Batteries

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14 pages, 5108 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of the Nail Geometry and Humidity on the Nail Penetration of High-Energy Density Lithium Ion Batteries

by Stefan Doose, Wolfgang Haselrieder and Arno Kwade

Batteries 2021, 7(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries7010006 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4381

Abstract

Internal short-circuit tests were carried out in a battery safety investigation chamber to determine the behavior of batteries during the nail penetration test. So far, systematic investigations regarding the test setup and its influence are rarely found in the literature. Especially, to improve [...] Read more.

Internal short-circuit tests were carried out in a battery safety investigation chamber to determine the behavior of batteries during the nail penetration test. So far, systematic investigations regarding the test setup and its influence are rarely found in the literature. Especially, to improve the comparability of the multitude of available results, it is essential to understand the effects of the geometric, operating and ambient parameters. In this study commercial lithium ion batteries with a capacity of 5.3 and 3.3 Ah were used to study the influence of the varied parameters on the voltage drop, the development of surface temperatures and of infrared active gas species. We studied both the influence of the geometry of the penetrating nail and concentration of water in the inert atmosphere especially on the quantities of the reaction products under variation of cell capacity. It could be shown that the geometry of the nail, within certain limits, has no influence on the processes of the thermal runaway of high energy density lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, a change in capacity from 5.3 to 3.3 Ah shows that in particular the gaseous reaction products differ: The standardized gas concentrations show a higher measurable concentration of all gases except CO for the 3.3 Ah LIBs. This circumstance can be explained by the intensity of the reactions due to the different battery capacities: In the 5.3 Ah cells a larger amount of unreacted material is immediately discharged from the reaction center, and by the different available amounts of oxidizing reaction partners. An increase of the water content in the surrounding atmosphere during the thermal runaway leads to a reduction of the measurable gas concentrations of up to 36.01%. In general, all measured concentrations decrease. With increased water content more reaction products from the atmosphere can be directly bound or settle as condensate on surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells)

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12 pages, 5547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Generation in NMC622 Coin Cells during Electrochemical Cycling: Separation of Reversible and Irreversible Heat Effects

by Wenjiao Zhao, Magnus Rohde, Ijaz Ul Mohsin, Carlos Ziebert and Hans J. Seifert

Batteries 2020, 6(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6040055 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3944

Abstract

The thermal behavior of a commercial lithium-ion cell with the cathode material LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂ (NMC622) was investigated during the cycling process using a Tian-Calvet calorimeter (C80, SETARAM Instrumentation, France). Various current flows of 42.5, 85, and 170 [...] Read more.

The thermal behavior of a commercial lithium-ion cell with the cathode material LiNi_0.6Mn_0.2Co_0.2O₂ (NMC622) was investigated during the cycling process using a Tian-Calvet calorimeter (C80, SETARAM Instrumentation, France). Various current flows of 42.5, 85, and 170 mA corresponding to charging rates of 0.5, 1, and 2 C, respectively, were applied in the measurements. The corresponding heat flow rates were measured by the C80 calorimeter at 30 °C. The reversible heat effect due to the reversible electrochemical reaction was quantified by the entropy change measurement. The irreversible heat effect due to internal resistances was determined by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The results were compared with the direct measurement of the heat effect by calorimetry during electrochemical cycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells)

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23 pages, 13109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Modeling Approaches for a LiCoO₂ Lithium-ion Battery—A Comparative Study with Experimental Validation

by Edwin Paccha-Herrera, Williams R. Calderón-Muñoz, Marcos Orchard, Francisco Jaramillo and Kamal Medjaher

Batteries 2020, 6(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6030040 - 01 Aug 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 13580 | Correction

Abstract

Temperature prediction of a battery plays a significant role in terms of energy efficiency and safety of electric vehicles, as well as several kinds of electric and electronic devices. In this regard, it is crucial to identify an adequate model to study the [...] Read more.

Temperature prediction of a battery plays a significant role in terms of energy efficiency and safety of electric vehicles, as well as several kinds of electric and electronic devices. In this regard, it is crucial to identify an adequate model to study the thermal behavior of a battery. This article reports a comparative study on thermal modeling approaches by using a

{LiCoO}_{2}

26650 lithium-ion battery, and provides a methodology to characterize electrothermal phenomena. Three approaches have been implemented numerically—a thermal lumped model, a 3D computational fluid dynamics model, and an electrochemical model based on Newman, Tiedemann, Gu and Kim formulation. The last two methods were solved using ANSYS Fluent software. Simulations were validated with experimental measurements of the cell surface temperature at constant current discharge and under a highway driving cycle. Results show that the three models are consistent with actual temperature measurements. The electrochemical method has the lower error at 0.5C. Nevertheless, this model provides the higher error (

1.3

^{\circ} C

) at 1.5C, where the maximum temperature increase of the cell was

18.1

^{\circ} C

. Under the driving cycle, all the models are in the same order of error. Lumped model is suitable to simulate a wide range of battery operating conditions. Furthermore, this work was expanded to study heat generation, voltage and heat transfer coefficient under natural convection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells)

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14 pages, 5121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Simulation of Internal Flowing Twisted Conduits for Cooling of Lithium-Ion Batteries through Thermal Characterization

by Seyed Saeed Madani, Erik Schaltz and Søren Knudsen Kær

Batteries 2020, 6(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6020031 - 26 May 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3688

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used for electric vehicles, owing to their great power and energy density. A battery thermal management system is essential for lithium-ion batteries. With the extensive utilization of liquid-cooling approaches for lithium-ion batteries’ thermal management, temperature homogeneity is considerably influenced [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used for electric vehicles, owing to their great power and energy density. A battery thermal management system is essential for lithium-ion batteries. With the extensive utilization of liquid-cooling approaches for lithium-ion batteries’ thermal management, temperature homogeneity is considerably influenced by coolant distribution. A lower temperature of the cooling fluid brings about a lower temperature of the cell, but the relation and the amount are important to be analyzed. The cooling efficiency is considerably influenced by the flowing conduit arrangement in the cooling plate. Different parameters are affected by the cooling performance of the battery pack. Consequently, the effect of entrance temperature of coolant fluid, current rate, environment temperature, entrance velocity of the coolant fluid, and plate material on the performance and efficiency of a battery thermal management system were investigated. In this investigation, the program ANSYS/FLUENT was employed as the numerical solver to solve the problem. The simulation was accomplished after the end of the discharge. It was seen that the temperature distributions were the most sensitive to the entrance velocity of coolant fluid. It was concluded that the entrance velocity of coolant fluid has the greatest impact on the cooling efficiency and performance of the cold plate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells)

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11 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Micro-Structured Anode Current Collectors in Combination with Highly Concentrated Electrolyte on the Coulombic Efficiency of In-Situ Deposited Li-Metal Electrodes with Different Counter Electrodes

by Fabian Heim, Tina Kreher and Kai Peter Birke

Batteries 2020, 6(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6010020 - 23 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5669

Abstract

This paper compares and combines two common methods to improve the cycle performance of lithium metal (Li) electrodes. One technique is to establish a micro-structured current collector by chemical separation of a copper/zinc alloy. Furthermore, the use of a highly concentrated ether-based electrolyte [...] Read more.

This paper compares and combines two common methods to improve the cycle performance of lithium metal (Li) electrodes. One technique is to establish a micro-structured current collector by chemical separation of a copper/zinc alloy. Furthermore, the use of a highly concentrated ether-based electrolyte is applied as a second approach for improving the cycling behavior. The influence of the two measures compared with a planar current collector and a 1 M concentrated carbonate-based electrolyte, as well as the combination of the methods, are investigated in test cells both with Li and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) as counter electrodes. In all cases Li is in-situ plated onto the micro-structured current collectors respectively a planar copper foil without presence of any excess Li before first deposition. In experiments with Li counter electrodes, the effect of a structured current collector is not visible whereas the influence of the electrolyte can be observed. With NCM counter electrodes and carbonate-based electrolyte structured current collectors can improve Coulombic efficiency. The confirmation of this outcome in experiments with highly concentrated ether-based electrolyte is challenging due to high deviations. However, these results indicate, that improvements in Coulombic efficiency achieved by structuring the current collector’s surface and using ether-based electrolyte do not necessarily add up, if both methods are combined in one cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells)

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22 pages, 4417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Heat Generation Rate during Discharge of LiFePO₄ Pouch Cells of Different Nominal Capacities and Thickness

by Shashank Arora and Ajay Kapoor

Batteries 2019, 5(4), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries5040070 - 11 Nov 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9228

Abstract

High manufacturing cost and thermal stability of Li-ion battery cells are currently the two main deterrents to prolific demand for electric vehicles. A plausible solution to this issue is a modular/scalable battery thermal management system (TMS). A modular TMS can ensure thermal reliability [...] Read more.

High manufacturing cost and thermal stability of Li-ion battery cells are currently the two main deterrents to prolific demand for electric vehicles. A plausible solution to this issue is a modular/scalable battery thermal management system (TMS). A modular TMS can ensure thermal reliability for battery cells of different capacities and size without needing major structural revision besides facilitating mass-production. However, understanding the relationship of heat generation rates with cell capacity and thickness is essential for developing a scalable TMS. The present paper discusses results derived from an experimental investigation undertaken with this purpose. Heat generation rates for LiFePO₄ pouch cells of different nominal capacities are measured at discharge rates of 0.33C, 1C and 3C in ambient temperatures ranging between −10 and 50 °C using a custom-designed calorimeter. It is observed that heat generation rates of the LiFePO₄ pouch cells become independent of their nominal capacity and thickness if the ambient temperature is regulated at 35 °C. In ambient temperatures lower than 35 °C though, the thin battery cells are found to be generating heat at rates greater than those of thick battery cells and vice-versa at temperatures over 35 °C for all discharge rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells)

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19 pages, 10142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Dissection of an Automotive Li-Ion Pouch Cell

by Georgi Kovachev, Hartmuth Schröttner, Gregor Gstrein, Luigi Aiello, Ilie Hanzu, H. Martin R. Wilkening, Alexander Foitzik, Michael Wellm, Wolfgang Sinz and Christian Ellersdorfer

Batteries 2019, 5(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries5040067 - 31 Oct 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 14591

Abstract

Information derived from microscopic images of Li-ion cells is the base for research on the function, the safety, and the degradation of Li-ion batteries. This research was carried out to acquire information required to understand the mechanical properties of Li-ion cells. Parameters such [...] Read more.

Information derived from microscopic images of Li-ion cells is the base for research on the function, the safety, and the degradation of Li-ion batteries. This research was carried out to acquire information required to understand the mechanical properties of Li-ion cells. Parameters such as layer thicknesses, material compositions, and surface properties play important roles in the analysis and the further development of Li-ion batteries. In this work, relevant parameters were derived using microscopic imaging and analysis techniques. The quality and the usability of the measured data, however, are tightly connected to the sample generation, the preparation methods used, and the measurement device selected. Differences in specimen post-processing methods and measurement setups contribute to variability in the measured results. In this paper, the complete sample preparation procedure and analytical methodology are described, variations in the measured dataset are highlighted, and the study findings are discussed in detail. The presented results were obtained from an analysis conducted on a state-of-the-art Li-ion pouch cell applied in an electric vehicle that is currently commercially available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

32 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Temperature-Dependent Electrochemical Properties, Aging, and Performance of Lithium-Ion Cells

by Mohammad Alipour, Carlos Ziebert, Fiorentino Valerio Conte and Riza Kizilel

Batteries 2020, 6(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6030035 - 28 Jun 2020

Cited by 91 | Viewed by 16334

Abstract

Temperature heavily affects the behavior of any energy storage chemistries. In particular, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a significant role in almost all storage application fields, including Electric Vehicles (EVs). Therefore, a full comprehension of the influence of the temperature on the key cell [...] Read more.

Temperature heavily affects the behavior of any energy storage chemistries. In particular, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a significant role in almost all storage application fields, including Electric Vehicles (EVs). Therefore, a full comprehension of the influence of the temperature on the key cell components and their governing equations is mandatory for the effective integration of LIBs into the application. If the battery is exposed to extreme thermal environments or the desired temperature cannot be maintained, the rates of chemical reactions and/or the mobility of the active species may change drastically. The alteration of properties of LIBs with temperature may create at best a performance problem and at worst a safety problem. Despite the presence of many reports on LIBs in the literature, their industrial realization has still been difficult, as the technologies developed in different labs have not been standardized yet. Thus, the field requires a systematic analysis of the effect of temperature on the critical properties of LIBs. In this paper, we report a comprehensive review of the effect of temperature on the properties of LIBs such as performance, cycle life, and safety. In addition, we focus on the alterations in resistances, energy losses, physicochemical properties, and aging mechanism when the temperature of LIBs are not under control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells)

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