Urban Science

26 pages, 933 KB

Open AccessReview

Waste and the Urban Economy: A Semantic Network Analysis of Smart, Circular, and Digital Transitions

by Dragan Čišić, Saša Drezgić and Saša Čegar

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100410 - 3 Oct 2025

As cities confront rising populations and mounting environmental pressures, waste is rapidly transforming from a logistical liability into a strategic economic resource. In this article, we investigate the evolving nexus between waste and urban economic systems by analyzing over 2000 scientific publications sourced [...] Read more.

As cities confront rising populations and mounting environmental pressures, waste is rapidly transforming from a logistical liability into a strategic economic resource. In this article, we investigate the evolving nexus between waste and urban economic systems by analyzing over 2000 scientific publications sourced from Web of Science and Scopus. Using advanced semantic embedding and network analysis, we identify seven major research communities at the intersection of digital innovation, circular economy, and smart urban infrastructure. Through PageRank-based influence mapping, we highlight key contributions that shape each thematic cluster—ranging from AI-powered waste classification to blockchain-enabled traceability and IoT-driven logistics. Our results reveal a dynamic and interdisciplinary research landscape where waste valorisation is not only a sustainability imperative but also a driver of urban economic renewal. This study offers both a conceptual map and a methodological framework for understanding how cities can embed intelligence, efficiency, and circularity into waste systems as part of a broader transition to regenerative, data-informed urban economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Valorization and Urban Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Transition and Resilient Environments)

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17 pages, 3487 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vehicle Connectivity and Dynamic Traffic Response to Unplanned Urban Events

by Javad Sadeghi, Cristiana Botta, Brunella Caroleo and Maurizio Arnone

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100409 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Integrating advanced technologies, such as Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) and Connected Vehicles (CVs), represents new strategies and solutions in urban mobility, particularly during unexpected urban events. Vehicle connectivity facilitates real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure, enhancing traffic management by enabling dynamic rerouting to [...] Read more.

Integrating advanced technologies, such as Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) and Connected Vehicles (CVs), represents new strategies and solutions in urban mobility, particularly during unexpected urban events. Vehicle connectivity facilitates real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure, enhancing traffic management by enabling dynamic rerouting to minimize delays and prevent bottlenecks. This study employs the SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) microsimulation to analyze the impact of dynamic rerouting strategies during urban disruptions within the IN2CCAM project’s Turin Living Lab. The Living Lab integrates simulation with real-world testing, including autonomous shuttle operations, to evaluate new mobility solutions. In the initial phase, offline simulations examine street, lane, and intersection closures along shuttle routes to assess how penetration levels of CVs and CAVs influence mobility. The results indicate that higher connectivity penetration improves traffic flow, with the greatest benefits observed at increased levels of autonomous vehicles. These findings highlight the potential of dynamic routing strategies, supported by vehicle connectivity and autonomous driving technologies, to enhance urban mobility and effectively respond to real-time traffic conditions. Additionally, this work demonstrates the capabilities and flexibility of SUMO for simulating complex urban traffic scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urban Planning and the Digitalization of City Management)

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17 pages, 9404 KB

Open AccessArticle

A GIS-Based Approach to Fostering Sustainable Mobility and Combating Social Isolation for the Rural Elderly

by Luís Branco and Bertha Santos

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100408 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

The growing demographic trend of an aging population, particularly in remote rural areas, exacerbates social isolation and limits access to essential goods and services. This vulnerability highlights a pressing need to develop sustainable solutions for their mobility and support. Using Geographic Information Systems [...] Read more.

The growing demographic trend of an aging population, particularly in remote rural areas, exacerbates social isolation and limits access to essential goods and services. This vulnerability highlights a pressing need to develop sustainable solutions for their mobility and support. Using Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and network analysis, a workflow was developed to optimize road-based transport for the elderly. The analysis utilized an electric vehicle, with its range limitations, influenced by road slopes, being a critical variable for assessing route efficiency. Two potential solutions were investigated: (1) the delivery of goods and medicines and (2) the transport of passengers and medicines. The methodology was tested using the Municipality of Seia, Portugal, as a case study, with a defined weekly visit frequency. The results demonstrate that both proposed solutions are technically viable for implementation, with the transport of passengers and medicines being the most effective option. This study provides a foundational framework for developing practical, demand-oriented, sustainable transport and logistics services to support isolated elderly populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation and Urban Environments-Public Health)

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20 pages, 16092 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Accessibility in the Urban Environment of a Medium-Sized City: A Case Study of Public Amenities in Odense, Denmark

by Irma Kveladze

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100407 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Spatial accessibility is a key principle in urban studies, shaping how people reach amenities and services across cities. While most research concentrates on large metropolitan areas and central urban services, small and medium-sized cities and their main amenities remain less studied. To bridge [...] Read more.

Spatial accessibility is a key principle in urban studies, shaping how people reach amenities and services across cities. While most research concentrates on large metropolitan areas and central urban services, small and medium-sized cities and their main amenities remain less studied. To bridge this gap, this study explores spatial accessibility to public amenities in relation to population density in Odense, a medium-sized city known for its compact layout and robust infrastructure supporting walking, cycling, and public transport. Despite Odense’s proactive planning and multimodal transport network, marked accessibility inequalities still exist, especially in peripheral neighbourhoods. This research uses a data-driven approach combining network-based travel time analysis with grid-cell-based spatial visualisation. Additionally, a multi-criteria accessibility scoring framework is introduced, including indicators such as amenity density, diversity of services, temporal thresholds for walking and cycling, and population distribution. The results show an uneven accessibility landscape, with significant gaps in outer districts, highlighting the limitations of uniform planning thresholds. By applying spatial analytical principles, the study uncovers embedded socio-spatial inequalities in everyday urban access. These insights offer practical guidance for planners and policymakers, underscoring the importance of context-sensitive multimodal infrastructure and decentralised service provision to support sustainable urban growth. Full article

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21 pages, 1373 KB

Open AccessArticle

Voices of the City: Understanding Hong Kong Residents’ Views on Smart City Transformation

by Alistair Cole, Dionysios Stivas, Emilie Tran and Calvin Ming Tsun Lai

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100406 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study explores Hong Kong residents’ perceptions of their city’s smart city transformation, set against a backdrop of political and economic changes. It investigates residents’ awareness and support for Hong Kong’s development as a smart city and their familiarity with the Smart City [...] Read more.

This study explores Hong Kong residents’ perceptions of their city’s smart city transformation, set against a backdrop of political and economic changes. It investigates residents’ awareness and support for Hong Kong’s development as a smart city and their familiarity with the Smart City Blueprint. Despite the global emphasis on smart city initiatives, there is a significant gap in understanding residents’ perceptions, with the existing literature often focusing on technological and policy aspects while neglecting citizen voices. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study integrates quantitative survey data (N = 808) with qualitative interviews (N = 25) and focus group discussions (4 groups, N = 43) to capture diverse perspectives. The findings reveal a generally low level of understanding of the Smart City Blueprint among residents, alongside a positive attitude towards its key dimensions like mobility, living, and the environment. Older citizens, those with lower educational attainment, and individuals from mainland China showed greater understanding and support. Interviews highlighted concerns about coordination, bureaucratic processes, data privacy, and public involvement. Focus group discussions revealed varied viewpoints, with some participants drawing comparisons to smart city developments in mainland China and expressing privacy concerns. The study underscores the importance of aligning smart city initiatives with residents’ needs and preferences through inclusive communication strategies and addressing concerns about data privacy and job displacement. Methodological triangulation enhances the validity and reliability of the research, revealing complex patterns and contradictions. Full article

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20 pages, 280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Policymakers’ Perspectives on the Equity Impacts and Risks of Local Energy and Mobility Decarbonisation Policies: A Case Study of Dutch Cities

by Peerawat Payakkamas, Joop de Kraker and Marijn Vodegel

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100405 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Decarbonisation of urban energy and transportation systems has become a priority for cities worldwide, with policies primarily aiming to promote rooftop solar electricity generation and a shift to private electric vehicles (EVs). However, these policies may also increase inequalities in access to affordable, [...] Read more.

Decarbonisation of urban energy and transportation systems has become a priority for cities worldwide, with policies primarily aiming to promote rooftop solar electricity generation and a shift to private electric vehicles (EVs). However, these policies may also increase inequalities in access to affordable, low-carbon mobility and the associated benefits. While academic literature shows increasing awareness of these equity impacts and risks, the extent to which this applies to policy practice remains unclear. We therefore conducted a case study of seven Dutch cities, analysing local policy documents and conducting interviews with policymakers. The study provided insight into the current policy landscape and revealed a general sensitivity among interviewed policymakers to possible equity impacts of the current decarbonisation policies. Only a few measures to address these impacts are currently in place, but policymakers have proposed a range of novel and more inclusive measures, which can be tested for their impacts and scaling potential in real-life experiments. Another priority for future research is exploring the potential of shared electric mobility to provide equitable access to low-carbon transportation. Full article

28 pages, 6954 KB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporating Immersive Technologies to Improve the Design and Management of Temporary Urban Events in Public Spaces

by Hossein Behmanesh and Andre Brown

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100404 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Planned events in urban public spaces often face design challenges, and consequent poor performance, due to limited consideration of spatial criteria during the planning process. Our previous work revealed that event designers tend to have no urban design, or similar, training. Consequently, this [...] Read more.

Planned events in urban public spaces often face design challenges, and consequent poor performance, due to limited consideration of spatial criteria during the planning process. Our previous work revealed that event designers tend to have no urban design, or similar, training. Consequently, this paper reports on a Virtual Reality (VR)/Mixed Reality (MR) tool developed as a ‘proof of concept’ to support event designers in evaluating and modifying event layouts using urban design principles. Building on a previous study that identified key design-based criteria, including pedestrian flow, permeability, and geometry, this research applies those criteria through interactive, immersive environments. A VR experiment involving three sessions with users demonstrated how the tool facilitates spatial analysis and encourages reflective design thinking. Insights from the sessions highlight the value of visual representation in decision-making and suggest directions for future tool development, such as expanding the criteria set and incorporating real-time data. The study concludes by proposing that immersive technologies can enhance collaborative and responsive temporary event design for public spaces. Full article

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25 pages, 2480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decentralized Renewable Energy and Socioeconomic Disparities

by Yuval Dagan Chudner, Ram Fishman and Ravit Hananel

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100403 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Decentralized renewable energy (DRE) has emerged as a key tool for global energy transition and emissions reduction. While DRE has the potential to democratize energy production, evidence suggests it may cause unequal benefit distribution across population groups. This study provides the first comprehensive [...] Read more.

Decentralized renewable energy (DRE) has emerged as a key tool for global energy transition and emissions reduction. While DRE has the potential to democratize energy production, evidence suggests it may cause unequal benefit distribution across population groups. This study provides the first comprehensive empirical analysis of DRE distribution patterns across all Israeli municipalities, examining policy implications for equitable energy transitions. We analyzed 16,998 rooftop solar installations across 232 municipalities between 2017 and 2022, categorized as residential and commercial installations. Using regression analysis, we examined how geographic, socioeconomic, and demographic factors associate with installation adoption rates. Findings reveal divergent patterns between installation types. For residential installations, socioeconomic status emerged as the primary determinant, with adoption rates increasing linearly with municipal wealth. These disparities widened significantly over time, contradicting expectations that declining costs would democratize access. For commercial installations, the urban–rural divide proved dominant, with rural areas showing substantially higher adoption rates. Our analysis reveals important policy implications and recommendations for global DRE deployment, emphasizing the need to integrate equity considerations into renewable energy policy design to accelerate the transition to renewable energy while minimizing socioeconomic disparities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Energy Districts: Innovation, Sustainability, and Sharing for a Solidary Future)

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29 pages, 10000 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulations and Assessment of the Effect of Low-Emission Zones in Sofia, Bulgaria

by Reneta Dimitrova, Margret Velizarova, Angel Burov, Danail Brezov, Angel M. Dzhambov and Georgi Gadzhev

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100402 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Bulgaria continues to face serious challenges related to air quality. To mitigate traffic-related air pollution and in line with the European regulations, the Metropolitan Municipal Council of Sofia has adopted and introduced low-emission zones (LEZs) in the city centre. The goal of this [...] Read more.

Bulgaria continues to face serious challenges related to air quality. To mitigate traffic-related air pollution and in line with the European regulations, the Metropolitan Municipal Council of Sofia has adopted and introduced low-emission zones (LEZs) in the city centre. The goal of this study is to address the specific needs of urban planning in the city in support of local decision-making. A bespoke emission inventory was developed for the LEZs in Sofia, and high-resolution numerical simulations (100 m resolution) were carried out to assess the effect of the measures implemented to reduce emissions in the central part of the city. The results show a decrease in nitrogen dioxide concentrations along major roads and intersections, but projected concentrations will still be high. No significant improvement is expected for particulate matter pollution due to the limitations of this study. High-resolution (100 m) emission inventories of domestic heating, minor roads, and bare soil surfaces, the major sources of particulate matter pollution, are not included in this study. An integrated model is needed to analyse and compare different scenarios for the development of the transport system, and the gradual introduction of LEZs must be accompanied by a number of other additional measures and actions. Full article

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20 pages, 1264 KB

Open AccessReview

Toward a ReThinking and ReImagining of Urban Sustainability in an Era of AI

by H. Patricia McKenna

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100401 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the recent research and practice literature pertaining to urban and community sustainability while highlighting issues and potentials related to artificial intelligence (AI)-rich environments. The methodology for this paper includes a literature review drawing on [...] Read more.

This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the recent research and practice literature pertaining to urban and community sustainability while highlighting issues and potentials related to artificial intelligence (AI)-rich environments. The methodology for this paper includes a literature review drawing on a variety of sources (e.g., IEEE Xplore, Semantic Scholar, SpringerLink, etc.), a comparison of key focus areas with examples of challenges identified for each, followed by further analysis to focus on gaps and emerging initiatives. Key takeaways of this work point to a movement toward a rethinking and reimagining of urban and community sustainability in an era of AI; the importance of being aware of ever-emergent AI developments; and developing literacies that are crucial to navigating urban and community sustainability in an era of AI. In terms of concrete results, this paper provides a set of recommendations focusing on impacts, literacies, and policies. Full article

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18 pages, 9947 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Territorial Vulnerability for Resilience Planning. The R3C-GeoResilience Tool Applied to the Union of Bassa Romagna (Italy)

by Grazia Brunetta, Danial Mohabat Doost, Erblin Berisha, Gabriele Garnero, Franco Pellerey, Chiara Tedesco and Bruna Pincegher

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100400 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

In contemporary spatial planning, territorial resilience is rapidly gaining relevance, referring to a territory’s capacity to withstand, adapt to, recover from, and transform in response to environmental, social, and economic pressures. However, several constraints limit its operationalisation in planning. A key element to [...] Read more.

In contemporary spatial planning, territorial resilience is rapidly gaining relevance, referring to a territory’s capacity to withstand, adapt to, recover from, and transform in response to environmental, social, and economic pressures. However, several constraints limit its operationalisation in planning. A key element to addressing this gap is to investigate where and which interventions are most urgently needed to tackle the impact of hazards on territories. This can be achieved by understanding and localising the vulnerabilities of territorial systems, thereby enabling the definition of appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures. This paper presents the application of R3C-GeoResilience, an open-source GIS tool and its methodological framework, which allows mapping territorial vulnerabilities across different geographical contexts and spatial scales. The methodology is applied to the Italian case of the Union of Bassa Romagna (UBR), aiming to build capacity for local practitioners to implement resilience thinking in decision-making processes. Findings underscore the potential of R3C-GeoResilience to enhance evidence-based planning and policymaking, supporting adaptive and transformative strategies to address territorial vulnerabilities. The application of the research demonstrates the replicability and adaptability of the methodological framework for integrating participatory vulnerability mapping into local governance and urban planning strategies, thereby enhancing the resilience of territories. Full article

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21 pages, 3768 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gated Urbanism in the Middle East: Expert Insights from Jordanian Case Studies

by Ahmed Hammad, Mengbi Li and Zora Vrcelj

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100399 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Across the Middle East, gated communities have become a defining feature of contemporary urban development, raising urgent questions about spatial inequality, public access, and social cohesion. This study examines the socio-spatial impacts of these developments by combining qualitative perceptions from regional expert interviews [...] Read more.

Across the Middle East, gated communities have become a defining feature of contemporary urban development, raising urgent questions about spatial inequality, public access, and social cohesion. This study examines the socio-spatial impacts of these developments by combining qualitative perceptions from regional expert interviews with in-depth analysis of two case studies in Jordan: Al Andalucía and Green Land. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with urban planners, architects, and policy experts from Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, the study employs thematic analysis to investigate expert perspectives on gated communities as a regional planning phenomenon. Findings reveal four dominant themes: (1) gated communities intensify spatial fragmentation and disconnection from surrounding urban fabric; (2) private sector dominance leads to unregulated, market-driven development that weakens strategic urban planning; (3) the erosion of inclusive public space and social cohesion is widely perceived as a social cost; and (4) gated living is framed as an aspirational lifestyle associated with security, prestige, and socio-economic distinction. The article concludes by calling for more inclusive urban policies that balance private development with inclusive planning strategies to mitigate the long-term impacts of fragmentation and exclusivity in Middle Eastern cities. Full article

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35 pages, 4041 KB

Open AccessReview

Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Buildings—The Potential of Vertical Greenery: A Brief Review of Benefits and Challenges of Implementation

by Ifigeneia Theodoridou, Katerina Vatitsi, Maria Stefanidou, Vachan Vanian, Theodora Fanaradelli, Makrini Macha, Adamantis Zapris, Violetta Kytinou, Maristella Voutetaki, Theodoros Rousakis, Giorgos Mallinis and Constantin Chalioris

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100398 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

The global rapid urbanization intensifies environmental challenges related to climate change, such as air pollution and the urban heat island (UHI) effect in built environments. The need to optimize nature-based solutions (NBSs) is imperative to mitigate climate change and adapt to extreme weather [...] Read more.

The global rapid urbanization intensifies environmental challenges related to climate change, such as air pollution and the urban heat island (UHI) effect in built environments. The need to optimize nature-based solutions (NBSs) is imperative to mitigate climate change and adapt to extreme weather phenomena. Against this background, this review offers an analysis regarding the integration of vertical greenery systems (VGSs) into urban environments so as to capitalize on their environmental, social, and economic benefits. Key aspects of the review include the positive role of VGSs in UHI mitigation, air quality improvement, stormwater management, and biodiversity enhancement, while examining social aspects (i.e., improved well-being and mental health, noise reduction, and urban built aesthetics). Finally, parameters related to economic benefits and energy efficiency are assessed. The submission further analyses the significant challenges that VGSs face, such as high maintenance costs, structural risks, plant health issues, fire hazards, and other limitations (legislative and technical). The crucial need for interdisciplinary collaborations among urban planners, architects, environmental engineers, and stakeholders is highlighted, in order to successfully integrate VGSs into urban buildings. Thus, this paper aims to identify key strategies for optimizing VGSs’ implementation and provide valuable insights for policymakers and researchers aiming to enhance urban sustainability through vertical greening. Full article

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22 pages, 7324 KB

Open AccessArticle

Are Places Where People Feel Safe or Unsafe Similar to Spatial Crime Patterns? Extracting the Collective Truth of the Spatial Crime Perception Gap Using Digital Sketch Maps

by Ourania Kounadi, Mariana Vallejo-Velázquez, Qilei Huang and Andrea Pődör

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100397 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study examines the spatial crime perception gap (SCPG), the mismatch between perceived and actual crime, which can lead to unnecessary avoidance behaviors, anxiety, or lack of vigilance. While few studies have explored this phenomenon from a spatial perspective, this research analyses the [...] Read more.

This study examines the spatial crime perception gap (SCPG), the mismatch between perceived and actual crime, which can lead to unnecessary avoidance behaviors, anxiety, or lack of vigilance. While few studies have explored this phenomenon from a spatial perspective, this research analyses the collective spatial perception of safety and unsafety in Vienna and Budapest and compares them with recorded crime patterns. Using a digital sketch map survey tool, 656 participants identified safe and unsafe areas as well as their daily routes. The responses were analyzed using spatial analytical and statistical methods to delineate the perception gaps in space, which were also diversified by crime type aggregations, including all crimes, violent crimes, property crimes, and visible crimes. Distance-based analyses were also conducted to examine the “spatial diffusion” and “spatial endowment” effects. The results show that many areas that are perceived as unsafe are not statistical crime hotspots. Perception aligns more closely with violent crime patterns than with property or visible crimes. The spatial diffusion effect illustrates that crime hotspots may influence and expand the perception of unsafety in adjacent and nearby areas. The spatial endowment effect suggests that people are more likely to perceive an area as unsafe if it is further away from their activity spaces, while overlooking crime hotspots that may intersect with it. These patterns were consistent across both cities, although the perception gap was larger in Budapest, while the endowment effect was more pronounced in Vienna. By highlighting where and how perception diverges from reality, this study provides insights that can inform strategies to reduce unfounded fear and strengthen the perceived safety and psychological resilience of urban populations. Full article

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24 pages, 1553 KB

Open AccessArticle

Year-Round Modeling of Evaporation and Substrate Temperature of Two Distinct Green Roof Systems

by Dominik Gößner

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100396 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a novel model for the year-round simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) and substrate temperature on two fundamentally different extensive green roof types: a conventional drainage-based “Economy Roof” and a retention-optimized “Retention Roof” featuring capillary water redistribution. The main scope is to [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel model for the year-round simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) and substrate temperature on two fundamentally different extensive green roof types: a conventional drainage-based “Economy Roof” and a retention-optimized “Retention Roof” featuring capillary water redistribution. The main scope is to bridge the gap in urban climate adaptation by providing a modeling tool that captures both hydrological and thermal functions of green roofs throughout all seasons, notably including periods with dormancy and low vegetation activity. A key novelty is the explicit and empirically validated integration of core physical processes—water storage layer coupling, explicit rainfall interception, and vegetation cover dynamics—with the latter strongly controlled by plant area index (PAI). The PAI, here quantified as the plant surface area per unit ground area using digital image analysis, directly determines interception capacity and vegetative transpiration rates within the model. This process-based representation enables a more realistic simulation of seasonal fluctuations and physiological plant responses, a feature often neglected in previous green roof models. The model, which can be fully executed without high computational power, was validated against comprehensive field measurements from a temperate climate, showing high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.87 and percentage bias = −1% for ET on the Retention Roof; R² = 0.91 and percentage bias = −8% for substrate temperature on the Economy Roof). Notably, the layer-specific coupling of vegetation, substrate, and water storage advances ecological realism compared to prior approaches. The results illustrate the model’s practical applicability for urban planners and researchers, offering a user-friendly and transparent tool for integrated assessments of green infrastructure within the context of climate-resilient city design. Full article

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34 pages, 819 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Eco-Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management: Determinants, Paradoxes, and Trade-Offs

by Corrado lo Storto

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100395 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) plays a crucial role in advancing sustainable development and circular economy goals across the European Union. In Italy, despite improvements in separate collection, significant regional disparities in MSW performance and costs persist. This study assesses the [...] Read more.

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) plays a crucial role in advancing sustainable development and circular economy goals across the European Union. In Italy, despite improvements in separate collection, significant regional disparities in MSW performance and costs persist. This study assesses the eco-efficiency of MSW services in 5516 Italian municipalities to uncover performance gaps and their underlying drivers. Eco-efficiency is measured using a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model based on the Generalized Directional Distance Function (GDDF). This model incorporates per capita cost as an input, sorted waste as a desirable output, and residual waste as an undesirable output. A second-stage quantile regression is then utilized to explore how contextual factors influence eco-efficiency across various performance levels. The results reveal significant territorial disparities, with only 0.13% of municipalities achieving full eco-efficiency. Paradoxically, higher levels of separate waste collection—typically a policy goal—are associated with increased costs, especially in more efficient municipalities, suggesting a trade-off between environmental performance and economic sustainability. Similarly, population density negatively affects eco-efficiency but may facilitate economies of scale in collection systems. These findings highlight a tension between achieving optimal sorting rates and maintaining cost-effectiveness. Policy interventions should consider these trade-offs, prioritizing basic performance in lagging areas while promoting cost-control strategies in high-performing municipalities. Full article

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17 pages, 2670 KB

Open AccessArticle

Circular Urban Metabolism in Action: The Design of the Promenade Nardal, Paris

by Claire Doussard, Vanessa Stassi, Pauline Detavernier and Yoeun Chung

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100394 - 30 Sep 2025

Abstract

As urban areas exert profound pressures on the natural environment, driving significant resource consumption and waste production, designers need to rethink the way urban projects are being developed. Therefore, this article advances the operationalization of the Circular Urban Metabolism (CUM) framework by analyzing [...] Read more.

As urban areas exert profound pressures on the natural environment, driving significant resource consumption and waste production, designers need to rethink the way urban projects are being developed. Therefore, this article advances the operationalization of the Circular Urban Metabolism (CUM) framework by analyzing a design case study: the Promenade Nardal in Paris. While CUM integrates the systemic material flow analysis of Urban Metabolism with the restorative strategies of the Circular Economy, it remains limited in its spatial articulation and applicability at the scale of urban design. Through a mixed-methods approach combining Life Cycle Assessment, spatial analysis, and qualitative inquiry, the article compares two circular design strategies, associated with the reuse of paving stones and the recycling of glass to produce Misapor, with conventional alternatives. Results demonstrate that stone reuse reduced CO₂ emissions, energy demand, and water use, while Misapor showed energy and water advantages but slightly higher CO₂ emissions due to production and transport. Beyond quantitative metrics, the study reveals the distinct design efforts and institutional frictions induced by circular practices, especially reuse, which requires adaptive aesthetics, labor-intensive design, and negotiation with technical norms. By spatializing material flows and foregrounding design agency, the article refines CUM as a situated and scalable framework, highlighting the need for context-sensitive, materially differentiated strategies in circular urban design. Full article

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23 pages, 1578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Achieving Human-Centered Smart City Development in Saudi Arabia

by Abdulaziz I. Almulhim and Yusuf A. Aina

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100393 - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

The shift from techno-centric to human-centric development is essential for smart cities to effectively leverage technological innovations and enhance the quality of life of citizens. Despite this recognition, there are limited studies that address the challenges and frame the conditions and impacts involved. [...] Read more.

The shift from techno-centric to human-centric development is essential for smart cities to effectively leverage technological innovations and enhance the quality of life of citizens. Despite this recognition, there are limited studies that address the challenges and frame the conditions and impacts involved. This study employs a mixed-method approach, namely the combination of literature review, expert consultation, and case analysis, to investigate human-centered smart city development based on the example of Saudi Arabia. Drawing from the literature, it develops a conceptual framework that provides guidance for achieving human-centric smart cities. The findings indicate that while Saudi Arabia has achieved notable progress in smart city development, inclusivity, centralized planning, public engagement, capacity building, and data security hinder advancement. This study demonstrates that smart city initiatives must aim to go beyond mere buzzwords and integrate components in line with human values and societal expectations. The study’s findings may help in framing urban humanization policies aligned with of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and offer guidance for cities with similar contexts. Full article

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25 pages, 1944 KB

Open AccessArticle

Public Transit and Walk Access to Non-Work Amenities in the United States—A Social Equity Perspective

by Muhammad Asif Khan, Ranjit Godavarthy, Jeremy Mattson and Diomo Motuba

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(10), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9100392 - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

The primary goal of Transportation systems is to provide transportation accessibility to opportunities. Equitable access to essential destinations encompassing social, recreational, educational, and civic opportunities needs to be more consistent across different social groups. This study evaluates the disparities in social justice using [...] Read more.

The primary goal of Transportation systems is to provide transportation accessibility to opportunities. Equitable access to essential destinations encompassing social, recreational, educational, and civic opportunities needs to be more consistent across different social groups. This study evaluates the disparities in social justice using social equity as a measure of transit access and walk access to non-work amenities. These non-work amenities include grocery stores, personal services, retail outlets, recreational venues, entertainment centers, and healthcare facilities in the U.S. Logistic regression models are developed using the 2017 National Community Livability Survey data. The results indicate regressive public transit access for socially disadvantaged groups, including older citizens, non-drivers, Medicare/Medicaid beneficiaries, and non-metropolitan residents. Walk access inequities similarly affect older individuals, non-drivers, the physically disabled, the unemployed, students, women, and non-metropolitan residents. This research emphasizes the importance of addressing transit and walk-access inequities to non-work amenities within transportation systems. By acknowledging the disparities in transportation equity, decision-makers and communities can foster more inclusive and equitable access to essential destinations, thereby promoting social cohesion and overall community well-being. Full article

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