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30 September 2026

22 Pages

Reinstatement of Synonymised Magnoliaceae Taxa and Their Transfer to Magnolia

and
Australian Bicentennial Arboretum, P.O. Box 88, Penshurst, NSW 2222, Australia
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Taxonomy2026, 6(4), 60;https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy6040060
This article belongs to the Section Plant Taxonomy
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Abstract

Three new names are proposed and three new combinations are formally made to transfer six taxa endemic to SE Yunnan, China, from the segregate genera of Manglietia and Michelia to Magnolia, now widely recognised as the remaining genus in the subfamily Magnolioideae of Magnoliaceae. These taxa are Manglietia tenuifolia, Michelia balansae var. brevipes, M. brachyandra, M. chartacea, M. nitida and M. oblongifolia, which are reinstated from synonymy on the basis of extensive comparative data confirming them as the unique taxa originally described and named in the 1980s. The necessary replacement names Magnolia cheniana, M. gulinqingensis and M. valderi are proposed for Michelia nitida, M. oblongifolia and Manglietia tenuifolia respectively, which would otherwise produce later illegitimate homonyms to the existing names Magnolia nitida, M. oblongifolia and the existing fossil name M. tenuifolia, respectively. The remaining three taxa retain their specific epithets when transferred as new combinations to Magnolia. Notes and recommendations on the conservation of each of the six taxa are presented, since they have not been independently evaluated in the wild for more than three decades as a result of being reduced to synonyms of more widespread taxa, despite having an average of ten diagnostic features distinguishing them from these earlier-named taxa.

1. Introduction

Undertaking research for a future publication concerning the Magnoliaceae of China, the Chinese botanist and plant taxonomist Chen Bao-liang came to Europe in 1990 to study wood anatomy and type specimens of Magnoliaceae taxa [1] that had been collected for more than three centuries in his country by European explorers and botanists and were lodged in Europe’s many historical herbaria. At the Rijksherbarium in Leiden, the Netherlands, he encountered the Dutch botanist and plant taxonomist Hans Peter Nooteboom, the successor of Britain’s James E. Dandy, the world’s foremost authority on the Magnoliaceae family. Together they undertook research on Chinese Magnoliaceae until Chen returned to China in May 1991, taking his research notes with him with the intention of publishing his magnolia research in China once it was finalised. This never eventuated, due to Chen dying from cancer [2] in September 1991. Meanwhile, back in the Netherlands, Nooteboom continued on his own researching the Magnoliaceae of China, which was eventually published in November 1993 [2], two years after the death of the listed lead author Chen Bao-liang, who had been the initiator of this research.
In the 1993 paper, Nooteboom subsumed 10 out of 15 Magnoliaceae taxa that Chen and his co-authors had named, described and published following peer review little more than five years previously. These new taxa were predominantly based on type specimens collected in the wild by Chen and/or his botanical colleagues, plus Chen or his colleagues’ personal observations of these taxa in their wild environmental state. Nooteboom’s justification for synonymising five of the taxa dealt with in this paper is summarised in Table 1. Numerous other Magnoliaceae taxa named by various authors and subsequently synonymised by Nooteboom have also been reinstated in our other research papers [3,4]. This synonymisation has been done without consideration of the potential and increasingly apparent negative consequences on their survival in nature, as is the case for Michelia magnifica, which two recent botanical expeditions could no longer find in its last known location in the wild, plus DNA being attributed to the wrong species [3].
Based on comparative morphological diagnostic data, Chen’s synonymised taxa are herein reinstated and transferred to Magnolia, which a phylogenetic analysis confirmed to be the sole remaining genus of the subfamily Magnolioideae in the flowering plant family Magnoliaceae [5]. Three of the reinstated taxa require new names under the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (The Madrid Code) of 2025 [6].

2. Materials and Methods

The materials utilised in this study are the peer-reviewed botanical literature in which the taxa under consideration were previously described and named by Chen Bao-liang or with his co-authors during 1987 and 1988. These were in accordance with the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) in place during those years, namely the Sydney Code effective from 1981 to 1987 [7] and the Berlin Code effective from 1987 to 1994 [8]. Other published studies obtained from Australian and overseas institutional libraries, or accessible on the internet, was researched for the purpose of determining the synonymised records of the taxa dealt with in this paper, the comparative features of these taxa, and where available, their conservation status. Much of the Asian literature required translation to determine if it contained information relevant to this research and all of the cited literature is listed in the References. The known morphological and phenological features are compiled in the individual comparative tables, with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 22 non-overlapping diagnostic features highlighted in the tables to confirm the authenticity of Chen and/or his co-authors’ synonymised taxa and hence justifying their reinstatement. The Chinese Virtual Herbarium [9] was searched for images of relevant Chinese-type and non-type specimens uploaded by participating Chinese herbaria. Those located, plus other sighted images of type specimens that were requested and received from various herbaria, are indicated in the taxonomic section by an exclamation mark (!) after either the herbarium acronym or the barcode of the individual specimens, with n.v. indicating those specimens not seen. These barcodes are prefixed with the following acronyms, indicating the herbaria where the specimens are deposited: IBSC, NHN/L, PE, SYS, and YCP. The names of the herbaria that are represented by the above-listed acronyms are compiled in Appendix A, the final table of this paper.
The new names and new combinations proposed in this paper are made in compliance with the rules and recommendations of the 2025 International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN), known as The Madrid Code [6], as cited in this paper under the relevant taxa.

3. Results and Discussion

Ongoing research by the authors has resulted in the reinstatement and transfer to Magnolia of the following six Chinese taxa occurring in southeastern Yunnan: Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen, Michelia nitida B.L. Chen, M. oblongifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen, M. balansae var. brevipes B.L. Chen, M. brachyandra B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang, and M. chartacea B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang. Each of the above six taxa were reduced as heterotypic synonyms by Hans P. Nooteboom in 1993 [2], with the five above species summarised in Table 1.
Table 1. Record of synonymy of five Magnoliaceae species from Yunnan, China, named and described by Chen Bao-liang or with co-authors in 1987 and 1988.
The reinstated species Manglietia tenuifolia is transferred to Magnolia with the proposed replacement name Magnolia valderi C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png, because its transfer to Magnolia without a change of name would create a later illegitimate homonym to the fossil taxon Magnolia tenuifolia Lesq. of 1868 [13]. The replacement name Magnolia cheniana C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png is proposed for the reinstated Michelia nitida, because when transferred to Magnolia, its existing epithet would create a later illegitimate homonym to the existing Magnolia nitida W.W. Smith of 1920 [14]. Also, the replacement name Magnolia gulinqingensis C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png is proposed for the reinstated Michelia oblongifolia, since transferral to Magnolia with its existing epithet would create a later illegitimate homonym to the existing Magnolia oblongifolia (León) Palmerola of 2016 [15]. The final three reinstated taxa retain their existing epithets when transferred as new combinations to Magnolia.

4. Taxonomic Section

4.1. Three New Names Proposed in Magnolia

Magnolia cheniana C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png, nom. nov.
Replaced synonym: Michelia nitida B.L. Chen, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1988(1): 111 (Chen 1988 [10])—non Michelia nitida (Miq.) Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum 1: 241 (Kuntze 1891 [16]) [=Barringtonia acutangula subsp. acutangula]—non Magnolia nitida W.W. Sm., Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 12(59): 212 (Smith 1920 [14]).
Michelia chapensis Dandy, in Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 1079; 1081 (Chen & Nooteboom 1993 [2]); World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae 55 (Frodin & Govaerts 1996 [17]); and Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 48 (Wu & Chen 2006 [18]), each p.p. quoad syn. Michelia nitida B.L. Chen.
Magnolia coriacea (Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae 21 (Figlar 2000 [19]) and Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology 2001(2): 30 (Sima 2001 [20]), both p.p. quoad syn. Michelia nitida B.L. Chen.
Michelia coriacea Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen, in Flora of China Vol. 7: 86 (Xia et al. 2008 [21]); Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 52 (Sima & Lu 2009 [22]); and A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 244 (Sima 2011 [23]), each p.p. quoad syn. Michelia nitida B.L. Chen.
Chinese names: 畴阳含笑 meaning “Chouyang michelia”, probably for the Chouyang River in Xichou County, southeast Yunnan. Also: 西畴含笑 meaning “Xichou michelia”.
Proposed new Chinese name: 陈宝樑木兰 meaning “Chen Bao-liang’s magnolia”.
Type: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Sichou [= Xichou] County, alt. 1400 m, small area, sunny southeastern slope, 9 April 1987, fr, Chen Bao-liang & Mai Chi-nan 87T-033. Holotype: SYS 00051184! isotypes SYS 00095560! SYS 00095561! SYS 00095562!
Paratype: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Xichou County, Xinjie, Longshuchong, alt. 1300 m, October 1986, Chen Bao-liang & Yang Shao-cheng 86s-533. SYS 00051185 n.v.
Specimen images below accessed on 20 March 2019; reaccessed with new URLs on 22 October 2022:
Holotype (SYS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=7bb3270e (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Isotype (SYS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f41524 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Isotype (SYS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f41710 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Isotype (SYS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=7bb3270e (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Paratype (SYS): specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 2 July 2026.
Additional material: CHINA—Yunnan Province • alt. 1309 m, 8 August 1987, B.L. Chen 87F-253. SYS 00095563 n.v. • alt. 1300 m, 8 August 1987, S.C. Yang 1. SYS 00051183 n.v. • alt. 1400 m, September 1987, Li Da-xiao 8804. IBSC 0085982 n.v. • September 1987, D.X. Li 87912. IBSC 0117474 n.v. Specimen images not uploaded to CVH at 2 July 2026.
Note 1: The distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted in bold in Table 2 and Table 3 indicate Michelia nitida to be an independent genuine species to M. chapensis and M. coriacea, under which it was placed in synonymy by the previously listed authors. It is consequently reinstated and transferred to Magnolia with a necessary new name. The replacement name Magnolia cheniana, in honour of Dr. Chen Bao-liang, is proposed for Michelia nitida, since its epithet is previously occupied by Magnolia nitida W.W. Sm. of 1920 [14] and therefore its transfer to Magnolia without a name change would create a later illegitimate homonym according to ICN Art. 53.1 [6].
Table 2. The 26 presently known comparative features between Michelia nitida B.L. Chen and Michelia chapensis Dandy, with 14 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Table 3. The 21 presently known comparative features between Michelia nitida B.L. Chen and Michelia coriacea Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen, with 10 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Note 2: Figure 16 in Chen & Nooteboom (1993: 1080 [2]) is captioned as a fruiting branch of Michelia chapensis “based on SYS 161739 = Chen Bao Liang 87 T 033”. This specimen number represents the holotype and three isotype specimens of Michelia nitida deposited at SYS. None of the images of these type specimens (which may be downloaded from the URLs listed previously) show their numerous leaves folded upwards, or any flower buds or mature leaf buds or mature carpels as shown in Figure 16. Also, none of the original barcodes stamped on the four type specimen sheets of Michelia nitida are SYS 161739 as noted at their Figure 16.
Conservation status: Using IUCN criteria [28,29], Chinese authorities determined Michelia coriacea, under which Michelia nitida was previously sunk in synonymy, as Endangered, EN B2ab (ii,iii) [30] (p. 328), but this assessment has since been downgraded to Vulnerable, VU A2acd; B1ab (i,iii,v) [31] (p. 725). Based on a 20 April 2007 assessment by the Global Tree Specialist Group, the conservation status of Magnolia coriacea is listed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [32] as “Endangered B1 ab (iii,v) with a decreasing population trend” from field surveys in December 2005 estimating “that there are about 300–500 scattered individuals remaining, mainly outside nature reserves” in China and Vietnam, with most of these resprouting from cut-down trees! (see also [33]). In view of the above assessments, it is surprising to find in the recently published book Conservation and Reintroduction of Rare and Endangered Plants in China [34] (p. 86) that, in Table 1, in the column headed “Endangered sp. listing (IUCN or China)”, it states that there are “none” (no listings) for Michelia coriacea at No. 125.
Recommendation: Since Michelia nitida has been recorded as synonymous under M. coriacea in Flora of China and by the other authors listed previously, and is known to occur only in Xichou County, Yunnan, it would be at least as endangered as M. coriacea, and possibly critically endangered. Therefore, an evaluation of the current situation in the wild of Michelia nitida under the proposed new name of Magnolia cheniana should be undertaken by Chinese researchers or by representatives of the IUCN without undue delay!
Magnolia gulinqingensis C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png, nom. nov.
Replaced synonym: Michelia oblongifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1987(3): 86–87 (Chen 1987 [11])—non Magnolia oblongifolia (León) Palmarola, Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional 37: 3, 8 Figure 5 (Palmarola et al. 2016 [15]).
Michelia aenea Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 1057 (Chen & Nooteboom 1993 [2]), p.p. quoad syn. Michelia oblongifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen and also specimen B.L. Chen GS86-187—World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 54 (Frodin & Govaerts 1996 [17]), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 45 (Sima & Lu 2009 [22]) and A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 226 (Sima 2011 [23]), each p.p. quoad syn. Michelia oblongifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen.
Michelia foveolata Merr. ex Dandy, in Acta Botanica Yunnanica 19(2): 134 (Li 1997 [35]), Flora Yunnanica Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 53 (Wu & Chen 2006 [18]), and Flora of China Vol. 7: 86 (Xia et al. 2008 [21]), each p.p. quoad syn. Michelia oblongifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen.
Magnolia foveolata (Merr. ex Dandy) Figlar, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Family Magnoliaceae: 22 (Figlar 2000 [19]), Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology 2001(2): 32 (Sima 2001 [20]) and Kew Plants of the World Online (2026 [36]), each p.p. quoad syn. Michelia oblongifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen.
Chinese name: 矩叶含笑 meaning “rectangular-leaved michelia”.
Proposed new Chinese name: 古林箐木兰 meaning “Gulinqing magnolia”.
Type: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Maguan County, Gulinqing, Xiaoqiwan, alt. 1950 m, hilltop, shaded forest area, 16 m tree, 10 October 1986, fr, Chen Bao-liang 86S-193. Holotype: SYS 00095566! isotype: NHN/L 0397508!
Paratypes: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Maguan County, Jiulian Shan, alt. ca. 1790 m, 15 April 1986, fr, Chen Bao-liang & S.C. Yang GS86-187. SYS 00095565! SYS 00051186 n.v. ibid. • alt. 1820 m, 4 April 1986, B.L. Chen GS86-189. SYS 00051187 n.v.
Additional material: CHINA—Yunnan Province • ibid, alt. 1760 m, 4 April 1986, Chen Bao-liang GS86-002. SYS 00095567 n.v.
Specimen images below accessed on 20 March 2019; both CVH reaccessed with new URLs on 11 October 2022:
Holotype (SYS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f418c2 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Isotype (NHN/L): http://medialib.naturalis.nl/file/id/L0397508_MLN/format/large?fpi=1 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Paratype (SYS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f417f6 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Note: The distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted in bold in Table 4 and Table 5 indicate Michelia oblongifolia to be an independent genuine species to M. aenea and M. foveolata, under which it was placed in synonymy by the previously listed authors. It is therefore reinstated and transferred to Magnolia with the proposed replacement name Magnolia gulinqingensis because its transfer to Magnolia without a name change would create a later illegitimate homonym under ICN Art. 53.1 [6], conflicting with the previous validly published Magnolia oblingifolia (Leon) Palmerola from eastern Cuba, which resulted from the transfer of Talauma oblongifolia Leon to Magnolia [15]. Magnolia gulinqingensis is named for the remote southwest region of Gulinqing, Maguan County, Yunnan, where the type specimens were collected.
Table 4. The 22 presently known comparative features between Michelia oblongifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen and Michelia aenea Dandy, with 11 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Table 5. The 38 presently known comparative features between Michelia oblongifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen and Michelia foveolata Merr. ex Dandy, with 22 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Conservation status: Except for one doubtful unseen collection from Hupeh Province, all other collections of Michelia oblongifolia were made by Chen Bao-liang and Yang Shao-cheng during 1986 in a relatively small mountainous region in Maguan County, SE Yunnan, where this species is apparently endemic and probably Critically Endangered (CR) after 40 years with no further collections, nor has it been found to be anywhere in cultivation.
Recommendation: Everything considered, an evaluation of the IUCN conservation status of Magnolia gulinqingensis (syn. Michelia oblongifolia) at the type localities in the same general area of Maguan County, southeast Yunnan, independent of Michelia foveolata and its other synonyms, needs to be undertaken as early as possible, with the aim to head off its possible extinction in the event that this has not already occurred. Since there is a distinct possibility that this species may still survive in Gulinqing Nature Reserve in Maguan County, a field survey should be undertaken there to determine whether this is its last refuge on the planet.
Magnolia valderi C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png, nom. nov.
Replaced synonym: Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1988(1): 110 (Chen 1988 [10])—non Magnolia tenuifolia Lesq. [Cretaceous fossil taxon], American Journal of Science and Arts, Ser. 2, Vol. 46: 100 (Lesquereux 1868 [13]).
Manglietia insignis (Wall.) Blume, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 1044 (Chen & Nooteboom 1993 [2]), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 52 (Frodin & Govaerts 1996 [17]), Acta Botanica Yunnanica 19(2): 132 (Li 1997 [35]) and Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 10 (Wu & Chen 2006 [18]), each p.p. quoad syn. Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen.
Manglietia caveana Hook. f. & Thomson, in Flora of China Vol. 7: 56 (Xia et al. 2008 [21]), p.p. quoad syn. Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen.
Manglietia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep., in Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 22 (Sima & Lu 2009 [22]), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 85 (Sima 2011 [23]) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 29 (Deng & Yang 2015 [40]), each p.p. quoad syn. Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen.
Magnolia caveana (Hook. f. & Thomson) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar, in Phytotaxonomy 15: 108 (Khuraijam & Goel 2015 [41]) and online at World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (Govaerts 2022 [42]), both p.p. quoad syn. Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L. Chen.
Chinese name: 薄叶木莲 meaning “thin-leaved manglietia”.
Proposed new Chinese name: 马关薄叶木兰 meaning “Maguan thin-leaved magnolia”.
Type: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Maguan County, alt. 1685 m, in forests, fr, October 1986, Chen Bao-liang & Li Bao 86s-195. Holotype: SYS 00095538!
Specimen image below accessed on 20 March 2019; reaccessed with a new URL on 22 October 2022:
Holotype (SYS): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f40684.
Paratypes: CHINA—Yunnan Province • ibid., 1986, Chen Bao-liang & Yang Shao-cheng Gs86-098. SYS n.v. • October 1986, Chen Bao-liang & Li Bao 86s-298. SYS n.v.
Additional material: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Malipo County, Laojun Shan, 1660 m, October 1987, Chen Bao-liang 87F-185. SYS 00051327 n.v. SYS 00051808 n.v.
Note: The distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted in bold in Table 6, Table 7 and Table 8 indicate Manglietia tenuifolia to be an independent genuine species to M. insignis, M. duclouxii and M. caveana, under which it was placed in synonymy by the previously listed authors. It is consequently reinstated and transferred to Magnolia with a necessary new name. The replacement name Magnolia valderi is proposed for Manglietia tenuifolia, because its transfer to Magnolia would otherwise create a later illegitimate homonym to the fossil taxon Magnolia tenuifolia Lesq. of 1868 [13] (ICN Art. 53.1, Note 3—“In accordance with Art. 53, later homonyms are illegitimate regardless of whether the type is fossil or non-fossil” [6]. The new name Magnolia valderi is dedicated to Dr Peter George Valder OAM (1928–2023), a distinguished Australian university lecturer, botanist, horticulturist, and author of two significant, informative and thoroughly researched books concerning the cultivated plants of China, The Garden Plants of China [43] and Gardens in China [44], with the first book giving information on where the species occur in the wild, from which the cultivars that are discussed are derived.
Table 6. The 22 presently known comparative features between Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L.Chen and Manglietia insignis (Wall.) Blume, with 7 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Conservation status: Magnolia caveana, under which Manglietia tenuifolia is listed as a synonym, is recorded on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [32]) as Data deficient, resulting from a 31 August 2012 assessment which found that “there is no information on existing populations or threats across its entire range”, while noting that M. caveana is listed on the 2014 * Chinese Red List as Endangered. (* possibly this is meant to be 2004 [30]). Using IUCN criteria [37], Chinese authorities determined M. caveana as Endangered, EN B1ab (i,iii,v) [29] (p. 725). Also, on the IUCN Red List website [32], the conservation status of Magnolia duclouxii, under which Manglietia tenuifolia has been placed in synonymy in the past decade by Chinese taxonomists, was assessed on 21 September 2012 and is noted as “Data deficient, population trend unknown”, but that “based on its distribution, the species may be close to the Vulnerable thresholds”. However, Vietnamese researchers recommended in 2015 that Magnolia duclouxii from at least five locations in China and Vietnam should be provisionally classified as Endangered EN B2ab (i–v) c (i–iv) [52] (p. 131). Two years later, Chinese authorities, utilising IUCN criteria, determined Manglietia duclouxii as Vulnerable VU D1 [31] (p. 725).
Table 7. The 16 presently known comparative features between Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L.Chen and Manglietia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep, with 4 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Table 8. The 17 presently known comparative features between Manglietia tenuifolia Hung T. Chang & B.L.Chen and Manglietia caveana Hook. f. & Thomson, with 4 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Recommendation: The conservation status of Manglietia tenuifolia would be at a similar or higher level of endangerment than the previously mentioned taxa, since it is known only at the original collection sites at around 1660–1685 metres altitude in adjacent Maguan and Malipo counties in southeast Yunnan, China, and hence probably not in the tropical evergreen broadleaved forests below 700 metres of northern Vietnam (where it is incorrectly noted as a Michelia sp. [58] (p. 77), with none known to be in cultivation. However, its true status is unknown due to it having been hidden as a synonym of Magnolia caveana and M. duclouxii. Consequently, an IUCN evaluation of the current conservation status in the wild of Manglietia tenuifolia under the proposed new name of Magnolia valderi and independent from M. caveana and M. duclouxii is recommended to be undertaken as soon as possible! An appropriate starting point would be to determine whether this species occurs in the 1986 proclaimed 22,960 ha Laojun Shan Nature Reserve of Malipo and Maguan counties in southeastern Yunnan. This is because a collection of Manglietia tenuifolia was made at 1660 metres on Malipo County’s Laojun Shan in October 1987 by Chen Bao-liang under number 87F-185, as was Chen & Yang’s 87F-202 type specimen of Michelia brachyandra at 1680 metres, as noted under this other reinstated species in this paper.

4.2. Three New Combinations in Magnolia

Magnolia balansae var. brevipes (B.L. Chen) C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png, comb. nov.
Basionym: Michelia balansae var. brevipes B.L. Chen, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1988(1): 112 (Chen 1988 [10]).
Michelia balansae (A. DC.) Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 1079 (Chen & Nooteboom 1993 [2]), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 54 (Frodin & Govaerts 1996 [17]), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 47 (Wu & Chen 2006 [18]), Flora of China Vol. 7: 89 (Xia et al. 2008 [21]) and A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 240 (Sima 2011 [23]), each p.p. quoad syn. Michelia balansae var. brevipes B.L. Chen.
Magnolia balansae Aug. DC., online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003 [59]) p.p. quoad syn. Michelia balansae var. brevipes B.L. Chen.
Present Chinese name: 短柄苦梓含笑 meaning “short-stemmed bitter michelia”.
Proposed Chinese name: 短柄苦梓木兰 meaning “short-stemmed bitter magnolia”.
Type: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Malipo County, Nanwen River, Bachong township, Dazhai village, alt. 1165 m, small environment, northwest slope, roadside, sunny place, sparse forest, 5.7 m tree, 4 April 1987, Chen Bao-liang & Mai Chi-nan 87T-034. Holotype: SYS 00050878! Isotypes: SYS 00095539! SYS 00095540! SYS 00095541! SYS 00050877 n.v. SYS 00050879 n.v. NHN/L 0397470!
Specimen images below accessed on 20 March 2019, CVH images reaccessed with new URLs on 18 November 2022:
Holotype (SYS): http://www.docin.com/p-1050989203.html (Sima 2011: 315, photo 2–56) (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Isotype (SYS: sheet 1): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f4078b (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Isotype (SYS: sheet 2): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f408bf (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Isotype (SYS: sheet 3): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=08f409e2 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Isotype (NHN/L): http://medialib.naturalis.nl/file/id/L0397470_MLN/format/large?fpi=1 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
Note: Michelia balansae var. brevipes B.L. Chen is listed as a synonym of Michelia balansae by Nooteboom [2] because “the brachyblasts are rather short in the collections of M. balansae var. brevipes collected in southeastern Yunnan, but intermediate forms are found throughout the area of distribution”. This synonymy was subsequently recorded by the authors listed above. While Chen noted in his diagnosis the short 1 cm pedicels or flower-bearing shoots of his new variety (Nooteboom’s brachyblasts), other recorded differences to M. balansae are the shorter tepals (2.5–2.9 cm vs. 3.5–3.7 cm long [26]), where the maximum length of the variety is less than the minimum length of the species; the colour of the tepals (pale yellow vs. pale greenish white [26]); and the shape of the gynoecia (ellipsoid vs. ovoid [26]). As a distinct variety, Chen’s Michelia balansae var. brevipes is reinstated and transferred to Magnolia.
Recommendation: The survival or otherwise of this variety should be determined at its only known wild locality near Dazhai village, Malipo County, Yunnan, where it was collected 39 years ago. The collection locality was elaborated more fully on the label attached to the holotype herbarium specimen as: “small environment in sparse woods on northwest slope at about 1165 m, located along roadside in Yang Department, vicinity of Dazhai village of Bachong township, situated on the Nanwen River in Malipo County, Yunnan”. The villagers of Dazhai may possibly lead researchers to this michelia that was growing along a local roadside 39 years ago.
Magnolia brachyandra (B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang) C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png, comb. nov.
Basionym: Michelia brachyandra B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1988(3): 98 (Chen & Yang 1988 [12]).
Michelia chapensis Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 1078, 1081 (Chen & Nooteboom 1993 [2]), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 55 (Frodin & Govaerts 1996 [17]), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 48 (Wu & Chen 2006 [18]), Flora of China Vol. 7: 88 (Xia et al. 2008 [21]), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 51 (Sima & Lu 2009 [22]), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 248 (Sima 2011 [23]) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 180 (Deng & Yang 2015 [40]), each p.p. quoad syn. Michelia brachyandra B.L. Chen B.L. & S.C. Yang.
Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima, in Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology 2001(2): 29 (Sima 2001 [20]) and online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003 [59]), both p.p. quoad syn. Michelia brachyandra B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang.
Present Chinese name: 老君山含笑 meaning “Laojun Shan michelia”.
Proposed Chinese name: 老君山木兰 meaning “Laojun Shan magnolia”.
Type: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Malipo County, Laojun Shan, alt. 1680 m, October 1987, fl, Chen Bao-liang & Yang Shao-cheng 87F202. Holotype: SYS n.v.
Holotype (SYS): specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 22 October 2022 (see note 1 below).
Note 1: The type specimen of Michelia brachyandra at SYS could not be found (Fan Qiang, pers. comm., July 2019).
Note 2: The distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted in bold in Table 9 indicate Michelia brachyandra to be an independent genuine species to M. chapensis, under which it was placed in synonymy by the previously listed authors. It is consequently reinstated and transferred to Magnolia.
Table 9. The 22 presently known comparative features between Michelia brachyandra B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang and Michelia chapensis Dandy, with 10 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Note 3: Research for a future paper has found Michelia brachyandra recorded in ex situ conservation at South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, where Michelia chapensis is also recorded. A mix-up of the Chinese and Latin names has created some uncertainty whether Michelia brachyandra also occurs at a second Chinese botanical garden.
Conservation status and recommendation: As far as can be ascertained, Michelia brachyandra remains known only from the original single type collection in 1987 and would have been endangered even at that time. Consequently, a survey on behalf of the IUCN of the present numbers in the wild of Magnolia brachyandra (syn. Michelia brachyandra) at Laojun Shan situated in Malipo County of southeastern Yunnan needs to be undertaken at the earliest opportunity! This should determine whether this species is afforded protection within Yunnan’s 1986 established Laojun Shan Nature Reserve, expanded from 4507 ha at the time of Chen & Yang’s collection [60] to its present size of 22,960 ha, or whether this species, found on Laojun Shan in October 1987 at 1680 m, as was Manglietia tenuifolia at 1660 m, is beyond the reserve’s protection.
Magnolia chartacea (B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang) C.B. Callaghan & S.K. Png, comb. nov.
Basionym: Michelia chartacea B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni 1988(3): 97 (Chen & Yang 1988 [12]).
Michelia chapensis Dandy, in Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden 80(4): 1079 (Chen & Nooteboom 1993 [2]), World Checklist and Bibliography of Magnoliaceae: 55 (Frodin & Govaerts 1996 [17]), Flora Yunnanica. Tomus 6 (Spermatophyta): 48 (Wu & Chen 2006 [18]), Flora of China Vol. 7: 88 (Xia et al. 2008 [21]), Vouchered Flora of Southeast Yunnan, Vol. 1: 51 (Sima & Lu 2009 [22]), A Taxonomic Revision of the Magnoliaceae from China: 248 (Sima 2011 [23]) and Magnoliaceae Plants of Guizhou: 180 (Deng & Yang 2015 [40]), each p.p. quoad syn. Michelia chartacea B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang.
Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima, in Yunnan Forestry Science and Technology 2001(2): 29 (Sima 2001 [20]), and online at World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Govaerts 2003 [59]), both p.p. quoad syn. Michelia chartacea B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang.
Present Chinese name: 麻栗坡含笑 meaning “Malipo michelia”.
Proposed Chinese name: 麻栗坡木兰 meaning “Malipo magnolia”.
Type: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Malipo County, in forests, alt. 1650 m, 1987, Chen Bao-liang & Yang Shao-cheng 87F186. Holotype: SYS n.v. ibid.• unspecified date, Chen Bao-liang & Yang Shao-cheng 8706. Topotype: YCP n.v. ibid.• unspecified date, Chen Bao-liang & Yang Shao-cheng 8738. Topotype: YCP n.v.
Paratypes: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Xichou County, alt. 1585 m, 1987, Chen Bao-liang 87F179. SYS? n.v. ibid. • 1986, Chen Bao-liang & Li Bao GS9024. SYS? n.v.
Holotype (SYS): specimen image not uploaded to CVH at 22 October 2022—see note 1 below. All the other type specimens listed above could not be located by the present authors.
Additional material: CHINA—Yunnan Province • Xichou County? alt. 1585 m, Oct. 1984, Li Da-xiao 841012. IBSC 0085940 n.v. (identified in 2001 by Zhou Ren-zhang at IBSC). • Pingbian Miao Autonomous County, Shuiweicheng, in forests, alt. 2000 m, tree 25 m, 30 August 1999, Shui Yu-min et al. 10344. PE 01974161!
Specimen image accessed on 18 November 2022:
(PE): https://www.cvh.ac.cn/spms/detail.php?id=e85b9ada.
Note 1: The holotype specimen of Michelia chartacea at SYS could not be found (Fan Qiang, pers. comm., July 2019).
Note 2: Recently published research supports the division of Magnoliaceae into the monogeneric subfamilies Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae. This research includes a UPGMA clustering diagram of genomic relationships between 135 species of Magnoliaceae [61] (p. 30, Figure 3.6), which reveals the closest relative to Michelia chartacea to be M. platypetala Hand.-Mazz., with M. chapensis a distant relative on the opposite side of the genome map. An earlier UPGMA clustering diagram places Michelia chartacea and M. platypetala branched next to each other among the various branches of category IV, with M. chapensis isolated amongst the branches of category V [62] (p. 416, Figure 2). A previously published study of the genetic diversity of 48 wild species of Magnoliaceae in Yunnan Province utilising ISSR molecular markers showed Michelia chartacea in isolation on the accompanying UPGMA cluster map [63] (p. 281, Figure 2), with M. chapensis and M. platypetala not included, since they do not occur in Yunnan [26] (p. 232, p. 306). A recent phylogenetic analysis [64] (Figure 1) “showed that M. chartacea was closely related with M. martini (Levl) Levl. and M. maudiae Dunn, forming a clade included in Michelia”. In addition to the above information, the distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted in bold in Table 10 of the present paper confirm Michelia chartacea to be an independent genuine species to M. chapensis and it is consequently reinstated and transferred to Magnolia.
Table 10. The 20 presently known comparative features between Michelia chartacea B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang and Michelia chapensis Dandy, with 7 distinguishing diagnostic features highlighted (in bold).
Conservation status and recommendation: Within five years of its naming, Michelia chartacea was reduced to a synonym of Michelia chapensis and as a consequence the in situ conservation status of this species has effectively been out of consideration for the past 33 years. Therefore, an IUCN evaluation of the current situation in the wild of Magnolia chartacea (syn. Michelia chartacea) within Xichou and Malipo Counties of Wenshan Prefecture, where this species is said to be endemic [65] and recorded for Wenshan National Nature Reserve [66], should be carried out as a matter of urgency. This could be in conjunction with an evaluation of the conservation status of other Magnoliaceae taxa from the surrounding regions of southeast Yunnan that have been reaffirmed as distinct genuine species in this research paper.

5. Conclusions

Now once again recognised and reinstated as the independent species or variety as was determined by Chen Bao-liang and associated taxonomists in 1987 and 1988 from collections he and his botanical colleagues made in southeastern Yunnan in 1986 and 1987, determination of their present in situ and ex situ conservation status at the earliest opportunity is the obvious next requirement, with any protection measures put in place to ensure their survival into the future.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.B.C.; Methodology, C.B.C.; Investigation, C.B.C. and S.K.P.; Interpretation of Data, S.K.P. and C.B.C.; Validation, C.B.C. and S.K.P.; Writing—Original Draft, C.B.C.; Writing—Review and Editing, C.B.C. and S.K.P.; Supervision, C.B.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data utilised in this research article is outlined in Section 2. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author(s).

Acknowledgments

Willam Hastie and Miguel Garcia, Research Librarians at the CSIRO Black Mountain Library, Canberra, and at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, respectively, are both thanked and greatly appreciated for assisting with our inquiries at the commencement of our present research. We sincerely thank Yuan Hui-kun for taking his valuable time to show us around Kunming Botanical Garden, Yunnan, in April 2017 and point out the various plants of the Magnoliaceae family that have been cultivated for many decades in this extensive garden established in 1951.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. Institutional herbarium acronyms. The acronyms representing herbaria where the type specimens are deposited are as follows.

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