Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Treating Fibrosis

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2025) | Viewed by 348

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Guest Editor
Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, UCL Division of Medicine, London NW3 2QG, UK
Interests: inflammatory fibrosis; epithelial cells; scleroderma
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fibrosis, defined as excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition through persisting myofibroblast activation, is a common and resistant pathologic process, contributing widely to morbidity through organ involvement and increased mortality through the eventual failure of organ systems. Often linked to tissue damage and inflammation at onset, fibrosis currently evades most attempts at therapy, since the established fibrotic lesions have undergone epigenetic and other established secondary changes such as greatly enhanced mechanical stiffness and mechano-sensing. Interstitial lung disease (ILD), cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease, and skin and organ fibrosis in systemic sclerosis are each considered paradigm conditions of complex and resistant fibrosis. Current approaches involve the empirical use of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapies given during any inflammatory phase, or more specific approaches such as the use of nintedanib which targets receptors for growth factors and angiogenic cytokines, or perfenidone which may inhibit ECM assembly outside of the cell. Improved outcomes can be achieved through the improved early detection of fibrotic changes by the latest imaging and biomarker approaches, or through enhanced understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving complex fibrosis. Future therapies likely involve targeting key cellular players such as M2-like macrophages, myofibroblasts themselves, or adaptive immune cells, or modification of the ECM itself such as preventing its secretion-stable assembly of fibrillar collagen matrix. Taken together, the clinical problem of fibrosis presents an intriguing conundrum which is likely solvable through modern research approaches and the delivery of targeted therapy.

Dr. Richard Stratton
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • fibrosis
  • systemic sclerosis
  • targeted therapy
  • extracellular matrix
  • collagen
  • organ fibrosis
  • interstitial lung disease

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

20 pages, 445 KiB  
Article
Gene Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins, MMPs, and TIMPs in Post-Operative Tissues of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients
by Zygimantas Vaitkus, Astra Vitkauskiene, Liutauras Labanauskas, Justinas Vaitkus, Povilas Lozovskis, Saulius Vaitkus and Ieva Janulaityte
Cells 2025, 14(9), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14090654 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammatory condition of the sinus mucosa characterized by significant tissue remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in post-operative tissues of [...] Read more.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammatory condition of the sinus mucosa characterized by significant tissue remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in post-operative tissues of CRS patients. A total of 30 patients diagnosed with CRS, divided into CRSwNP (with nasal polyps) and CRSsNP (without nasal polyps) groups, were compared with a control group of 10 individuals undergoing nasal surgeries for non-CRS conditions. Gene expression analysis was conducted using quantitative real-time PCR, and plasma cytokine levels were measured via ELISA. Results indicated significantly higher expression of collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, vimentin, periostin, and tenascin C in CRS tissues, especially in CRSsNP patients. Conversely, elastin expression was markedly lower. MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 expression was significantly altered, with CRSsNP showing lower levels compared to CRSwNP and controls. TGF-β1 expression was elevated in both CRS groups, particularly in CRSsNP, highlighting its role in fibrosis and ECM remodeling. Additionally, increased plasma concentrations of TSLP and TGF-β1 suggest epithelial activation and immune dysregulation in CRS. These findings underscore distinct remodeling profiles in CRS endotypes, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutic strategies based on molecular phenotyping. Understanding ECM dysregulation and inflammatory pathways in CRS may lead to improved, individualized treatment approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Treating Fibrosis)
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