Hematology Reports

8 pages, 1036 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Clinical Outcome and Molecular Profile in Patients with DDX41 Mutation Hot-Spots

by Nadia Toumeh, Yazan Jabban, Ahmad Nanaa, Rong He, David Viswanatha, Dragan Jevremovic, James M. Foran, Cecilia Y. Arana Yi, Antoine N. Saliba, Mehrdad Hefazi Torghabeh, William J. Hogan, Mithun V. Shah, Abhishek A. Mangaonkar, Mrinal M. Patnaik, Hassan B. Alkhateeb and Aref Al-Kali

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030026 - 8 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: DDX41, DEAD-box RNA helicase 41 gene located on chromosome 5q25.3, is one of the most mutated genes in patients with germline predisposition to myeloid neoplasms. Germline and somatic mutations often have different locations and patterns of mutation, with some hotspots [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: DDX41, DEAD-box RNA helicase 41 gene located on chromosome 5q25.3, is one of the most mutated genes in patients with germline predisposition to myeloid neoplasms. Germline and somatic mutations often have different locations and patterns of mutation, with some hotspots displaying diversity based on ethnicity. We aimed to explore clinical outcomes in patients with various DDX41 hot-spot mutations. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients at Mayo Clinic with DDX41 mutation identified through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) between 2018 and 2024. We completed unadjusted comparisons using continuous or categorical variables, and survival rates were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method and cox regression analysis. Results: Overall survival appears to be higher in those with p.M1| when compared to p.Asp140GlyFs*2 and p.Arg525His, with comparable survival between p.Arg525His and p.Asp140GlyFs*2. Among males with p.M1| who underwent bone marrow transplant, those who underwent bone marrow transplant appeared to have lower survival rates, although not statistically significant. Our study was limited by a small sample size, therefore limiting our ability to reach significance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest potential implications for clinical outcomes based on DDX41 mutation hot-spots. Full article

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12 pages, 2274 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Severe Aplastic Anemia Complicated with Fatal Invasive Fungal Infections in a Young Patient Harboring Perforin Gene Polymorphisms

by Maria I. Krithinaki, Ioannis Kokkinakis, Styliani Markatzinou, Christos Masaoutis, Elena Solomou, Ioanna Papakitsou, Nektaria Xirouchaki, Ioannis Liapis, Helen A. Papadaki and Charalampos G. Pontikoglou

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030025 - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Background: Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is an uncommon life-threatening disorder characterized by hypocellular bone marrow and pancytopenia. It is typically associated with immune-mediated mechanisms, requiring immunosuppressive therapy (IST) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Infections, especially invasive fungal infections such as mucormycosis and [...] Read more.

Background: Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is an uncommon life-threatening disorder characterized by hypocellular bone marrow and pancytopenia. It is typically associated with immune-mediated mechanisms, requiring immunosuppressive therapy (IST) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Infections, especially invasive fungal infections such as mucormycosis and aspergillosis, constitute principal causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with SAA. Genetic predispositions, including perforin (PRF1) polymorphisms, may further complicate disease outcomes by impairing immune function. Case report: We describe a case of a 36-year-old female patient diagnosed with SAA, for whom IST was considered, due to the unavailability of a matched sibling donor for HSCT. The patient presented with a feverish condition and deep neck space abscesses were revealed by imaging, caused by invasive aspergillosis. To prioritize infection control, IST was postponed and antifungal therapy with abscess drainage was initiated. However, aspergillosis progressed, despite aggressive and prompt treatment, and ultimately resulted in sepsis, multiorgan failure, and death. In addition, mucormycosis was confirmed post-mortem. Two heterozygous PRF1 polymorphisms (c.272C>T and c.900C>T), were identified by genetic testing, which may have contributed to immune dysregulation and fungal dissemination. Conclusions: The complex interplay between managing SAA and addressing invasive fungal infections, which remain a leading cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients, is highlighted in this case. The latter emphasizes the importance of prompt diagnosis and targeted treatment to alleviate infection-related complications while maintaining care continuity for the hematologic disorder. The detection of PRF1 polymorphisms raises questions about their implication in immune regulation and disease trajectory, emphasizing the need for further research in this field. Full article

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11 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Drug-Induced and Idiosyncratic Cytopenia: The Role of AI in Prevention, Prediction, and Patient Participation

by Emmanuel Andrès, Amir El Hassani Hajjam, Frédéric Maloisel, Maria Belén Alonso-Ortiz, Manuel Méndez-Bailón, Thierry Lavigne, Xavier Jannot and Noel Lorenzo-Villalba

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030024 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Drug-induced and idiosyncratic cytopenias, including anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, present significant challenges in fields like immunohematology and internal medicine. These conditions are often unpredictable, multifactorial, and can arise from a complex interplay of drug reactions, immune abnormalities, and other poorly understood mechanisms. In [...] Read more.

Drug-induced and idiosyncratic cytopenias, including anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, present significant challenges in fields like immunohematology and internal medicine. These conditions are often unpredictable, multifactorial, and can arise from a complex interplay of drug reactions, immune abnormalities, and other poorly understood mechanisms. In many cases, the precise triggers and underlying factors remain unclear, making diagnosis and management difficult. However, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are offering new opportunities to address these challenges. With its ability to process vast amounts of clinical, genomic, and pharmacovigilance data, AI can identify patterns and risk factors that may be missed by traditional methods. Machine learning algorithms can refine predictive models, enabling earlier detection and more accurate risk assessments. Additionally, AI’s role in enhancing patient engagement—through tailored monitoring and personalized treatment strategies—ensures more effective follow-up and improved clinical outcomes for patients at risk of these potentially life-threatening conditions. Through these innovations, AI is paving the way for a more proactive and personalized approach to managing drug-induced cytopenias. Full article

28 pages, 370 KiB

Open AccessReview

Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma and [18F]FDG PET/CT: What We Learned and What Is New

by Anna Giulia Nappi, Francesco Dondi, Achille Lazzarato, Lorenzo Jonghi-Lavarini, Joana Gorica, Flavia La Torre, Giulia Santo and Alberto Miceli

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030023 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), considered a specific entity with proper characteristics, therapies, and prognosis. First-line treatment is not unique, and subsequent strategies in case of disease persistence or relapse are the subject of [...] Read more.

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), considered a specific entity with proper characteristics, therapies, and prognosis. First-line treatment is not unique, and subsequent strategies in case of disease persistence or relapse are the subject of debate and studies. In this scenario, [18F]FDG PET/CT plays a pivotal role both in characterizing the mediastinal mass, the main feature of PMLBCL, in staging, in restaging during therapy (interim PET), and at the end of treatment (EoT PET), to guide clinical management and give prognostic insights. The main issue with PMLBCL is distinguishing viable disease from residual fibrotic/inflammatory mass after therapy and, consequently, settling the next clinical strategy. Novel therapeutic approaches are ongoing and associated with the deepening of [18F]FDG PET/CT potentials as a principal tool in this context. In this review, we will explore PMLBCL from a Nuclear Medicine point of view to help clinicians in the management of these patients. Full article

9 pages, 850 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Management of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma as Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report

by Salem Alshemmari, Abdulaziz Hamadah, Samar Ousia, Rasha Abdel Tawab Hamed and Hany Zaky

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030022 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a severe complication of solid organ transplantation, often associated with prolonged immunosuppression. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype. Managing PTLD requires a balance between reducing immunosuppression and preventing graft rejection. [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a severe complication of solid organ transplantation, often associated with prolonged immunosuppression. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype. Managing PTLD requires a balance between reducing immunosuppression and preventing graft rejection. Case Presentation: A 41-year-old female kidney transplant recipient developed PTLD eight years post-transplant, presenting with a right submandibular mass. Biopsy confirmed CD20-positive DLBCL. Initial treatment involved reducing immunosuppression and rituximab monotherapy, which failed to prevent disease progression. The patient underwent six cycles of R-CHOP chemotherapy, achieving complete metabolic remission. Relapse occurred twice, with disease progression in the cervical nodes and tonsils. Salvage therapies, including polatuzumab vedotin and rituximab, achieved remission. During a subsequent relapse, loncastuximab tesirine induced metabolic resolution. Compromised renal function limited treatment options and a second renal transplant was delayed, reducing the risk of PTLD recurrence. Conclusions: This case underscores the challenges of managing PTLD in transplant recipients, especially in relapsed/refractory cases. Single-agent rituximab was insufficient, but combination chemotherapy and novel agents like loncastuximab tesirine were effective. Balancing oncologic control and graft preservation remains critical. This case highlights the need for individualized approaches and novel therapies in managing PTLD while addressing the complexities of immunosuppression and organ preservation. Full article

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6 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Successful Management of Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome Associated with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance After Sotorasib Treatment in a Patient with Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma

by Mélissa Julien, Léa Pierre, Anne-Cécile Gérout, Laurent Sattler, Olivier Feugeas and Dominique Desprez

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020021 - 16 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: This case report investigates the effects of sotorasib treatment in a patient with acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), who subsequently developed non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with a KRAS G12C mutation. Case Presentation: The patient, [...] Read more.

Background: This case report investigates the effects of sotorasib treatment in a patient with acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), who subsequently developed non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with a KRAS G12C mutation. Case Presentation: The patient, a 79-year-old male, presented with a prolonged history of recurrent lower gastrointestinal bleeding attributed to digestive angiodysplasia, which had persisted for over 30 years. AVWS was suspected based on a qualitative deficiency in von Willebrand factor (VWF), with abnormal results for factor VIII activity (FVIII:C), VWF antigen (VWF:Ag), and VWF ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:Rco) (40%, 20%, and <2.4%, respectively). Further evaluation revealed the presence of an IgM kappa monoclonal spike, suggesting MGUS. In 2022, the patient was diagnosed with NSCLC harboring the KRAS G12C mutation and initiated second-line treatment with sotorasib. Notably, one year after the initiation of sotorasib therapy, the patient’s hemostasis had normalized, accompanied by significant improvements in VWF levels. VWF multimer electrophoresis demonstrated the restoration of high-molecular-weight multimers (HMWMs), and serum protein electrophoresis no longer detected MGUS. Conclusion: These improvements were likely attributable to the indirect effects of sotorasib on the bone marrow microenvironment. By inhibiting KRAS in stromal cells and osteoclasts, sotorasib may have disrupted the supportive niche necessary for malignant plasma cell survival, resulting in a reduction in the monoclonal spike. Unfortunately, the patient eventually succumbed to carcinogenic pleurisy. Full article

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8 pages, 822 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Hemolytic Anemia Due to Gamma-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase Deficiency: A Rare Novel Case in an Arab-Muslim Israeli Child

by Motti Haimi and Jamal Mahamid

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020020 - 15 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of glutathione. Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency is a very rare condition that has so far been detected so far in nine patients from seven families worldwide. The inheritance of this disorder is [...] Read more.

Background: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of glutathione. Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency is a very rare condition that has so far been detected so far in nine patients from seven families worldwide. The inheritance of this disorder is autosomal recessive. Methods: We report a case of 4.11-year-old boy, of Arab-Muslim origin, living in an Arab town in Israel who presented at the age of 2 days with severe anemia, reticulocytosis, and leukocytosis. Investigation for common causes of hemolytic anemia was negative (peripheral blood smear was normal, and he had a negative Coombs test, normal G6PD, and normal flow cytometry spherocytosis). The anemia worsened during the following days (hemoglobin (Hb): 7.2 g/dL) and he needed several blood transfusions. NGS (next-generation sequencing) gene panel analysis was performed. Results: In an NGS gene panel analysis for hereditary hemolytic anemias, we found a homozygotic change in the GCLC gene—G53.385.643c379C > T(homo)pArg127Cys—which confirms the diagnosis of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency. An additional rare change was found in this case in the GCLC gene, with unknown clinical significance: g.53373917, c 828 + 3A > G. Except for chronic anemia (Hb levels around 8 g/dL), the child has normal physical and neurological development. Conclusions: This study reports a rare case of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency in a 4.11-year-old Arab-Muslim boy from Israel who presented with severe anemia at 2 days old, aiming to document the first such case in the Middle East and contribute to the medical literature on this extremely rare condition that has only been detected in nine patients worldwide. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygotic change in the GCLC gene, confirming the diagnosis, and while the patient experiences chronic anemia, he maintains normal physical and neurological development, adding valuable insights to the understanding of this rare genetic disorder. An additional rare change was found in this case in the GCLC gene, with unknown clinical significance: g.53373917, c 828 + 3A > G. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaemia in Focus: Challenges and Solutions in Haematology)

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8 pages, 1004 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blood Coagulation Favors Anti-Inflammatory Immune Responses in Whole Blood

by Victor I. Seledtsov, Anatoly A. Pyshenko, Tatyana Ya. Lyubavskaya, Irina A. Seledtsova and Alexei A. von Delwig

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020019 - 11 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: We studied the effects of human blood coagulation on antioxidant activity and the cellular secretion of immunoregulatory molecules in vitro. Methods: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity and cytokine content were determined in plasma and serum blood samples incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for [...] Read more.

Background: We studied the effects of human blood coagulation on antioxidant activity and the cellular secretion of immunoregulatory molecules in vitro. Methods: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity and cytokine content were determined in plasma and serum blood samples incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 3 h or 18 h. Results: Coagulation process significantly decreased ROS activity induced by LPS in blood samples from healthy donors. Human serum was found to have significantly higher antioxidant activity than plasma. Blood coagulation markedly reduced LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α by cells, without significantly affecting the secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, or C-reactive protein (CRP). Blood clotting led to an increase in LPS-induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by blood cells. A significant increase in procalcitonin levels was also observed in serum samples. Conclusions: Blood clotting enhances the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of immunoreactive blood cells. Full article

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Graphical abstract

47 pages, 3413 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genetic Profiling of Acute and Chronic Leukemia via Next-Generation Sequencing: Current Insights and Future Perspectives

by Laras Pratiwi, Fawzia Hanum Mashudi, Mukti Citra Ningtyas, Henry Sutanto and Pradana Zaky Romadhon

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020018 - 28 Mar 2025

Abstract

Leukemia is a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies characterized by distinct genetic and molecular abnormalities. Advancements in genomic technologies have significantly transformed the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies for leukemia. Among these, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has emerged as a powerful tool, enabling high-resolution [...] Read more.

Leukemia is a heterogeneous group of hematologic malignancies characterized by distinct genetic and molecular abnormalities. Advancements in genomic technologies have significantly transformed the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies for leukemia. Among these, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has emerged as a powerful tool, enabling high-resolution genomic profiling that surpasses conventional diagnostic approaches. By providing comprehensive insights into genetic mutations, clonal evolution, and resistance mechanisms, NGS has revolutionized precision medicine in leukemia management. Despite its transformative potential, the clinical integration of NGS presents challenges, including data interpretation complexities, standardization issues, and cost considerations. However, continuous advancements in sequencing platforms and bioinformatics pipelines are enhancing the reliability and accessibility of NGS in routine clinical practice. The expanding role of NGS in leukemia is paving the way for improved risk stratification, targeted therapies, and real-time disease monitoring, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes. This review highlights the impact of NGS on leukemia research and clinical applications, discussing its advantages over traditional diagnostic techniques, key sequencing approaches, and emerging challenges. As precision oncology continues to evolve, NGS is expected to play an increasingly central role in the diagnosis and management of leukemia, driving innovations in personalized medicine and therapeutic interventions. Full article

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13 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Primary Palatine Tonsil Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Western Romania: A Comparison of Lower-Stage and Advanced-Stage Disease

by Raluca Morar, Norberth-Istvan Varga, Delia Ioana Horhat, Ion Cristian Mot, Nicolae Constantin Balica, Alina-Andree Tischer, Monica Susan, Razvan Susan, Diana Luisa Lighezan and Rodica Anamaria Negrean

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020017 - 28 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Limited data exist on primary palatine tonsil Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) from regions with constrained healthcare access. This study investigated this malignancy in Western and South-Western Romania, comparing lower-stage (Ann-Arbor I-III) and advanced-stage (IV) disease. Methods: A retrospective cohort study (2010–2019) [...] Read more.

Background: Limited data exist on primary palatine tonsil Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) from regions with constrained healthcare access. This study investigated this malignancy in Western and South-Western Romania, comparing lower-stage (Ann-Arbor I-III) and advanced-stage (IV) disease. Methods: A retrospective cohort study (2010–2019) at a tertiary referral hospital included 59 patients with primary palatine tonsil NHL. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, comorbidities (including viral hepatitis B/C), histology, International Prognostic Index (IPI) score, treatment, and outcomes were collected. Statistical comparisons between lower-stage (n = 26) and advanced-stage (n = 33) groups were performed. Results: A high proportion presented with advanced-stage disease (55.9%). The advanced-stage group had significantly more B symptoms (90.9% vs. 69.2%, p = 0.038) and elevated LDH levels (93.9% vs. 57.7%, p = 0.013). Viral hepatitis B and/or C infection was more frequent in advanced-stage disease (30.3% vs. 15.4%, p = 0.44). Combined chemoradiotherapy was more commonly used in lower-stage disease (38.46% vs. 12.12%, p = 0.019). There was no statistically significant difference in relapse rates between the groups. Conclusions: This study highlights the substantial burden of advanced-stage primary palatine tonsil NHL in Western Romania, suggesting a need for improved early detection. The association between viral hepatitis and advanced-stage, although not statistically significant, warrants further investigation. These findings may inform tailored management approaches in resource-constrained settings. Full article

10 pages, 966 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Involving Head and Neck Sites with a 1.5 T MR-Linac: Preliminary Results from a Prospective Observational Study

by Andrea Emanuele Guerini, Stefania Nici, Stefano Riga, Ludovica Pegurri, Paolo Borghetti, Eneida Mataj, Jacopo Balduzzi, Mirsada Katica, Gianluca Cossali, Giorgio Facheris, Luca Triggiani, Albert Sakiri, Luigi Spiazzi, Stefano Maria Magrini and Michela Buglione

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020016 - 27 Mar 2025

Abstract

Purpose: Lymphomas are generally radiosensitive; therefore, disease volume tends to shrink during radiotherapy courses. As MRI-linac provides excellent soft tissue definition and allows daily re-contouring of gross tumor volume and clinical target volume, its adoption could be beneficial for the treatment of [...] Read more.

Purpose: Lymphomas are generally radiosensitive; therefore, disease volume tends to shrink during radiotherapy courses. As MRI-linac provides excellent soft tissue definition and allows daily re-contouring of gross tumor volume and clinical target volume, its adoption could be beneficial for the treatment of lymphomas. Nonetheless, at this time there is a lack of literature regarding the use of MR-linac in this context. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on patients affected by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) involving head and neck (H&N) sites and treated with Elekta Unity^® MR-Linac. The clinical and dosimetric data of the first eight patients were collected and integrated with relevant data from medical records. Results: Seven patients had B-cell lymphoma (three DLBCL, two MALT, one follicular, and one mantle-cell) and one T-cell/NK lymphoma. The intent of RT was radical for four patients, salvage treatment for three, and CAR-T bridging for one. Two patients presented orbital localizations and six cervical lymphonodal sites. Median GTV was 5.74 cc, median CTV 127.01 cc, and median PTV 210.37 cc. The prescribed dose was 24–50 Gy in 2 Gy fractions for seven patients and 24 Gy in 3 Gy fractions for one patient. All the patients experienced acute toxicity, the maximum grade was G1 for five patients and G2 for three at the end of RT. One month after radiotherapy seven patients still experienced G1 toxicity, but no toxicity grade ≥ 2 was reported. First radiological assessment was performed for all the patients after a median of 101.5 days, reporting complete response in all the cases. After a median follow up of 330 days, no patient experienced local disease progression, while one patient developed distant progression. Conclusions: radiotherapy for NHL with H&N localization using a 1.5 T MR-linac was feasible, with no >G2 toxicity and optimal response rate and disease control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Lymphoma and Myeloma: Integration with Systemic Treatment and Advanced Imaging Techniques)

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8 pages, 204 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Case Series

by Paschalis Evangelidis, Eleni Gavriilaki, Nikolaos Kotsiou, Zacharo Ntova, Panagiotis Kalmoukos, Theodosia Papadopoulou, Sofia Chissan and Sofia Vakalopoulou

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020015 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by thrombosis or obstetric complications and the laboratory detection of antiphospholipid antibodies. Although vascular thrombosis is the main manifestation of the disease, other rarer complications have also been described. Avascular necrosis (AN) [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by thrombosis or obstetric complications and the laboratory detection of antiphospholipid antibodies. Although vascular thrombosis is the main manifestation of the disease, other rarer complications have also been described. Avascular necrosis (AN) is considered a rare manifestation of APS. The aim of our case series is to study patients with APS and AN. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 80 patients diagnosed with APS. Results: AN was observed in 3 patients out of 80 diagnosed with APS. AN of the femoral head was observed in all cases. Case (1): A 54-year-old woman presented due to multiple ischemic infarctions in the brain, as detected in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and AN of the femoral head. In laboratory testing, a prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time was recorded. A heterozygous mutation was also found in the gene MTHFR C677T, and the patients was positive for lupus anticoagulant (LA). The patient was given clopidogrel and acenocoumarol. Case (2): A 52-year-old man was diagnosed with APS, based on the clinical presentation (stroke) and positivity for LA and anti-β2GPI (anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibody). In his medical history, episodes of vertigo and an episode of AN of the femoral head 2 years ago were described. Case (3): A woman aged 43 years presented due to AN of the femoral head. Due to suspected APS, immunological testing was performed, and positivity for LA and IgM anticardiolipin antibodies was detected. She was treated with acenocoumarol. Conclusions: AN is a rare clinical manifestation of APS, which may precede the diagnosis of APS for many years. Full article

7 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pure White Cell Aplasia, an Exceedingly Rare Complication of a Thymoma, and Immune Reconstitution Following Bone Marrow Recovery

by Giby V. George, J. C. Uy, John L. Mariano, Marisa Jacob-Leonce and Chauncey R. Syposs

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020014 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Thymoma-associated pure white cell aplasia (PWCA), characterized by agranulocytosis with absent myeloid precursors in the bone marrow in the setting of preserved erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, is exceedingly rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We present a case of [...] Read more.

Background: Thymoma-associated pure white cell aplasia (PWCA), characterized by agranulocytosis with absent myeloid precursors in the bone marrow in the setting of preserved erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, is exceedingly rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We present a case of type-B2-thymoma-associated PWCA and immune reconstitution following marrow recovery. Case Presentation: A 75-year-old woman was incidentally found to have a concomitant mediastinal mass and peripheral leukopenia with absent granulocytes and monocytes. Bone marrow assessment was notable for a hypocellular marrow (<10%) with absent granulopoiesis and monopoiesis. Chest CT demonstrated a large lobulated anterior mediastinal mass, for which the patient underwent a video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy. Pathological evaluation of the mediastinal mass specimen revealed a type B2 thymoma. A tentative diagnosis of thymoma-associated PWCA was made, and the patient was started on cyclosporine/granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)/filgrastim therapy. Despite promising marrow recovery, she developed several comorbidities and had a leukemoid reaction, provoking concern for immune reconstitution following prolonged neutropenia and subsequent treatment. She passed away on post-operative day 15, and the results of a post-mortem bone marrow examination were consistent with granulocytic hyperplasia. Conclusions: This case of thymoma-associated PWCA heightens awareness regarding this entity, providing a note of caution regarding the possibility of immune reconstitution following treatment and marrow recovery. Full article

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9 pages, 1146 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Differential Diagnosis of Hepatitis B-Associated Aplastic Anemia and Syphilis

by I. Kindekov, E. Beleva, M. Kadish, I. Ionchev and N. Semerdzhieva

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020013 - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

Aplastic anemia occurs with an incidence of 2–5: 1 million people worldwide. However, the frequency of newly diagnosed cases of bone marrow aplasia is greater, and some of these patients present to emergency departments initially. Description of Case: We present the case of [...] Read more.

Aplastic anemia occurs with an incidence of 2–5: 1 million people worldwide. However, the frequency of newly diagnosed cases of bone marrow aplasia is greater, and some of these patients present to emergency departments initially. Description of Case: We present the case of a middle-aged man with pancytopenia. In this case, aplastic anemia associated with hepatitis B and syphilis was only the initial diagnosis. An indolent hematologic malignancy—hairy cell leukemia—was diagnosed as the real cause of the bone marrow failure in a clinic of hematology. Conclusions: This clinical case allows us to make a conclusion, albeit not definitively, about the contribution of hepatitis B and syphilis to the clinical manifestation of hairy cell leukemia. A detailed and consistent diagnostic plan is also required in patients presenting with pancytopenia. Failure to diagnose a hepatitis B infection in a patient with malignant hematologic disease would lead to fatal therapeutic errors. Full article

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7 pages, 1839 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Associated with Extensive Venous Thrombosis Due to Spontaneous Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia After Total Knee Replacement: A Case Report

by Mehdi Kashani, Meghan Brown and Juan Pablo Domecq Graces

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020012 - 13 Mar 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an autoimmune life-threatening prothrombotic syndrome associated with low platelet count after heparin exposure. Spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (S-HIT) is an even less frequent variant of HIT, with only a handful of reports available in the literature, where unexplained thrombocytopenia [...] Read more.

Introduction: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an autoimmune life-threatening prothrombotic syndrome associated with low platelet count after heparin exposure. Spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (S-HIT) is an even less frequent variant of HIT, with only a handful of reports available in the literature, where unexplained thrombocytopenia and/or thrombosis without recent heparin exposure occurs in the setting of positive anti-PF4 antibodies. Case Presentation: We report a case of S-HIT associated with pulmonary artery embolism, left internal jugular vein, and cerebral vein sinus thrombosis complicated with ipsilateral acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Discussion: It is important to highlight that in patients with otherwise unexplained thrombocytopenia and prior exposure to an inflammatory process, S-HIT should be on the differential. Conclusions: Recognition and avoidance of heparin exposure is the most important aspect of S-HIT, as the management is otherwise similar to HIT. Full article

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6 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Feasibility of Intensive Chemotherapy in Hereditary Spherocytosis

by Carrai Valentina, Giubbilei Cristina, Ciceri Manuel, D’Angelo Simona, Nassi Luca, Sordi Benedetta, Vannucchi Alessandro Maria and Puccini Benedetta

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020011 - 24 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: This study presents a young man with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) who underwent intensive chemotherapy for newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and achieved complete remission. This case challenges the idea of HS as a barrier to standard DLBCL treatment. Discussion: By [...] Read more.

Background: This study presents a young man with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) who underwent intensive chemotherapy for newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and achieved complete remission. This case challenges the idea of HS as a barrier to standard DLBCL treatment. Discussion: By meticulously monitoring blood counts and providing timely transfusions, the team successfully mitigated potential complications associated with chemotherapy-induced stress on red blood cells. Conclusions: This experience underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and tailored treatment plans for patients with co-existing conditions, suggesting that HS should not automatically disqualify them from potentially curative therapies for aggressive lymphomas. Full article

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5 pages, 875 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Factor X Concentrate Treatment Schedule and Dosing in Acquired FX Deficiency

by Andrew Ross, Rebecca J. Shaw, Louise Garth and Cathy Farrelly

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17020010 - 21 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Acquired factor X (FX) deficiency is a rare condition that can cause life threatening bleeding. Here we outline a successful management strategy for gastrointestinal bleeding (GI) using human FX concentrate. Case description: A 61-year-old male presented with upper GI bleeding and a [...] Read more.

Background: Acquired factor X (FX) deficiency is a rare condition that can cause life threatening bleeding. Here we outline a successful management strategy for gastrointestinal bleeding (GI) using human FX concentrate. Case description: A 61-year-old male presented with upper GI bleeding and a prolonged prothrombin time. Investigations demonstrated an acquired FX deficiency (determined to be secondary to AL amyloidosis). Results: Treatment with FX concentrate to maintain trough FX levels >20% resulted in successful cessation of bleeding symptoms, and levels >50% facilitated urgent invasive procedures. Conclusions: This case report adds valuable insight into the management of this rare condition, and how best to utilize FX concentrates in acquired FX deficiency. Full article

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13 pages, 931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Awareness and Attitude of the General Population Towards Inherited Hemoglobinopathies in the Premarital Screening Program in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia

by Mariah N. Hafiz, Nida Suhail, Zakariya M. S. Mohammed, Husham O. Elzein, Hibah A. Almasmoum, Awad E. Abass, Mohammed M. Jawad and Saoussen Trabelsi

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17010009 - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Premarital screening (PMS) is a nationwide program that helps high-risk individuals make decisions to avoid genetic and sexually transmitted diseases from spreading to their spouse or future offspring. This study examined the knowledge and attitudes towards inherited hemoglobinopathies in PMS among the [...] Read more.

Background: Premarital screening (PMS) is a nationwide program that helps high-risk individuals make decisions to avoid genetic and sexually transmitted diseases from spreading to their spouse or future offspring. This study examined the knowledge and attitudes towards inherited hemoglobinopathies in PMS among the people of Northern Border Region in Saudi Arabia and their relationship to various sociodemographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the Northern region of Saudi Arabia from January to March 2024. Data were gathered via questionnaire from 478 Saudi participants aged 18 years and older. The chi-square test was employed to determine the association between categorical variables. Results: All participants in the study were familiar with the PMS program. A significant portion of participants, 79.3%, acknowledged that consanguinity can increase the risk of hereditary blood disorders, while 69.9% believed that if both parents are carriers of the same genetic blood disease, their child may inherit it. Higher education, female gender, and age group (30–40) were found to be the main predictors of knowledge regarding PMS. Most of the participants (98.5%) had a positive attitude regarding the necessity of PMS as a prerequisite for marriage completion. About 82.8% indicated they would not continue with the marriage if the PMS results were incompatible. Conclusions: The study indicates a growing awareness and positive attitude towards premarital screening among the general population, with an increasing number of individuals opting for it. The findings suggest that PMS programs contribute to informed decision making, as evidenced by the rise in participants choosing to forgo marriage due to partner incompatibility. The study recommends the enhancement of health education campaigns by considering demographic factors such as age, education, and marital status. Additionally, it advocates for expanding the scope of PMS to include a wider range of health and genetic disorders to improve its overall efficacy. Full article

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11 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Solid Tumors, Liquid Challenges: The Impact of Coagulation Disorders

by Nidha Shapoo, Noella Boma, Shobhana Chaudhari and Vladimir Gotlieb

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17010008 - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Coagulation disorders are increasingly recognized as significant complications in patients with solid tumors, affecting morbidity and mortality outcomes. Solid tumors can provoke a hypercoagulable state through the release of pro-coagulant factors, endothelial activation, and inflammation, leading to a heightened risk of coagulation disorders. [...] Read more.

Coagulation disorders are increasingly recognized as significant complications in patients with solid tumors, affecting morbidity and mortality outcomes. Solid tumors can provoke a hypercoagulable state through the release of pro-coagulant factors, endothelial activation, and inflammation, leading to a heightened risk of coagulation disorders. These coagulation disorders may manifest as venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboembolism, thrombotic microangiopathy, or disseminated intravascular coagulation. These disorders can complicate surgical interventions and impact treatments, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy efficacy, leading to poor outcomes. Understanding the implications of coagulation disorders in solid tumors is essential for optimizing patient management, including identifying high-risk patients, implementing prophylactic measures, elucidating biomarkers for clinical outcomes, and exploring novel therapeutic agents. This review aims to provide insights into the current knowledge surrounding coagulation disorders in solid tumors and their clinical implications. Full article

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