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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Variation and Genetic Control of Seed Germination in Pinus oocarpa Trees with Different Levels of Resin Production: Implications for Conservation

by
Yanet Melisa Santos-Torres
1,
Mario Valerio Velasco-García
2,*,
Carlos Ramírez-Herrera
1,
Martín Gómez-Cárdenas
3,
Miguel Ángel López-López
1 and
Víctor Manuel Cetina-Alcalá
1
1
Postgrado en Ciencias Forestales, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco 56230, Mexico
2
Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales (Cenid Comef), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Coyoacán 04010, Mexico
3
Centro Regional de Investigación Pacífico Centro (CIRPAC), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Uruapan 60150, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Conservation 2026, 6(3), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation6030116 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 August 2026 / Revised: 6 September 2026 / Accepted: 15 September 2026 / Published: 17 September 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Conservation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Pinus oocarpa is ecologically and economically important because of its resin production; however, the effects of variation in resin production on its reproductive performance remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the variation and genetic control of seed germination in high-resin-producing, low-resin-producing, and non-resin-tapped trees. Seeds from the three tree groups were collected, germinated, and counted daily to evaluate eight germination indices. The variation, heritability, and genetic correlations of the germination traits were estimated separately for each tree group. Four of the eight germination indices were significantly lower in trees with high resin production, demonstrating the negative effect of resin production on seed germination. The distribution of variation, genetic coefficients of variation (7.68 to 68.21%), heritability estimates (0.63 to 0.75), and phenotypic correlations (−0.09 to −0.76; 0.13 to 0.94) were similar among the tree groups; however, genetic correlations (−0.12 to −0.99; 0.20 to 0.99) were stronger in high-resin-producing trees. The lower germination capacity and germination rate observed in high resin-producing trees may compromise natural regeneration. Therefore, conservation strategies should prioritize reforestation using seeds from high resin-producing trees that also exhibit high germination capacity, thereby helping maintain forest persistence and productivity.
Keywords: resin production; germination capacity; germination rate; genetic variation; heritability; genetic correlations resin production; germination capacity; germination rate; genetic variation; heritability; genetic correlations

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MDPI and ACS Style

Santos-Torres, Y.M.; Velasco-García, M.V.; Ramírez-Herrera, C.; Gómez-Cárdenas, M.; López-López, M.Á.; Cetina-Alcalá, V.M. Variation and Genetic Control of Seed Germination in Pinus oocarpa Trees with Different Levels of Resin Production: Implications for Conservation. Conservation 2026, 6, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation6030116

AMA Style

Santos-Torres YM, Velasco-García MV, Ramírez-Herrera C, Gómez-Cárdenas M, López-López MÁ, Cetina-Alcalá VM. Variation and Genetic Control of Seed Germination in Pinus oocarpa Trees with Different Levels of Resin Production: Implications for Conservation. Conservation. 2026; 6(3):116. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation6030116

Chicago/Turabian Style

Santos-Torres, Yanet Melisa, Mario Valerio Velasco-García, Carlos Ramírez-Herrera, Martín Gómez-Cárdenas, Miguel Ángel López-López, and Víctor Manuel Cetina-Alcalá. 2026. "Variation and Genetic Control of Seed Germination in Pinus oocarpa Trees with Different Levels of Resin Production: Implications for Conservation" Conservation 6, no. 3: 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation6030116

APA Style

Santos-Torres, Y. M., Velasco-García, M. V., Ramírez-Herrera, C., Gómez-Cárdenas, M., López-López, M. Á., & Cetina-Alcalá, V. M. (2026). Variation and Genetic Control of Seed Germination in Pinus oocarpa Trees with Different Levels of Resin Production: Implications for Conservation. Conservation, 6(3), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation6030116

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