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Biosensors
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Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
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Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors and Healthcare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 July 2026 | Viewed by 14286

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Fei Yan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
Interests: porous materials; electrochemical/electrochemiluminescence sensors; anti-fouling determination; POCT; mass transport in nanochannels
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrochemical biosensors are bioanalytical devices that combine biological components with an electrochemical transducer to detect and quantify various targets. Biological recognition elements in biosensors include antibody/antigen, aptamers and enzymes. According to the signal property, electrochemical biosensors can be classified as amperometric biosensors, electrochemical impedance biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors and photoelectrochemical sensors. By recording the electrochemical change of electrode interfaces, electrochemical biosensors have been widely used in various fields, including medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring and food safety.

Due to their high surface area, excellent conductivity, easy functionalization, good biocompatibility and antifouling property, nanomaterials have emerged as powerful electrode modifiers for the construction of highly efficient electrochemical biosensors in terms of improved sensitivity and selectivity, showing great potential in the field of clinical samples analysis (e.g., serum, whole blood, urine and tissue). With remarkable achievements in nanotechnology, numerous nanomaterials have aroused interest in the fields of quantitative analysis, such as graphene, carbon nanotube, metal nanoparticles, metal organic frameworks, molecular imprinted polymers, quantum dots and so on. Moreover, simultaneous detection of multiple targets, miniaturization of sensors or exploitation of smart techniques are highly desired for practical application.

This Special Issue aims to report the recent developments and advances in nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors. We welcome the submission of original research, reviews, mini reviews and perspective articles on the above themes.

Dr. Fei Yan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanomaterials
  • electrochemical biosensors
  • clincial samples anaysis
  • portable detection
  • small molecule metabolites
  • pharmaceutical analysis
  • pathogen detection
  • toxin analysis biomarkers detection

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

18 pages, 7416 KB  
Article
Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanocatalyst-Supported Nanochannel–Surfactant Micelle Assembly for Ultrasensitive Detection of Rifampicin
by Jiahui Lin, Zhongping Mao and Fei Yan
Biosensors 2026, 16(5), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16050236 - 23 Apr 2026
Viewed by 482
Abstract
Developing an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection platform remains challenging due to the limited enrichment efficiency of ECL emitters and co-reactants at the electrode interface, as well as the insufficient catalytic enhancement of co-reactant conversion. Moreover, simultaneous in situ analyte enrichment and efficient anti-interference [...] Read more.
Developing an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection platform remains challenging due to the limited enrichment efficiency of ECL emitters and co-reactants at the electrode interface, as well as the insufficient catalytic enhancement of co-reactant conversion. Moreover, simultaneous in situ analyte enrichment and efficient anti-interference capability are often difficult to achieve in a single sensing interface. Herein, a new ECL platform was developed based on nanocatalyst-supported nanochannel-confined surfactant micelle (SM) system, which integrates an enhanced luminol-dissolved oxygen (DO) ECL response for the ultrasensitive detection of antibiotic rifampicin (RIF). A nanocomposite comprising nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and a molybdenum disulfide nanosheet (NGQDs@MoS2) was modified on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. This nanocomposite layer catalyzed the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), boosting the co-reactant efficiency of DO. Vertically ordered mesoporous silica film filled with surfactant micelles (SM@VMSF) was subsequently grown in situ on the NGQDs@MoS2 surface. The hydrophobic micelles enable the simultaneous enrichment of luminol, DO, and RIF. Integrating the triple-enrichment effect of surfactant micelles with the high electrocatalytic effect of NGQDs@MoS2 nanocomposite results in significant ECL enhancement of the luminol–DO. SM@VMSF also provides an excellent molecular sieving effect, endowing the sensor with high anti-interference capability and stability. RIF quenches the ECL signal by consuming superoxide anion radicals, enabling sensitive detection. Detection of RIF was established with a high sensitivity (2927 a.u. per nM) wide linear range (10 pM to 10 μM) and a low limit of detection (LOD, 2.5 pM). The fabricated sensor exhibits good selectivity and high fabrication reproducibility (relative standard deviation, RSD, of 1.9%). Additionally, the determination of RIF in eye drops and seawater samples was realized. This work offers new insights for the design of high-performance ECL sensing interfaces and sensitive detection of RIF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors)
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15 pages, 2677 KB  
Article
Enzyme-Based Solid-Phase Electrochemiluminescence Sensors with Stable, Anchored Emitters for Sensitive Glucose Detection
by Chunyin Wei, Yanyan Zheng, Fei Yan and Lifang Xu
Biosensors 2025, 15(5), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15050332 - 21 May 2025
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 1618
Abstract
Glucose (Glu) detection, as a fundamental analytical technique, has applications in medical diagnostics, clinical testing, bioanalysis and environmental monitoring. In this work, a solid-phase electrochemiluminescence (ECL) enzyme sensor was developed by immobilizing the ECL emitter in a stable manner within bipolar silica nanochannel [...] Read more.
Glucose (Glu) detection, as a fundamental analytical technique, has applications in medical diagnostics, clinical testing, bioanalysis and environmental monitoring. In this work, a solid-phase electrochemiluminescence (ECL) enzyme sensor was developed by immobilizing the ECL emitter in a stable manner within bipolar silica nanochannel array film (bp-SNA), enabling sensitive glucose detection. The sensor was constructed using an electrochemical-assisted self-assembly (EASA) method with various siloxane precursors to quickly modify the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes with a bilayer SNA of different charge properties. The inner layer, including negatively charged SNA (n-SNA), attracted the positively charged ECL emitter tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) via electrostatic interaction, while the outer layer, including positively charged SNA (p-SNA), repelled it, forming a barrier that efficiently concentrated the Ru(bpy)32+ emitter in a stable manner. After modifying the amine groups on the p-SNA surface with aldehyde groups, glucose oxidase (GOx) was covalently immobilized, forming the enzyme electrode. In the presence of glucose, GOx catalyzed the conversion of glucose to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which acted as a quencher for the Ru(bpy)32+/triethanolamine (TPA) system, reducing the ECL signal and enabling quantitative glucose analysis. The sensor exhibited a wide linear range from 10 μM to 7.0 mM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 μM (S/N = 3). Glucose detection in fetal bovine serum was realized. By replacing the enzyme type on the electrode surface, this sensing strategy holds the potential to provide a universal platform for the detection of different metabolites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors)
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16 pages, 1900 KB  
Article
Experimental and In Silico Studies on the Development of an Electrochemical Biosensor for the Quantification of H2O2 Based on the ChOx Enzyme
by Elvis Ortiz-Santos, Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez, Cesar Millán-Pacheco, Iris N. Serratos, Maria Luisa Lozano-Camargo, Pablo Dalmasso, Gustavo A. Rivas and Laura Galicia
Biosensors 2025, 15(5), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15050279 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1552
Abstract
This work presents the development of a biosensing platform for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrochemical reduction. The developed platform uses a multi-walled carbon nanotube paste (PMWCNT) and the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (ChOx). The supramolecular architecture of the PMWCNT/ChOx platform was [...] Read more.
This work presents the development of a biosensing platform for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrochemical reduction. The developed platform uses a multi-walled carbon nanotube paste (PMWCNT) and the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (ChOx). The supramolecular architecture of the PMWCNT/ChOx platform was characterized using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and amperometry. The results indicated that the presence of ChOx enhances the sensitivity of electrochemical detection for H2O2 by 21 times compared to that without ChOx. The designed electrochemical sensing bio-platform for H2O2 shows a sensitivity of 26.15 µA/mM in the linear range from 0.4 to 4.0 mM, an LOD of 0.43 µM, and an LOQ of 1.31 µM. Furthermore, in silico studies (molecular dynamics simulations, molecular docking assays, and binding free energy calculations (ΔGb)) were carried out to characterize and validate the molecular interaction between ChOx and H2O2. The computed data confirmed that the binding is spontaneous, and the type of labile interaction promotes a rapid electrochemical reduction of H2O2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors)
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19 pages, 2617 KB  
Article
An Antimicrobial and Antifibrotic Coating for Implantable Biosensors
by Sofia Wareham-Mathiassen, Pawan Jolly, Nandhinee Radha Shanmugam, Badrinath Jagannath, Pranav Prabhala, Yunhao Zhai, Alican Ozkan, Arash Naziripour, Rohini Singh, Henrik Bengtsson, Thomas Bjarnsholt and Donald E. Ingber
Biosensors 2025, 15(3), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15030171 - 6 Mar 2025
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4240
Abstract
Biofouling and foreign body responses have deleterious effects on the functionality and longevity of implantable biosensors, seriously impeding their implementation for long-term monitoring. Here, we describe a nanocomposite coating composed of a cross-linked lattice of bovine serum albumin and pentaamine-functionalized reduced graphene that [...] Read more.
Biofouling and foreign body responses have deleterious effects on the functionality and longevity of implantable biosensors, seriously impeding their implementation for long-term monitoring. Here, we describe a nanocomposite coating composed of a cross-linked lattice of bovine serum albumin and pentaamine-functionalized reduced graphene that is covalently coupled to antibody ligands for analyte detection as well as antibiotic drugs (gentamicin or ceftriaxone), which actively combats biofouling while retaining high electroconductivity and excellent electrochemical immunosensor behavior. Sensors overlaid with this coating inhibit the proliferation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and adhesion of primary human fibroblasts while not having any significant effects on fibroblast viability or on the immune function of primary human monocytes. Under these conditions, the sensor maintains its electrochemical stability for at least 3 weeks after exposure to soluble proteins that interfere with the activity of uncoated sensors. Proof-of-concept for the coating’s applicability is demonstrated by integrating the antimicrobial coating within an immunosensor and demonstrating the detection of cytokines in both culture medium and complex human plasma. This new coating technology holds the potential to substantially increase the lifespan of implanted biosensors and widen their application areas, potentially enabling continuous monitoring of analytes in complex biofluids for weeks in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors)
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Review

Jump to: Research

33 pages, 1944 KB  
Review
Electrochemical Detection of Cancer Biomarkers: From Molecular Sensing to Clinical Translation
by Ahmed Nadeem-Tariq, John Russell Rafanan, Nicole Kang, Sunny Zhang, Hemalatha Kanniyappan and Aftab Merchant
Biosensors 2026, 16(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16010044 - 4 Jan 2026
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2129
Abstract
Early cancer detection is crucial for improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for early cancer detection due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid detection capabilities. This review explores recent advancements (2015–2025) in electrochemical biosensors for [...] Read more.
Early cancer detection is crucial for improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for early cancer detection due to their high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid detection capabilities. This review explores recent advancements (2015–2025) in electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarker detection, their working principles, novel nanomaterial-based enhancements, challenges, and prospects for clinical applications. Specifically, we highlight the electrochemical detection of protein biomarkers (e.g., CEA, PSA, CRP), nucleic acid markers (ctDNA, miRNA, methylation patterns), and metabolic indicators, emphasizing their clinical relevance in early diagnosis and monitoring. Unlike previous reviews which focus on either biomarker classes or sensor platforms, this review uniquely integrates both factors. This review provides a novel perspective on how next-generation electrochemical biosensors can bridge the gap between laboratory development and real-world cancer diagnostics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors)
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13 pages, 1455 KB  
Review
Quantification of Cisplatin Encapsulated in Nanomedicine: An Overview
by Ziwen Zhang, Jiayu Chen, Tao Wen, Hong Deng, Yiyi Zhang, Hua Guo, Hui Chang, Haiyan Xu and Weiqi Zhang
Biosensors 2025, 15(5), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15050293 - 6 May 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3457
Abstract
Cisplatin, which kills cancer cells mainly through DNA crosslinking, has been widely used as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent although it also causes severe side effects. To improve anticancer outcomes, various types of cisplatin-based nanomedicines have been developed, either through direct incorporation or coordination [...] Read more.
Cisplatin, which kills cancer cells mainly through DNA crosslinking, has been widely used as a first-line chemotherapeutic agent although it also causes severe side effects. To improve anticancer outcomes, various types of cisplatin-based nanomedicines have been developed, either through direct incorporation or coordination of cisplatin within nanoparticles (NPs). During the formulation and characterization of cisplatin-loaded NPs, quantitative determination of cisplatin is crucial for both clinically used and newly developed NPs. While NPs facilitate cisplatin delivery, the use of different nanomaterials inevitably complicates its determination and increases the cost of quantification. Currently, there is still a significant demand for an accurate, simple, and cost-effective method to determine cisplatin in NPs, which would facilitate the screening and quality control of cisplatin-based nanomedicines. This review aims to discuss the main strategies for quantifying cisplatin, following a summary of the main types of cisplatin-loaded NPs. Application examples of cisplatin determination in NPs are provided, and the key features of each quantification strategy are compared. In addition, NP-based electrochemical sensors are included as an emerging approach for characterizing cisplatin loaded in NPs. Rational selection of an appropriate cisplatin determination method for NPs according to the quantification principle and specific drug-delivery settings is highly recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors)
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