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Biomolecules
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Advances in Parkinson's Disease Drugs
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Advances in Parkinson's Disease Drugs

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2019) | Viewed by 41403

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Antonio Di Stefano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
Interests: neurodegenerative diseases; prodrugs; nanomedicine
Dr. Lisa Marinelli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Interests: drug delivery systems; CNS drug delivery; neurodegenerative disorders
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Parkinson’s disease (PD) continues to be one of the major diseases worldwide involving the Central Nervous System. Dopaminergic, cholinergic and other neuronal alterations are observed in PD patients and play a key role in the cascade of neurodegenerative events. Despite this disorder has been extensively investigated over the time, the pharmacological treatment of PD is only symptomatic since there are no treatments to stop or slow the disease. Fortunately, in recent years, the scientific scenery has opened up to new and captivating perspectives for the future of PD treatment. This Special Issue aims to highlight the latest findings and innovative therapeutic strategies as potential approaches useful to implement the scientific heritage on this field. For this purpose, we are encouraging researchers to present their valuable work as scientific contribution or review articles. We will really appreciate your works and it will be a pleasure for us to receive your manuscripts.

Prof. Antonio Di Stefano
Dr. Lisa Marinelli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomolecules is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Neurodegeneration
  • Therapeutic Strategies
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 164 KiB  
Editorial
Advances in Parkinson’s Disease Drugs
by Antonio Di Stefano and Lisa Marinelli
Biomolecules 2021, 11(11), 1640; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111640 - 05 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1902
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative age-related disorder worldwide after Alzheimer’s disease [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parkinson's Disease Drugs)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 2425 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Selenyl and Sulfur-l-Dopa Derivatives as Potential Anti-Parkinson’s Disease Agents
by Antonio Di Stefano, Lisa Marinelli, Piera Eusepi, Michele Ciulla, Stefania Fulle, Ester Sara Di Filippo, Laura Magliulo, Giuseppe Di Biase and Ivana Cacciatore
Biomolecules 2019, 9(6), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9060239 - 18 Jun 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3992
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons at level of substantia nigra pars compacta. To date, there is no cure for this pathology, except for some drugs able to alleviate the symptoms of PD. In this [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons at level of substantia nigra pars compacta. To date, there is no cure for this pathology, except for some drugs able to alleviate the symptoms of PD. In this paper we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel sulfur- and selenyl-l-Dopa (LD) derivatives (SP1–6) obtained through the amide junction between the amino group of LD and carboxylic moiety of sulfur- and selenyl-organic compounds, which are commercially available. Biological activity was evaluated on human undifferentiated and retinoic acid/phorbol myristyl acetate (RA/PMA)-differentiated SY-SH5Y neuroblastoma cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Antioxidant activity against oxidative stress was measured using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) assays. Finally, physico-chemical characterization and plasma stability studies of SP1–6 were also performed. Biological data revealed that SP6 has a significant protective action against the neurotoxic action of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and H2O2 in a RA/PMA-differentiated SY-SH5Y neuroblastoma cell line that proved to be an effective antioxidant and protective compound. SP6, endowed with a lipophilic nature, low molecular weight, and plasma stability, can easily cross biological membranes via passive diffusion such as through the blood–brain barrier. SP6 has great potential for developing novel pharmacological approach for neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. Further studies will help define its exact antioxidant mechanism and determine whether the neuroprotective action is mediated or modulated by glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parkinson's Disease Drugs)
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Review

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32 pages, 505 KiB  
Review
A Stage-Based Approach to Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease
by Claudia Carrarini, Mirella Russo, Fedele Dono, Martina Di Pietro, Marianna G. Rispoli, Vincenzo Di Stefano, Laura Ferri, Filomena Barbone, Michela Vitale, Astrid Thomas, Stefano Luca Sensi, Marco Onofrj and Laura Bonanni
Biomolecules 2019, 9(8), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080388 - 20 Aug 2019
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7548
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that features progressive, disabling motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Nevertheless, some non-motor symptoms, including depression, REM sleep behavior disorder, and olfactive impairment, are even earlier features of PD. At later stages, apathy, [...] Read more.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that features progressive, disabling motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Nevertheless, some non-motor symptoms, including depression, REM sleep behavior disorder, and olfactive impairment, are even earlier features of PD. At later stages, apathy, impulse control disorder, neuropsychiatric disturbances, and cognitive impairment can present, and they often become a heavy burden for both patients and caregivers. Indeed, PD increasingly compromises activities of daily life, even though a high variability in clinical presentation can be observed among people affected. Nowadays, symptomatic drugs and non-pharmaceutical treatments represent the best therapeutic options to improve quality of life in PD patients. The aim of the present review is to provide a practical, stage-based guide to pharmacological management of both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Furthermore, warning about drug side effects, contraindications, as well as dosage and methods of administration, are highlighted here, to help the physician in yielding the best therapeutic strategies for each symptom and condition in patients with PD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parkinson's Disease Drugs)
23 pages, 1264 KiB  
Review
Role of Dietary Supplements in the Management of Parkinson’s Disease
by Michele Ciulla, Lisa Marinelli, Ivana Cacciatore and Antonio Di Stefano
Biomolecules 2019, 9(7), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9070271 - 10 Jul 2019
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 11556
Abstract
The use of food supplements or functional food has significantly increased in the past decades, especially to compensate both the modern lifestyle and the food shortages of the industrialized countries. Despite food supplements are habitually intended to correct nutritional deficiencies or to support [...] Read more.
The use of food supplements or functional food has significantly increased in the past decades, especially to compensate both the modern lifestyle and the food shortages of the industrialized countries. Despite food supplements are habitually intended to correct nutritional deficiencies or to support specific physiological functions, they are often combined with common drug therapies to improve the patient’s health and/or mitigate the symptoms of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cystic fibrosis, cancer, liver and gastrointestinal diseases. In recent years, increased attentions are given to the patient’s diet, and the use of food supplements and functional food rich in vitamins and antioxidants plays a very important role in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Natural compounds, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals can prevent, delay, or alleviate the clinical symptoms of PD in contrast to some of the main physiopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease, like oxidative stress, free radical formation, and neuroinflammation. The purpose of this review is to collect scientific evidences which support the use of specific biomolecules and biogenic elements commonly found in food supplements or functional food to improve the clinical framework of patients with PD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parkinson's Disease Drugs)
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54 pages, 1623 KiB  
Review
Metal Chelation Therapy and Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Review on the Thermodynamics of Complex Formation between Relevant Metal Ions and Promising or Established Drugs
by Marianna Tosato and Valerio Di Marco
Biomolecules 2019, 9(7), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9070269 - 09 Jul 2019
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 8439
Abstract
The present review reports a list of approximately 800 compounds which have been used, tested or proposed for Parkinson’s disease (PD) therapy in the year range 2014–2019 (April): name(s), chemical structure and references are given. Among these compounds, approximately 250 have possible or [...] Read more.
The present review reports a list of approximately 800 compounds which have been used, tested or proposed for Parkinson’s disease (PD) therapy in the year range 2014–2019 (April): name(s), chemical structure and references are given. Among these compounds, approximately 250 have possible or established metal-chelating properties towards Cu(II), Cu(I), Fe(III), Fe(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II), which are considered to be involved in metal dyshomeostasis during PD. Speciation information regarding the complexes formed by these ions and the 250 compounds has been collected or, if not experimentally available, has been estimated from similar molecules. Stoichiometries and stability constants of the complexes have been reported; values of the cologarithm of the concentration of free metal ion at equilibrium (pM), and of the dissociation constant Kd (both computed at pH = 7.4 and at total metal and ligand concentrations of 10−6 and 10−5 mol/L, respectively), charge and stoichiometry of the most abundant metal–ligand complexes existing at physiological conditions, have been obtained. A rigorous definition of the reported amounts is given, the possible usefulness of this data is described, and the need to characterize the metal–ligand speciation of PD drugs is underlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parkinson's Disease Drugs)
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48 pages, 5225 KiB  
Review
Receptor Ligands as Helping Hands to L-DOPA in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
by Fabio Del Bello, Mario Giannella, Gianfabio Giorgioni, Alessandro Piergentili and Wilma Quaglia
Biomolecules 2019, 9(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9040142 - 09 Apr 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6946
Abstract
Levodopa (LD) is the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, although it represents the “gold standard” of PD therapy, LD can cause side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms as well as transient elevated liver enzyme levels. Moreover, [...] Read more.
Levodopa (LD) is the most effective drug in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, although it represents the “gold standard” of PD therapy, LD can cause side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular symptoms as well as transient elevated liver enzyme levels. Moreover, LD therapy leads to LD-induced dyskinesia (LID), a disabling motor complication that represents a major challenge for the clinical neurologist. Due to the many limitations associated with LD therapeutic use, other dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic drugs are being developed to optimize the treatment response. This review focuses on recent investigations about non-dopaminergic central nervous system (CNS) receptor ligands that have been identified to have therapeutic potential for the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. In a different way, such agents may contribute to extending LD response and/or ameliorate LD-induced side effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parkinson's Disease Drugs)
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