Melanoma: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities—3rd Edition

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 948

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
Interests: apoptosis; genotoxicity; skin biology; melanoma; cancer; cell proliferation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
Interests: apoptosis; genotoxicity; DNA damage; skin biology; wound healing; melanoma; cancer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In March 2022, our Special Issue "Melanoma: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities" was launched (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cells/special_issues/Melanoma_Molecular_Mechanism). Then, in June 2023, we published a second edition of this Special Issue (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm/special_issues/EN152GA579).

Malignant melanoma remains a formidable challenge, with ~106,110 new cases and ~7180 deaths in the United States in 2021. Drug and immune resistance, together with invasion and metastasis, determine tumor progression, and, ultimately, patient survival. With the highest mortality rate among skin cancers, cutaneous melanoma is associated with driver mutations in MAPK and other signaling pathways, including RAS/PI3K/AKT, p16INK4a/CDK4/RB, WNT, and p53. Activating mutations are primarily found in the V600 or K601 of BRAF (50% of melanomas), Q61 of NRAS (>20%), and LOF mutations in NF1 (10%). Although combinations of targeted kinase inhibitors for BRAF and MEK, combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, have improved progression-free and overall survival in melanoma patients, ~75% of melanomas recur after BRAF copy number gains, alternative splicing, MEK1/2, and NRAS gain-of-function mutations; 20% of BRAFi-resistant melanomas upregulate compensatory PI3K/AKT survival pathways. Although treatment for recalcitrant NRAS-mutant metastatic tumors has advanced, with immunotherapies anti–PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and/or anti-CTLA4 proving efficacious, many patients remain unresponsive, and chemotherapy with dacarbazine, temozolomide, or carboplatin shows limited success. There is a compelling rationale to examine unexploited pathways. Resistance has been attributed to subpopulations of “melanoma initiating cells”, highly tumorigenic cancer stem cells characterized by melanosphere formation, and the expression of specific cancer stem cell markers.

This Special Issue will publish original articles and reviews focusing on novel targets for therapeutic intervention; biomarkers for use in screening, predicting treatment response, and monitoring disease progression; and mechanistic insights and advances in molecular and cellular pathways involved in melanomagenesis and progression. Topics of interest include the mechanisms underlying melanoma progression and treatment response, signal transduction, melanoma-initiating cells, drug resistance, invasiveness, immune evasion, and metastasis. There is still an urgent need to identify novel targets and develop new combinatorial therapeutic approaches that can overcome drug resistance mechanisms.

Due to the success of the first two editions, we have decided to move forward with launching the third edition, with the aim of showcasing a range of original works. We are very keen to attract a global audience, and we welcome contributions on this subject from around the world, including both solicited and unsolicited submissions.

Prof. Dr. Cynthia Simbulan-Rosenthal
Dr. Dean S. Rosenthal
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • melanomagenesis
  • treatment response
  • signal transduction
  • melanoma-initiating cells
  • drug resistance
  • invasiveness
  • immune evasion
  • metastasis
  • MAPK pathway
  • PI3K/AKT survival pathways
  • MEKi
  • BRAFi
  • trametinib
  • dabrafenib
  • immunotherapies

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20 pages, 2299 KiB  
Article
Downregulated ALDH2 Contributes to Tumor Progression and Targeted Therapy Resistance in Human Metastatic Melanoma Cells
by Zili Zhai, Takeshi Yamauchi, Karenna Sandoval, Kira Villarreal, Man Wai Charlotte Kwong, Emily J. Swanson, Aik Choon Tan and Mayumi Fujita
Cells 2025, 14(12), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14120913 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 761
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a crucial detoxifying enzyme that eliminates toxic aldehydes. ALDH2 deficiency has been linked to various human diseases, including certain cancers. We have previously reported ALDH2 downregulation in human melanoma tissues. Here, we further investigated the biological significance of [...] Read more.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a crucial detoxifying enzyme that eliminates toxic aldehydes. ALDH2 deficiency has been linked to various human diseases, including certain cancers. We have previously reported ALDH2 downregulation in human melanoma tissues. Here, we further investigated the biological significance of ALDH2 downregulation in this malignancy. Analysis of TCGA dataset revealed that low ALDH2 expression correlates with poorer survival in metastatic melanoma. Examination of human metastatic melanoma cell lines confirmed that most had ALDH2 downregulation (ALDH2-low) compared to primary melanocytes. In contrast, a small subset of metastatic melanoma cell lines exhibited normal ALDH2 levels (ALDH2-normal). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ALDH2 knockout in ALDH2-normal A375 cells promoted tumor growth and MAPK/ERK activation. Given the pivotal role of MAPK/ERK signaling in melanoma and cellular response to acetaldehyde, we compared A375 with ALDH2-low SK-MEL-28 and 1205Lu cells. ALDH2-low cells were intrinsically resistant to BRAF and MEK inhibitors, whereas A375 cells were not. However, A375 cells acquired resistance upon ALDH2 knockout. Furthermore, melanoma cells with acquired resistance to these inhibitors displayed further ALDH2 downregulation. Our findings indicate that ALDH2 downregulation contributes to melanoma progression and therapy resistance in BRAF-mutated human metastatic melanoma cells, highlighting ALDH2 as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in metastatic melanoma. Full article
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