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Article

Oxidative Stress Score as an Indicator of Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients

by
Valera-Arévalo Gemma
1,2,3,*,
Paula Jara Caro
2,3,4,
María del Mar Rodríguez-San Pedro
1,2,3,
Claudia Yuste
2,3,4,
María Gabriela Ortiz-Diaz
1,
Rafael Ramírez
5,6,
Matilde Alique
5,6,
Natalia Guerra-Pérez
1,2,3,*,
Julia Carracedo
1,2,3,† and
Enrique Morales
2,3,4,†
1
Unit of Animal Physiology, Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
2
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
3
RICORS 2040-Renal Network, ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain
4
Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
5
Department of Systems Biology, Universidad de Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
6
Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Oxygen 2025, 5(4), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5040020
Submission received: 20 August 2025 / Revised: 2 October 2025 / Accepted: 9 October 2025 / Published: 16 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, 3rd Edition)
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Abstract

Chronic kidney disease is closely associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Although kidney transplantation represents the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease, it is also linked to significant cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular pathology and oxidative status in kidney transplant recipients, while also assessing the influence of disease etiology and humoral immune response on oxidative imbalance. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in individuals with advanced chronic kidney disease (n = 36) and kidney transplant recipients (n = 40). A total of 18 healthy subjects were included. The enzymatic activities of xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, and levels of lipid peroxidation products, oxidized glutathione, and reduced glutathione were measured using spectrophotometry in plasma and mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes isolated using Ficoll density gradients. Individual oxidative status was evaluated using OXYSCORE. Kidney transplantation was associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease (p < 0.01) and increased levels of both prooxidant (p < 0.01) and antioxidant parameters (p < 0.01). Elevated OXYSCORE values were observed particularly in patients with nephroangiosclerosis, diabetic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease (p < 0.05), and cardiovascular comorbidities (p < 0.001). Additionally, the presence of anti-graft antibodies correlated with higher oxidative scores. These findings suggest that OXYSCORE may serve as a potential indicator of cardiovascular damage in kidney transplant recipients.
Keywords: cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; kidney transplantation; leukocytes; oxidative stress; OXYSCORE cardiovascular disease; chronic kidney disease; kidney transplantation; leukocytes; oxidative stress; OXYSCORE

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gemma, V.-A.; Caro, P.J.; Rodríguez-San Pedro, M.d.M.; Yuste, C.; Ortiz-Diaz, M.G.; Ramírez, R.; Alique, M.; Guerra-Pérez, N.; Carracedo, J.; Morales, E. Oxidative Stress Score as an Indicator of Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Oxygen 2025, 5, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5040020

AMA Style

Gemma V-A, Caro PJ, Rodríguez-San Pedro MdM, Yuste C, Ortiz-Diaz MG, Ramírez R, Alique M, Guerra-Pérez N, Carracedo J, Morales E. Oxidative Stress Score as an Indicator of Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Oxygen. 2025; 5(4):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5040020

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gemma, Valera-Arévalo, Paula Jara Caro, María del Mar Rodríguez-San Pedro, Claudia Yuste, María Gabriela Ortiz-Diaz, Rafael Ramírez, Matilde Alique, Natalia Guerra-Pérez, Julia Carracedo, and Enrique Morales. 2025. "Oxidative Stress Score as an Indicator of Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients" Oxygen 5, no. 4: 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5040020

APA Style

Gemma, V.-A., Caro, P. J., Rodríguez-San Pedro, M. d. M., Yuste, C., Ortiz-Diaz, M. G., Ramírez, R., Alique, M., Guerra-Pérez, N., Carracedo, J., & Morales, E. (2025). Oxidative Stress Score as an Indicator of Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Oxygen, 5(4), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen5040020

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