This suggests that aerobic and anaerobic capacity is related to play time while jumping performance and fat mass seem not to play an essential role in play time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Children 2021: Challenges and Opportunities towards the Future)

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19 pages, 1288 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Problematic Internet Use among Adolescents 18 Months after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Frank W. Paulus, Jens Joas, Ida Gerstner, Anna Kühn, Markus Wenning, Thomas Gehrke, Holger Burckhart, Ulf Richter, Alexandra Nonnenmacher, Michael Zemlin, Thomas Lücke, Folke Brinkmann, Tobias Rothoeft, Thorsten Lehr and Eva Möhler

Children 2022, 9(11), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111724 - 10 Nov 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7031

Abstract

Studies in recent years and especially since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic have shown a significant increase in the problematic use of computer games and social media. Adolescents having difficulties in regulating their unpleasant emotions are especially prone to Problematic Internet Use [...] Read more.

Studies in recent years and especially since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic have shown a significant increase in the problematic use of computer games and social media. Adolescents having difficulties in regulating their unpleasant emotions are especially prone to Problematic Internet Use (PIU), which is why emotion dysregulation has been considered a risk factor for PIU. The aim of the present study was to assess problematic internet use (PIU) in adolescents after the third wave (nearly 1.5 years after the onset in Europe) of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the German region of Siegen-Wittgenstein, all students 12 years and older from secondary-level schools, vocational schools and universities were offered a prioritized vaccination in August 2021 with an approved vaccine against COVID-19. In this context, the participants filled out the Short Compulsive Internet Use Scale (SCIUS) and two additional items to capture a possible change in digital media usage time and regulation of negative affect due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A multiple regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of PIU. The original sample consisted of 1477 participants, and after excluding invalid cases the final sample size amounted to 1268 adolescents aged 12–17 (x = 14.37 years, SD = 1.64). The average prevalence of PIU was 43.69%. Gender, age, digital media usage time and the intensity of negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic were all found to be significant predictors of PIU: female gender, increasing age, longer digital media usage time and higher intensity of negative emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with higher SCIUS total scores. This study found a very high prevalence of PIU among 12- to 17-year-olds for the period after the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has increased significantly compared to pre-pandemic prevalence rates. PIU is emerging as a serious problem among young people in the pandemic. Besides gender and age, pandemic-associated time of digital media use and emotion regulation have an impact on PIU, which provides starting points for preventive interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of COVID-19 on Youth Mental Health)

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21 pages, 1368 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Evaluation and Treatment of Pain in Fetuses, Neonates and Children

by Santiago Mencía, Clara Alonso, Carmen Pallás-Alonso, Jesús López-Herce and Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II)

Children 2022, 9(11), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111688 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7404

Abstract

The perception of pain is individual and differs between children and adults. The structures required to feel pain are developed at 24 weeks of gestation. However, pain assessment is complicated, especially in neonates, infants and preschool-age children. Clinical scales adapted to age are [...] Read more.

The perception of pain is individual and differs between children and adults. The structures required to feel pain are developed at 24 weeks of gestation. However, pain assessment is complicated, especially in neonates, infants and preschool-age children. Clinical scales adapted to age are the most used methods for assessing and monitoring the degree of pain in children. They evaluate several behavioral and/or physiological parameters related to pain. Some monitors detect the physiological changes that occur in association with painful stimuli, but they do not yet have a clear clinical use. Multimodal analgesia is recommended for pain treatment with non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. It is necessary to establish pharmacotherapeutic protocols for analgesia adjusted to the acute or chronic, type and intensity of pain, as well as age. The most used analgesics in children are paracetamol, ibuprofen, dipyrone, opioids (morphine and fentanyl) and local anesthetics. Patient-controlled analgesia is an adequate alternative for adolescent and older children in specific situations, such as after surgery. In patients with severe or persistent pain, it is very important to consult with specific pain services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine)

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13 pages, 541 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bracing Interventions Can Help Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis with Surgical Indication: A Systematic Review

by Fabio Zaina, Claudio Cordani, Sabrina Donzelli, Stefano Giuseppe Lazzarini, Chiara Arienti, Matteo Johann Del Furia and Stefano Negrini

Children 2022, 9(11), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111672 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4272

Abstract

There is a common agreement that bracing is appropriate for curves between 20 and 40° for the Cobb angle during growth, but for larger curves, the experts’ opinions are not consistent. We designed this systematic review to report the updated evidence about the [...] Read more.

There is a common agreement that bracing is appropriate for curves between 20 and 40° for the Cobb angle during growth, but for larger curves, the experts’ opinions are not consistent. We designed this systematic review to report the updated evidence about the effectiveness of bracing in scoliosis patients with curves ≥40° and a residual growth period. We included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective observational studies, and case series addressing the effect of bracing in patients with idiopathic scoliosis during growth with curves ≥40° for the Cobb angle, published from 2000 onwards. Outcome: The percentage of patients with surgery, curves above 45° or 50°, and a Cobb angle change are all included in the study. Nine papers (563 patients, average worst curve of 44.8°) are included: four are retrospective case series, two are retrospective and two are prospective cohort studies, and one is a prospective controlled study. The overall quality was good, with respect to the type of design. A total of 32% of the patients improved, 26% were stable, and 42% worsened. The rate of improvement ranged from 11% to 78%; the rate of worsening ranged from 4% to 64%. There are some studies suggesting the use of bracing even in the case of severe curves when patients are motivated by trying to avoid surgery. More and better-quality research with coherent outcome criteria is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evidence on Conservative Treatment and Assessment of Idiopathic Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities)

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13 pages, 1275 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Social, Academic and Health Status Impact of Long COVID on Children and Young People: An Observational, Descriptive, and Longitudinal Cohort Study

by Alba Gonzalez-Aumatell, Maria Victoria Bovo, Clara Carreras-Abad, Sara Cuso-Perez, Èlia Domènech Marsal, Roser Coll-Fernández, Aroia Goicoechea Calvo, Maria Giralt-López, Antonia Enseñat Cantallops, Sara Moron-Lopez, Javier Martinez-Picado, Paula Sol Ventura, Carlos Rodrigo and Maria Méndez Hernández

Children 2022, 9(11), 1677; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111677 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3950

Abstract

There is a lack of evidence of the health impacts due to long COVID among children and young people (CYP). The objective of this study is to determine the main clinical characteristics of long COVID in CYP and to investigate the academic, social, [...] Read more.

There is a lack of evidence of the health impacts due to long COVID among children and young people (CYP). The objective of this study is to determine the main clinical characteristics of long COVID in CYP and to investigate the academic, social, and health status impacts of long COVID in this population. An observational, descriptive, and longitudinal study on CYP who presented COVID-19 symptoms for more than twelve weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed between December 2020 and May 2021. Fifty CYP were included, with a median age of 14.1 years, 33 (66%) were female, and 17 (34%) had a relative diagnosed with long COVID. Since the initial infection and up to the first visit, CYP had persisting symptoms for a median of 4.1 months, and for 18 (36%) CYP these symptoms persisted for more than 6 months. Fatigue (100%), neurocognitive disorders (74%), muscular weakness (74%), and headache (72%) were the most reported symptoms. A total of 9 (18%) CYP could not attend school, 17 (34%) had a reduced schedule, 33 (66%) showed a decreased school performance, and 68% had stopped extracurricular activities. This preliminary study shows the impact that long COVID has on the health, academic, and social life of CYP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of COVID-19 in Children)

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22 pages, 2560 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Association between Harmful and Addictive Perceptions of E-Cigarettes and E-Cigarette Use among Adolescents and Youth—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ameera Syafiqah Aly, Rokiah Mamikutty and Jamaludin Marhazlinda

Children 2022, 9(11), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111678 - 31 Oct 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9317

Abstract

Background: Recognising the association between the perceived risks of e-cigarettes and e-cigarette usage among youth is critical for planning effective prevention and intervention initiatives; thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Methods: Fourteen databases were searched for eligible studies from the Inception [...] Read more.

Background: Recognising the association between the perceived risks of e-cigarettes and e-cigarette usage among youth is critical for planning effective prevention and intervention initiatives; thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Methods: Fourteen databases were searched for eligible studies from the Inception of database until March 2022 to examine the effect estimates of the association between perceptions of harmfulness and addictiveness and overall e-cigarette usage among adolescents and youth. Results: The meta-analysis showed that in comparison to non-users, young people who were ever e-cigarette users were two times more likely to disagree that e-cigarettes are harmful (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.41–3.43) and perceived e-cigarettes as less harmful than tobacco cigarettes (OR: 2.01, 95% CI 1.47–2.75). Youths who were ever e-cigarette users were also 2.3 and 1.8 times more likely to perceive e-cigarettes as less addictive (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.81–2.88) or perceive e-cigarettes as more addictive (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.22–2.73) than tobacco cigarettes, as compared with non-users. The subgroup analysis reported that adolescents were more likely to believe that e-cigarettes are less harmful than tobacco cigarettes, while youth users perceived otherwise. Conclusion: the risk perceptions of e-cigarettes are associated with e-cigarette use among adolescents and youth and could be the focus of health promotion to prevent and curb the uptake of e-cigarettes among young people. Full article

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15 pages, 612 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Parental Stress Assessment with the Parenting Stress Index (PSI): A Systematic Review of Its Psychometric Properties

by Mercedes Ríos, Sara Zekri, Yurena Alonso-Esteban and Esperanza Navarro-Pardo

Children 2022, 9(11), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111649 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 11359

Abstract

Parental stress is a construct related to people’s perception of difficulties and feelings of not being able to cope with the demands of parenting. This construct is often experienced as a negative or aversive response to parental obligations, and the available evidence also [...] Read more.

Parental stress is a construct related to people’s perception of difficulties and feelings of not being able to cope with the demands of parenting. This construct is often experienced as a negative or aversive response to parental obligations, and the available evidence also suggests that excessive parenting stress reduces the use of positive parenting behaviors and are related to dysfunctional parenting. Different instruments exist to assess parental stress. This article is part of a project to translate and adapt the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), fourth edition, in its two forms (full and short). The aim of this research is to identify the psychometric indicators obtained by this instrument and to review the evidence they can provide. Method: Following the PRISMA guide (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), the studies related to the PSI were identified in different databases (ERIC, PsycArticles, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). Results: The screening process resulted in 16 articles; four have analyzed the psychometric properties of the PSI-4 and the rest have studied the PSI-3. Although version 4 was published in 2012, the studies are scarce. However, they follow the line noted in the previous short version, a high internal consistency and a factor structure of three factors. Conclusions: The difficulties of working with a measurement instrument with 101 items means that the full version of the PSI has been little studied, except in translation and linguistic adaptation studies. Full article

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15 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Moderating Role of Emotional Regulation on the Relationship between School Results and Personal Characteristics of Pupils with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

by Florentina Ionela Linca, Magdalena Budisteanu, Doru Vlad Popovici and Natalia Cucu

Children 2022, 9(11), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111637 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3711

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the possible moderating role of emotional regulation in the relationship between problem-solving ability, visuomotor precision and visuospatial integration on the one hand and school results on the other in pupils with ADHD. A total of 241 pupils with [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the possible moderating role of emotional regulation in the relationship between problem-solving ability, visuomotor precision and visuospatial integration on the one hand and school results on the other in pupils with ADHD. A total of 241 pupils with ADHD (study group) and 207 children without ADHD (control group) were included in our research. Specific tests for the evaluation of the problem-solving ability, visuomotor precision, visuospatial integration, and emotional regulation were applied. The results showed that emotional regulation is a significant moderator of the relationship between school results and problem-solving ability, visuomotor precision, visuospatial integration, and working memory. There are statistically significant differences depending on emotional regulation, visuomotor precision, visuospatial integration, problem-solving ability and working memory in terms of school results of students with ADHD compared to children without this diagnosis. These results can be used in the development of intervention programs. Full article

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7 pages, 226 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Children with Low Handgrip Strength: A Narrative Review of Possible Exercise Strategies to Improve Its Development

by Takashi Abe, Robert S. Thiebaud, Hayao Ozaki, Sakiya Yamasaki and Jeremy P. Loenneke

Children 2022, 9(11), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111616 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5183

Abstract

Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a predictor of health in both children and adults. Evidence suggests that without a possible strategy, children with low HGS may become adults with low HGS. However, little is known about what strategies are effective for children with [...] Read more.

Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a predictor of health in both children and adults. Evidence suggests that without a possible strategy, children with low HGS may become adults with low HGS. However, little is known about what strategies are effective for children with low HGS to achieve a higher baseline level in adulthood. This narrative review aimed to investigate whether physical exercise interventions could improve HGS in children. Methods: The relevant databases/search engine was searched using keywords related to the main topics discussed throughout this review. Results: Our findings suggest that it may not be possible to improve HGS over that observed from normal development with physical education or traditional resistance-training programs. However, if the training program includes exercises that directly stimulate the forearm/hand muscle groups to grip, it may be possible to obtain changes in HGS that exceed the changes due to normal developmental growth. Conclusion: Although there are associations between HGS and markers of health, no research could be identified that examined whether increasing HGS would lead to an improvement in health. If an increase in HGS really does represent an improvement in long-term health, then gripping exercise may need to be included into physical activity programs during the growth/development phase. Full article

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