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Biomedicines
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Exosomes and Their Role in Diseases
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Exosomes and Their Role in Diseases

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Cell Biology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 9879

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Olivier D. Loudig

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
Interests: biomarker discovery; miRNA; breast cancer; exosomes; cancer detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Small extracellular vesicles (small EVs), including exosomes, are phospholipid bilayered nanosized particles (~30 to 120 nm in diameter), which are released by virtually all cells and mediate both local and long-distance intercellular communication via physical transport of a variety of biomolecules (DNA, RNAs, proteins, lipids, etc.) and the indirect delivery of cellular signals. Small EVs and exosomes are robust biological devices, whose integrity is maintained in the extracellular environment and that can diffuse, circulate, and be found in virtually all biofluids. Due to their biogenesis via double-inward budding of the cellular membrane, small EVs and exosomes harbor unique surface molecular fingerprints inherited from their cell of origin, which can be targeted for purification and analysis of their encapsulated cargos using a vast array of ultrasensitive molecular assays. Thus, circulating and biofluid-based small EVs and exosomes represent an advantageous source of cell-specific biomarkers for the monitoring of human diseases, but are also invaluable biological beacons for the targeted and nonpermanent delivery of therapeutics. Ongoing molecular and preclinical studies are investigating their potential for non-invasive detection of human diseases, particularly but not exclusively human cancers, for the monitoring of disease treatment–response, and the delivery of active compounds for targeted cellular therapy. This Special Edition welcomes reviews and original studies in all research and preclinical fields investigating the potential and demonstrated usefulness of small EVs and exosomes for detection and treatment of human diseases, injuries, and infections.

Dr. Olivier D. Loudig
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • small extracellular vesicles
  • small EVs
  • exosomes
  • human cancers
  • early detection
  • treatment
  • infection
  • injury
  • delivery
  • monitoring
  • brain
  • placenta
  • cardiovascular disease
  • obesity
  • asthma
  • COPD

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2260 KiB  
Article
Modulation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Outer Membrane Vesicle Protein Cargo under Antibiotic Treatment
by Aline Castro Rodrigues Lucena, Mariana Galvão Ferrarini, Willian Klassen de Oliveira, Bruna Hilzendeger Marcon, Luis Gustavo Morello, Lysangela Ronalte Alves and Helisson Faoro
Biomedicines 2023, 11(6), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061515 - 24 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2444
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen and an important propagator of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. Like other Gram-negative bacteria, they secrete outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that distribute virulence and resistance factors. Here, we subjected a K. pneumoniae-XDR to [...] Read more.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen and an important propagator of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains. Like other Gram-negative bacteria, they secrete outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that distribute virulence and resistance factors. Here, we subjected a K. pneumoniae-XDR to subinhibitory concentrations of meropenem, amikacin, polymyxin B, and a combination of these agents to evaluate changes in the protein cargo of OMVs through liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Genome sequencing of the clinical isolate K. pneumoniae strain HCD1 (KpHCD1) revealed the presence of 41 resistance genes and 159 virulence factors. We identified 64 proteins in KpHCD1-OMVs modulated with different antibiotic treatments involved in processing genetic information, environmental information, cell envelope formation, energy metabolism, and drug resistance. The OMV proteome expression profile suggests that OMVs may be associated with pathogenicity, survival, stress response, and resistance dissemination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exosomes and Their Role in Diseases)
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Review

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25 pages, 2210 KiB  
Review
Exosomes-Mediated Signaling Pathway: A New Direction for Treatment of Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
by Yanying Wang, Ruojiao Xu, Yujia Yan, Binyu He, Chaoyi Miao, Yifeng Fang, Haitong Wan and Guoying Zhou
Biomedicines 2024, 12(2), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020353 - 02 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1088
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) is a common pathological process which occurs mostly in organs like the heart, brain, kidney, and lung. The injury caused by I/R gradually becomes one of the main causes of fatal diseases, which is an urgent clinical problem to be [...] Read more.
Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) is a common pathological process which occurs mostly in organs like the heart, brain, kidney, and lung. The injury caused by I/R gradually becomes one of the main causes of fatal diseases, which is an urgent clinical problem to be solved. Although great progress has been made in therapeutic methods, including surgical, drug, gene therapy, and transplant therapy for I/R injury, the development of effective methods to cure the injury remains a worldwide challenge. In recent years, exosomes have attracted much attention for their important roles in immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, cell differentiation, and tumor invasion. Meanwhile, exosomes have been shown to have great potential in the treatment of I/R injury in organs. The study of the exosome-mediated signaling pathway can not only help to reveal the mechanism behind exosomes promoting reperfusion injury recovery, but also provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of exosomes. Here, we review the research progress in utilizing various exosomes from different cell types to promote the healing of I/R injury, focusing on the classical signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Nrf2, PTEN, Wnt, MAPK, toll-like receptor, and AMPK. The results suggest that exosomes regulate these signaling pathways to reduce oxidative stress, regulate immune responses, decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promote tissue repair, making exosomes a competitive emerging vector for treating I/R damage in organs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exosomes and Their Role in Diseases)
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17 pages, 1651 KiB  
Review
Red Blood Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: An Overview of Current Research Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
by Si-Rui Ma, Hou-Fu Xia, Ping Gong and Zi-Li Yu
Biomedicines 2023, 11(10), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102798 - 16 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1626
Abstract
Red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (RBC EVs) are small, spherical fragments released from red blood cells. These vesicles, similar to EVs derived from other cell types, are crucial for intercellular communication processes and have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. The [...] Read more.
Red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (RBC EVs) are small, spherical fragments released from red blood cells. These vesicles, similar to EVs derived from other cell types, are crucial for intercellular communication processes and have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of RBC EVs has garnered increasing attention in recent years, revealing their valuable role in the field of medicine. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current research status of RBC EVs. We summarize existing studies and highlight the progress made in understanding the characteristics and functions of RBC EVs, with a particular focus on their biological roles in different diseases. We also discuss their potential utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in diseases and as vectors for drug delivery. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for further research to achieve selective purification of RBC EVs and unravel their heterogeneity, which will allow for a deeper understanding of their diverse functions and exploration of their potential applications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exosomes and Their Role in Diseases)
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20 pages, 4306 KiB  
Review
Communicator Extraordinaire: Extracellular Vesicles in the Tumor Microenvironment Are Essential Local and Long-Distance Mediators of Cancer Metastasis
by Megan I. Mitchell and Olivier Loudig
Biomedicines 2023, 11(9), 2534; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092534 - 14 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1140
Abstract
Human tumors are increasingly being described as a complex “ecosystem”, that includes many different cell types, secreted growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and microvessels, that altogether create the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the TME, epithelial cancer cells control the function of surrounding [...] Read more.
Human tumors are increasingly being described as a complex “ecosystem”, that includes many different cell types, secreted growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and microvessels, that altogether create the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the TME, epithelial cancer cells control the function of surrounding stromal cells and the non-cellular ECM components in an intricate orchestra of signaling networks specifically designed for cancer cells to exploit surrounding cells for their own benefit. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the tumor microenvironment are essential mediators in the reprogramming of surrounding stromal cells, which include cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and tumor endothelial cells (TECs), which are responsible for the promotion of neo-angiogenesis, immune cell evasion, and invasion which are essential for cancer progression. Perhaps most importantly, tumor-derived EVs play critical roles in the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells through their two-fold role in initiating cancer cell invasion and the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche, both of which are vital for tumor cell migration, homing, and colonization at secondary tumor sites. This review discusses extracellular vesicle trafficking within the tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche formation, focusing on the complex role that EVs play in orchestrating cancer-to-stromal cell communication in order to promote the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exosomes and Their Role in Diseases)
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14 pages, 1071 KiB  
Review
Advances in the Therapeutic Applications of Plant-Derived Exosomes in the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases
by Xiaofang Wei, Xiuyu Li, Yuejun Zhang, Jian Wang and Shuibao Shen
Biomedicines 2023, 11(6), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061554 - 27 May 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3047
Abstract
Plant-derived exosomes (PLDEs) are small extracellular vesicles that encapsulate proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, and they are usually involved in intercellular communication and molecular transport in plants. PLDEs are widely used in the therapy of diseases due to their abundance and easy availability. [...] Read more.
Plant-derived exosomes (PLDEs) are small extracellular vesicles that encapsulate proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, and they are usually involved in intercellular communication and molecular transport in plants. PLDEs are widely used in the therapy of diseases due to their abundance and easy availability. The diverse roles of PLDEs, which include transportation of drugs, acting as biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases and their roles in different therapies, suggest that there is a need to fully understand all the mechanisms involved in order to provide the optimum conditions for their therapeutic use. This review summarizes the biogenesis, components and functions of PLDEs and focuses on their use as therapeutic agents in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. It also explores new ideas for novel approaches in which PLDEs could potentially help patients with inflammatory diseases in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exosomes and Their Role in Diseases)
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