Veterinary Sciences

29 pages, 730 KB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Fiber Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism in Animals: Implications for Animal Nutrition

by Jinhua Lai, Jürgen Zentek and Łukasz Marcin Grześkowiak

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020209 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1322

Dietary fiber (DF) is a fundamental component of animal nutrition and has been widely studied for its nutritional and physiological functions in animals. While existing studies mainly focus on the independent effects of DF on gut microbiota or bile acids (BAs), the mechanisms [...] Read more.

Dietary fiber (DF) is a fundamental component of animal nutrition and has been widely studied for its nutritional and physiological functions in animals. While existing studies mainly focus on the independent effects of DF on gut microbiota or bile acids (BAs), the mechanisms underlying their interactions remain poorly understood. DF interacts closely with gut microbiota, promoting the production of beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, which subsequently influence BA metabolism through microbial deconjugation and dehydroxylation processes, generating free and secondary BA essential for host health. Together, the gut microbiota and BA play key roles in mediating the effects of DF on intestinal and systemic physiology via the gut–liver axis. Although DF contributes to energy supply, nutrient digestion, and regulation of gut microbiota and BA metabolism, its physiological effects vary depending on fiber source, type, chemical composition, inclusion level, and animal species. Ruminant and non-ruminant animals differ in their capacity to utilize DF, with extensive fermentation occurring in the rumen of ruminants, whereas fermentation in non-ruminants mainly occurs in the hindgut and is more limited. Consequently, inappropriate DF supplementation may impair gastrointestinal function and overall physiological status. This review summarizes the diverse effects of different DF types in animals and critically examines the complex and bidirectional interactions among DF, gut microbiota, and BA metabolism, highlighting knowledge gaps that require further investigation to optimize DF application in animal nutrition. Full article

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28 pages, 348 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Five Key Minerals (Cu, Se, Zn, Co, Fe) in Reproductive Function of Female Cattle: Current Insights and Future Directions

by Beiyao Wang, Xinlin Li, Zimo Zhou, Yanqiu Zhu, Zhicai Zuo and Hongrui Guo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020208 - 23 Feb 2026

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1460

Abstract

Reproductive efficiency in female cattle is significantly influenced by micronutrient status, particularly the availability and balance of essential trace minerals. Selenium, copper, zinc, cobalt, and iron serve as critical components of enzymatic systems, antioxidant defense networks, hormone synthesis, and cellular metabolism, collectively sustaining [...] Read more.

Reproductive efficiency in female cattle is significantly influenced by micronutrient status, particularly the availability and balance of essential trace minerals. Selenium, copper, zinc, cobalt, and iron serve as critical components of enzymatic systems, antioxidant defense networks, hormone synthesis, and cellular metabolism, collectively sustaining reproductive health. This review integrates current research evidence on the physiological functions and molecular mechanisms through which these five trace minerals regulate reproductive performance in female cattle, with a specific focus on iron—an often overlooked element—highlighting the novelty of this synthesis. Both deficiency and excess of these minerals impair key reproductive outcomes such as estrous cyclicity, conception rate, and embryonic survival. Furthermore, complex interactions among minerals influence their bioavailability and physiological responses. Advances in mineral supplementation strategies, particularly the application of organic minerals and precision feeding technologies, offer promising solutions to improve reproductive performance. Elucidating these interrelationships provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing trace mineral nutrition, thereby enhancing female cattle fertility, reducing metabolic disorders and promoting the sustainable development of beef and dairy industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Paper Special Issue: Nutritional Metabolism and Toxic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

24 pages, 7711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antiparasitic Activity of Hedera helix Extract-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles in Experimentally Induced Giardiasis

by Hany M. El-Wahsh, Faten Abdullah Al Braikan, Doaa Naguib, Suzan Awad Abdel Ghany Morsy, Alshaymaa M. Abdelmenem, Shaimaa G. Ibrahim, Hebatallah Husseini Atteia, Hend Mohamed Hussein, Mohammad Mousa Alshumrani, Ashraf Fawzy Mosa Ahmed, Mariham George Loqa and Ahlam F. Moharam

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020207 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 798

Abstract

Giardiasis, caused by Giardia duodenalis, is a common gastrointestinal infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Hedera helix leaf extract (HLE) and HLE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (HLE-CsNPs) against Giardia duodenalis isolates from individuals with gastrointestinal issues, using an experimental rat model. [...] Read more.

Giardiasis, caused by Giardia duodenalis, is a common gastrointestinal infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Hedera helix leaf extract (HLE) and HLE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (HLE-CsNPs) against Giardia duodenalis isolates from individuals with gastrointestinal issues, using an experimental rat model. Stool samples from 147 participants were analyzed for Giardia duodenalis, with positive samples further characterized by nested PCR-RFLP, revealing a 4.8% prevalence, all belonging to assemblage B. Ten groups of male albino rats were used to evaluate the antigiardial activity of various treatments. This included five non-infected groups [one untreated and four treated with HLE, HLE-CsNPs, CsNPs, and metronidazole (MTZ)] and five infected groups [one untreated and four similarly treated]. Treatment efficacy was assessed using parasite counts, intestinal histopathology, CD117 immunohistochemistry, and markers of liver and kidney function. HLE-CsNPs markedly reduced Giardia cysts by 88.8%, approaching the 99.2% reduction achieved by MTZ, while also improving intestinal architecture and reducing inflammation. Importantly, HLE and HLE-CsNPs provided superior protection for the liver and kidneys compared to MTZ. In conclusion, HLE-CsNPs exhibited significant antigiardial activity and organ protection in rats, suggesting a potential alternative treatment for Giardia duodenalis isolated from individuals with gastrointestinal issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)

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12 pages, 1176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of a One-Step Rapid Visual Detection Method for Pigeon Circovirus Based on the RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a Assay

by Chunxia Wang, Mengle Tang, Lina Liu, Erkai Feng, Guoliang Luo, Danni Wu, Yaxi Zhou, Shun Wu, Yuening Cheng and Zhenjun Wang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020206 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 566

Abstract

Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is an important pathogen that infects pigeons, which can induce multiple disorders such as immunosuppression and respiratory symptoms, posing a serious threat to the pigeon industry. In this study, we combined the RAA and CRISPR/Cas12a assay to establish a highly [...] Read more.

Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is an important pathogen that infects pigeons, which can induce multiple disorders such as immunosuppression and respiratory symptoms, posing a serious threat to the pigeon industry. In this study, we combined the RAA and CRISPR/Cas12a assay to establish a highly sensitive and accurate detection method for PiCV. This detection method amplifies the target nucleic acids through RAA; and the resultant dsDNA is specifically recognized by crRNA, the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a is activated, which further cleaves the fluorescent reporter group to generate a fluorescent signal that can be visually observed under blue light. The method established in this study exhibited high sensitivity, with a minimum detection limit of 6.08 copies/µL. It showed no cross-reactivity with non-PiCV samples, demonstrating high specificity. When 40 clinical samples were tested by this method and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) respectively, the coincidence rate was 92.5%, and the method developed herein achieved a higher positive detection rate. In conclusion, we successfully developed a rapid, on-site operable, one-step visual detection method for PiCV, which holds promising application prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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13 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Different Benzimidazole Formulations Against Sheep Naturally Infected with Fasciola hepatica and Anthelmintic Resistance Analysis

by Laura González del Palacio, Matthew James Denwood, Elora Valderas-García, Verónica Castilla-Gómez de Agüero, Rafael Balaña-Fouce and María Martínez-Valladares

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020205 - 20 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 661

Abstract

Fasciola infection, which is widely distributed and has a major impact on livestock production, is emerging as a significant zoonotic parasitic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. The main control strategy currently relies on a limited number of anthelmintic drugs, especially [...] Read more.

Fasciola infection, which is widely distributed and has a major impact on livestock production, is emerging as a significant zoonotic parasitic disease affecting both human and animal health worldwide. The main control strategy currently relies on a limited number of anthelmintic drugs, especially benzimidazoles such as albendazole and triclabendazole. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of albendazole and triclabendazole in a sheep flock in northwestern Spain naturally infected with F. hepatica and to test fenbendazole and oxfendazole as alternative formulations. For this purpose, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted applying various statistical methods based on the guidelines used for gastrointestinal nematodes. This study represents the first application of the new classification framework for F. hepatica, emphasizing the urgent need for standardized resistance detection protocols for this parasite and underlining the growing challenge of anthelmintic resistance in the treatment of fasciolosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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23 pages, 1211 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Combined Thyme Meal and Bacillus subtilis to Promote Growth Performance, Immune Function, Gene Expression, Antioxidant Defense, and Cecal Microbiota in Growing Rabbits Under Heat Stress Conditions

by Haifa Ali Alqhtani, Ahmed M. Elbaz, Safaa A. Hegazy, AbdelRahman Y. Abdelhady, Fatmah Ahmed Safhi, Mohamed Marzok, Mohamed Abdo Rizk, Mohammed Al-Rasheed, Mahmoud H. Mohamed, Sherief M. Abdel-Raheem, Ayman E. Taha and Ahmed A. Marwan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020204 - 20 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 887

Abstract

This study investigates the nutritional effects of a thyme meal and B. subtilis mixture on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gene expression, and gut microbiota in heat-stressed rabbits. One hundred and twenty male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four dietary [...] Read more.

This study investigates the nutritional effects of a thyme meal and B. subtilis mixture on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gene expression, and gut microbiota in heat-stressed rabbits. One hundred and twenty male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four dietary treatments (five replicates/group). The rabbits in the first group were fed a basal diet, while the other three groups were fed a basal diet containing B. subtilis, thyme meal, and their mixture, respectively. The B. subtilis and thyme meal mixture increases the heat-stressed rabbits’ body weight gain and carcass weight, and enhances nutrient digestibility and the feed conversion ratio. Supplementing the CBT mixture improved the lipid profile and liver and kidney function via decreasing plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, creatinine, urea, and AST levels, while increasing total protein and albumin levels. Furthermore, the CBT mixture enhanced the immune response and oxidative stability by increasing IgA and IgG levels, GPx enzyme activity, and SOD, while decreasing plasma MDA content. Adding the CBT mixture enhanced gut health by reducing pathogens and inflammation, as well as increasing volatile fatty acid levels and the expression of CAT-1, MUC-2, and SGLT-1 genes. The combination of a thyme meal and B. subtilis enhanced growth, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota modification, and the expression of gut health nutrient absorption-related genes in heat-stressed rabbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Strategies to Mitigate Heat Stress in Livestock Production)

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11 pages, 2056 KB

Open AccessCase Report

High-Mortality Outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis Associated with Poor Milking Practices in a Goat Dairy

by Fauna L. Smith, Frances Fan, Sarah Woods-Cuneo and Sarah Depenbrock

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020203 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

An outbreak of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus occurred in a commercial dairy goat herd during kidding season, resulting in fatal gangrenous mastitis in approximately 30% of the herd. S. aureus was recovered from milk, mammary tissue, and other organs in does subjected [...] Read more.

An outbreak of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus occurred in a commercial dairy goat herd during kidding season, resulting in fatal gangrenous mastitis in approximately 30% of the herd. S. aureus was recovered from milk, mammary tissue, and other organs in does subjected to necropsy. The S. aureus milk culture-positive rate among does in the hospital pen was 58.3%, while whole-herd milk cultures of clinically normal mature does identified S. aureus in 15.0% with an additional 15.0% positive for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), yielding a total culture-positive rate of 30.0%. The prevalence of CNS in subclinical animals was consistent with previous reports from U.S. dairy goats; in contrast, S. aureus isolation rates substantially exceeded previously reported prevalences. Poor milking hygiene and milking machine dysfunction were identified as major factors contributing to the spread of the S. aureus from goat to goat. California Mastitis Test (CMT) scores were significantly higher in culture-positive does compared with culture-negative animals (p < 0.05), demonstrating the value of CMT as a practical on-farm tool for early treatment decision making. Interventions focused on addressing milking hygiene and milking machine maintenance, as well as segregation and vaccination of replacement females. S. aureus dropped to undetectable in the next two kidding seasons, whereas the CNS culture rates remained unchanged, suggesting other factors may be contributing to CNS infection. This case highlights the role of subclinical intramammary infection and milking practice factors in transmission and control of contagious mastitis pathogens like S. aureus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Small Ruminants)

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33 pages, 3414 KB

Open AccessReview

The Environmental Pathways and Veterinary Health Implications of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Emerging Contaminants from a One Health Perspective

by Muhammad Farhan Rahim, Saisai Gong, Kewei Li, Chuxian Quan, Farah Ijaz, Yan Li, Quan Mo and Jiakui Li

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020202 - 20 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1025

Abstract

Background: Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are now common in land and water ecosystems. Their spread is an increasing issue from a One Health perspective. These particles end up in soils, water, air, and farm inputs. This poses direct risks to animal health [...] Read more.

Background: Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are now common in land and water ecosystems. Their spread is an increasing issue from a One Health perspective. These particles end up in soils, water, air, and farm inputs. This poses direct risks to animal health and indirect risks to people who eat animal-derived food. There are also risks from plastic additives and pesticides migrating with these particles in animal-based food. Scope and Approach: This review summarizes how MPs and NPs move in agroecosystems and livestock production. It covers their main sources, such as agricultural plastics, sludge-amended soils, plastic-lined storage, and environmental fallout. It explains how farm animals are exposed, including through feed, water, soil contact, and inhalation. Evidence is condensed for occurrence in manure, tissues, and animal products. The review also highlights key analysis challenges, especially those limiting the assessment of nanoplastic exposure. Key Findings: Field surveys show very different contamination levels in the environment. Agricultural soils range from 0.36 to 42,960 particles/kg. Livestock indicators, like contaminated feed and manure, range from 10² to 10⁵ particles/kg. In free-roaming systems, chicken feces have very high loads, showing trophic transfer in land food chains. A pilot study found plastic particles in pig and cow blood, suggesting some particles cross the gut into the blood. Experimental models link MPs/NPs to oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic disturbance, and potential reproductive toxicity in livestock and poultry. Conclusions and outlook: Animal-based foods provide a major source of human exposure. MPs and NPs have been observed in milk and poultry products, such as packaged meat and eggs (mean 11.67 ± 3.98 particles/egg). There is still a research gap on raw milk taken directly from the teat and on raw eggs that have not been handled or packaged. This gap makes it hard to identify real contamination sources and control strategies. The review stresses the need for harmonized detection methods (especially for NPs), monitoring from farm to fork, and practical ways to reduce plastic use on farms and minimize contamination during processing, feed handling, and packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Paper Special Issue: Nutritional Metabolism and Toxic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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11 pages, 2071 KB

Open AccessArticle

Left Atrioventricular Coupling Index: An Echocardiographic Index of Atrioventricular Dysfunction in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

by Federica Valeri, Francesco Porciello, Mark Rishniw, Simone Cupido, Maria Cicogna, Andrea Corda and Domenico Caivano

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020201 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 763

Abstract

The close physiological relationship between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) suggests that an index assessing both the cardiac chambers simultaneously could provide useful information about disease severity. Consequently, investigators have proposed the atrioventricular coupling index (LACi) and demonstrated its utility [...] Read more.

The close physiological relationship between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) suggests that an index assessing both the cardiac chambers simultaneously could provide useful information about disease severity. Consequently, investigators have proposed the atrioventricular coupling index (LACi) and demonstrated its utility in predicting the likelihood of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and other cardiovascular events in humans. No studies have been reported in veterinary medicine. Therefore, we measured the LACi in healthy dogs and dogs affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Two hundred and thirty-three dogs (105 healthy dogs and 128 dogs with MMVD) were retrospectively included in the study. The LACi (LA volume/LV volume × 100) at LV end-diastole (LACi-ED) and LV end-systole (LACi-ES) of each dog was measured using a monoplane Simpson’s Method of Discs from the left apical four-chamber view. In healthy dogs, LACi-ED and LACi-ES showed no relationship with bodyweight, heart rate and age (R² < 0.03, for all variables). In MMVD dogs, LACi-ED and LACi-ES differed between ACVIM stages (p < 0.001 and p < 0.02, for all stages). The LACi-ED and LACi-ES had similar accuracy in identifying MMVD dogs with congestive heart failure (area under the curve of 0.920 and 0.906, respectively). Our data suggest that the LACi can be useful in assessing left atrioventricular function in dogs with MMVD but the diagnostic accuracy in identifying dogs with congestive heart failure was not superior to the left atrial-to-aortic ratio. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the predictive value of this new echocardiographic index in dogs affected by MMVD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Small Animals)

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28 pages, 3582 KB

Open AccessReview

Rabies and Pinnipeds Reviewed: Premonitions, Perturbations, and Projections?

by Charles E. Rupprecht and Aniruddha V. Belsare

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020200 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1633

Abstract

Rabies is an acute, progressive, viral encephalitis. Warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible. Major reservoirs reside in the Chiroptera and Carnivora. Among the latter, representatives include dogs, ferret badgers, foxes, jackals, mongooses, raccoons, and skunks. Within the Carnivora, pinnipeds represent a diverse group of >30 [...] Read more.

Rabies is an acute, progressive, viral encephalitis. Warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible. Major reservoirs reside in the Chiroptera and Carnivora. Among the latter, representatives include dogs, ferret badgers, foxes, jackals, mongooses, raccoons, and skunks. Within the Carnivora, pinnipeds represent a diverse group of >30 extant species. These marine mammals range from the Arctic to Antarctica, but there is no review about rabies in this group. Apparently, only a single 1980 case of rabies occurred from Svalbard in a ringed seal (Phoca hispida). However, in 2024, incidental cases appeared within South African Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus). Retrospective testing of archival material identified suspect cases dating back to 2022. Currently, more than 80 cases have been documented in seals. Moreover, a new 2025 focus appeared in Namibia and cases in Angola are predictable. Viral characterization supports spillover infection via rabid black-backed jackals (Lupulella mesomelas). A host shift appears likely, with ongoing seal intraspecific transmission. Given the unique nature of this epizootic, implications for the southern hemisphere abound. Unfortunately, comprehensive data are lacking on pinniped specimens examined outside of southern Africa. For example, although Antarctica is considered ‘rabies-free’, minimal international standards for support are unmet. No routine laboratory-based surveillance occurs. This enzootic rabies focus among seals in southern Africa presents unique challenges for the region and a rare opportunity for considering broader surveillance. Besides targeted parenteral vaccination of fur seals, local engagement involves vagrant species, including elephant (Mirounga leonina) and leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx). The void of regional pinniped surveillance, especially encompassing the Southern Ocean would require considerable proactive local resolution and much wider collaboration regarding future concerns to both public health and conservation biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Wildlife Health: Surveillance and Management of Infectious Diseases)

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23 pages, 1059 KB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats: From Pathophysiology to Emerging Biomarkers

by Sofia Rosa, Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira, Rui Martins and Felisbina Pereira Queiroga

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020199 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 3152

Abstract

Feline chronic kidney disease is a leading cause of mortality in geriatric cats, characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of renal function. Despite its high prevalence, early diagnosis remains challenging due to nephron compensatory mechanisms and the limited sensitivity of traditional biomarkers, [...] Read more.

Feline chronic kidney disease is a leading cause of mortality in geriatric cats, characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of renal function. Despite its high prevalence, early diagnosis remains challenging due to nephron compensatory mechanisms and the limited sensitivity of traditional biomarkers, creating a diagnostic gap that necessitates the exploration of novel biomarkers for earlier detection. This review examines the complex pathophysiology of the disease, including renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and mineral metabolism disturbances. By analyzing recent scientific literature, this work evaluates current diagnostic landscape and clinical relevance of emerging biomarkers. Evidence indicates that symmetric dimethylarginine and fibroblast growth factor-23 improve detection of early metabolic and filtration changes, while urinary biomarkers like cystatin B and retinol-binding protein provide specific insights into tubular injury. Bridging the diagnostic gap requires a transition from a reactive, azotemia-based framework to a multi-parametric diagnostic approach that integrates novel biomarkers with serial clinical and laboratory monitoring. Although financial constraints and limited availability restrict widespread clinical implementation, incorporating these advances is essential for earlier prognostic stratification and timely therapeutic decision-making. This integrated strategy has the potential to slow disease progression and improve survival and quality of life in cats with chronic kidney disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals)

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21 pages, 1944 KB

Open AccessArticle

Revisiting Ki-67 Assessment in Canine Mast Cell Tumours: From Manual Hotspot to Automated Global Analysis

by Rebeca Scalco, Elena Wasmer, Kathrin Jäger, Sven Rottenberg, Heike Aupperle-Lellbach and Simone de Brot

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020198 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 977

Abstract

Canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) show highly variable behaviour, and Ki-67 is an established prognostic indicator. Conventional Ki-67 assessment is manual and restricted to small hotspot areas, limiting reliability. This study presents a semi-automated whole-tumour tissue section (global) Ki-67 analysis workflow, outlines its [...] Read more.

Canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) show highly variable behaviour, and Ki-67 is an established prognostic indicator. Conventional Ki-67 assessment is manual and restricted to small hotspot areas, limiting reliability. This study presents a semi-automated whole-tumour tissue section (global) Ki-67 analysis workflow, outlines its limitations, and examines correlations with hotspot counts and clinical outcome. A total of 309 canine MCTs were assessed using a deep-learning-assisted quantification with commercial software. Global Ki-67 metrics were correlated with hotspot Ki-67 counts and histomorphologic tumour grades, as supported by clinical follow-up data from 68 dogs. The defined analytic workflow enabled an overall feasible global Ki-67 assessment in canine MCTs. The region-of-interest (ROI) definition required frequent manual adjustments, whereas Ki-67 quantification was fully automated and rapid. Global Ki-67 metrics correlated with manual hotspot counts, with Ki-67-positive cell density on average twice as high in tumour hotspots compared with whole tumour sections, with differences ranging up to 38-fold. Exploratory survival analyses suggested promising predictive power, warranting validation in a robust survival study. With established digital pathology tools, global whole-tumour assessment of Ki-67 and other biomarkers is feasible. It should become the new standard for defining robust prognostic and predictive markers in canine mast cell and other tumours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Infectious Dose of a 2018 Senecavirus A Isolate in Neonatal Pigs

by Alexandra C. Buckley, Bailey Arruda and Samantha J. Hau

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020197 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 483

Abstract

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a picornavirus that causes vesicular disease in swine and has been associated with increased neonatal mortality. Although SVA had only been detected sporadically in the United States since the 1980s, there was a sharp increase in cases in the [...] Read more.

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a picornavirus that causes vesicular disease in swine and has been associated with increased neonatal mortality. Although SVA had only been detected sporadically in the United States since the 1980s, there was a sharp increase in cases in the United States and around the world starting in 2015. The cause of this shift in SVA epidemiology remains unknown; however, changes in the virus that have resulted in enhanced infectivity may have contributed. The aim of this research was to establish the infectious dose of a post-2015 SVA isolate in neonatal pigs and compare its infectivity to previous work with a 2011 SVA isolate. A 2018 SVA isolate (SVA/KS/2018) was serially 10-fold diluted to generate six inoculums. Animals were individually housed with four pigs inoculated with 2 mL orally per dilution. Detection of SVA RNA in serum and swabs, as well as the presence of neutralizing antibodies, were used to classify the infection status of animals. The minimum infectious dose for SVA/KS/2018 in neonates was 10^2.5 TCID₅₀/mL (2 × 10^2.5 or 632 TCID₅₀/pig). This value is similar to the infectious dose determined for SVA/CAN/2011, thus providing evidence that the increase in SVA detections was not due to increases in infectivity of contemporary isolates. Neonatal mortality has not been experimentally reproduced; however, pigs inoculated with higher doses of SVA/KS/2018 developed diarrhea and mortality, suggesting increased virulence, which should be investigated further. Full article

13 pages, 1300 KB

Open AccessArticle

Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in Horses Following Laparoscopic Nephrosplenic Space Ablation

by Anna Cerullo, Nicola Scilimati, Matteo Riccardo Di Nicola, Luca Colla, Susanna Mazza, Alice Bertoletti, Sara Nannarone and Rodolfo Gialletti

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020196 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 720

Abstract

Left dorsal displacement of the large colon (LDDLC) is a common cause of colic in horses and it is frequently associated with recurrent episodes, with significant implications for horse management, athletic performance, and owner satisfaction. Laparoscopic nephrosplenic space (NSS) ablation is a preventive [...] Read more.

Left dorsal displacement of the large colon (LDDLC) is a common cause of colic in horses and it is frequently associated with recurrent episodes, with significant implications for horse management, athletic performance, and owner satisfaction. Laparoscopic nephrosplenic space (NSS) ablation is a preventive surgical technique aimed at reducing recurrence in horses with a history of medically or surgically treated LDDLC. This retrospective study evaluated 48 horses that underwent laparoscopic NSS ablation in two Italian Veterinary Teaching Hospitals between 2016 and 2024. Short-term outcomes, including immediate postoperative complications and discharge status, were assessed. Long-term follow-up data were collected via owner questionnaires, focusing on survival, recurrence of colic, post-surgical complications, return to athletic or breeding activity, and owner satisfaction. Most horses were discharged without complications (91.7%), while postoperative colic occurred in 8.3%. Kaplan–Meier estimated one-year post-discharge survival was 83.3%, and 81.3% of horses were alive at last follow-up (range 0.7 months to 8.8 years). Post-discharge complications were reported in 31.2% of horses, most commonly recurrent LDDLC. Return to preoperative athletic or breeding activity was reported in 70.8% of cases, and owner satisfaction was high (83.3%). Time-to-event analysis indicated markedly reduced survival in horses requiring laparotomy during follow-up. Bayesian logistic models suggested lower mortality and fewer post-discharge complications in horses with prior colic surgery, whereas a history of recurrent colic and laparotomy during follow-up was associated with higher mortality and complications. These results indicate that laparoscopic NSS ablation is an effective and safe procedure for long-term management of horses at risk of LDDLC, allowing a high rate of survival, functional recovery, and owner satisfaction, despite the persistence of occasional colic episodes. Full article

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12 pages, 1637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Invasive Fascioloides magna and Its Italian “Alcatraz”

by Marco Coraglia, Barbara Moroni, Anna Rita Molinar Min, Luca Rossi and Paolo Tizzani

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020195 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 710

Abstract

Fascioloides magna, an invasive trematode introduced to Europe in the 19th century, persists in two main foci: the Danube basin and La Mandria Natural Park (LMNP) in northern Italy. This study assessed whether the parasite has spread beyond LMNP and evaluated environmental [...] Read more.

Fascioloides magna, an invasive trematode introduced to Europe in the 19th century, persists in two main foci: the Danube basin and La Mandria Natural Park (LMNP) in northern Italy. This study assessed whether the parasite has spread beyond LMNP and evaluated environmental and host-related risk factors. Between 2012 and 2023, 331 wild ruminant livers were examined, and faecal samples were analysed for fluke eggs. Gastropods from the LMNP were sampled using a predictive habitat suitability model and screened for F. magna DNA. Camera traps monitored ungulate movements across LMNP boundaries. Results confirmed the parasite’s presence in red and fallow deer within LMNP and sporadic cases in roe deer, but no evidence of infection in wildlife or gastropods outside the park. Molecular screening detected F. magna DNA in 9.2%% of snails inside LMNP only. Despite occasional crossings by potential definitive hosts, ecological conditions outside LMNP appear unsuitable for sustaining the parasite’s life cycle. These findings suggest a low current risk of spread but highlight the need for continued surveillance and barrier reinforcement. The integrated approach combining parasitology, molecular diagnostics, and GIS-based risk mapping provides a valuable framework for managing invasive parasitic diseases in wildlife. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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13 pages, 2317 KB

Open AccessArticle

Passengers as Pathways: Behavioral Evidence on Travelers’ Knowledge of African Swine Fever Introduction Through Pork Products

by Daniela Mandas, Giulia Murgia, Katia Usai, Riccardo Bazzardi, Gaia Muroni, Stefano Cappai, Annamaria Coccollone and Federica Loi

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020194 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 818

Abstract

Increased international trade and tourist flows are key factors in the introduction of transboundary animal diseases such as African swine fever (ASF). Despite the availability of sufficiently detailed data on legal commercial trade, the movement of pork products intended for personal consumption is [...] Read more.

Increased international trade and tourist flows are key factors in the introduction of transboundary animal diseases such as African swine fever (ASF). Despite the availability of sufficiently detailed data on legal commercial trade, the movement of pork products intended for personal consumption is insufficiently reported and difficult to track when carried in passenger luggage, and may act as an introduction pathway. In this study, we analyze the risk of ASF reintroduction in Sardinia, an island that has recently achieved disease-free status after a long epidemic. An anonymous questionnaire on travelers’ awareness of ASF and their food transportation habits was administered at the main Sardinian airports between July and December 2025, and a total of 6525 responses were received. The results show a low level of knowledge regarding ASF, with approximately 95% of respondents stating they were unaware of the disease, while almost 10% of travelers reported having transported meat or other pork products, often originating from countries where the virus is circulating. Our investigation highlights how passenger flows, especially during the seasonal peak, could act as a vector for potential disease reintroduction through the transport of pork products. The results stress that the adoption of behavioral survey tools is essential to supplement traditional surveillance systems, highlighting the need to improve targeted communication strategies at both ports and airports in order to reduce the risk of virus reintroduction and protect regional livestock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Post-Outbreak Control and Eradication of Swine Diseases)

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9 pages, 673 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of a Lyophilized Bovine Milk Reference Material for Quality Control of Amoxicillin Detection

by Shulin Wei, Wei Zhang, Decheng Suo, Peilong Wang, Kang Ma and Ruiguo Wang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020193 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 490

Abstract

A bovine milk reference material was produced containing amoxicillin with a target concentration at the maximum residue limit. For the evaluation and characterization of the reference material, an isotope dilution–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated. This material was prepared by [...] Read more.

A bovine milk reference material was produced containing amoxicillin with a target concentration at the maximum residue limit. For the evaluation and characterization of the reference material, an isotope dilution–liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated. This material was prepared by collecting milk samples from cows treated with an appropriate amoxicillin injection, followed by freeze-drying, dilution, and homogenization of the authentic samples. The amoxicillin reference material, prepared in accordance with ISO Guide 35, was homogeneous and stable. It was assigned a certified value of (4.10 ± 0.13) μg/kg with a relative standard deviation between 2.93 and 5.29%, which meets the maximum residue limit (MRL) requirement of 4.0 μg/kg established by the United States, the European Union, and China. This reference material can be used for method validation and provides internal quality control assurance for the detection of amoxicillin. Full article

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21 pages, 581 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Real-World Data Analysis on Feline Chronic Kidney Disease in Greece: Clinical Profiles, Comorbidities, and Quality of Life

by Ioulia Chortara, Irene Chatzipanagiotidou, Ioli Moutsopoulou, Constantina N. Tsokana, Eleni Pavlidou, Thaisa L. Sandri, Andrea Wright and George Valiakos

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020192 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1455

Abstract

Feline chronic kidney disease (fCKD) is highly prevalent in geriatric cats, affecting up to 80%, and is a leading cause of morbidity in cats with a challenging diagnosis. This study aimed to characterize the clinical profiles, comorbidities, and quality of life of cats [...] Read more.

Feline chronic kidney disease (fCKD) is highly prevalent in geriatric cats, affecting up to 80%, and is a leading cause of morbidity in cats with a challenging diagnosis. This study aimed to characterize the clinical profiles, comorbidities, and quality of life of cats with fCKD in real-world clinical settings in Greece. Real-world data from 208 client-owned cats with fCKD were analyzed, including demographics, clinical findings, body and muscle condition scores, and practitioner-assigned stage according to International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines. Additionally, owners completed the VetMetrica™ Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) questionnaire. Associations between comorbidities, IRIS stage, and HRQL domains were assessed using appropriate statistical analysis. At least one comorbidity was present in 66.8% of cats, with oral/dental disease (29.81%) and anemia (15.38%) being the most common. HRQL scores declined significantly with advancing IRIS stage (p < 0.001). Notably, anemia showed the strongest association with reduced HRQL across all domains, including an 18.79-point reduction in Emotional Wellbeing (p < 0.001). Oral/dental disease was also significantly associated with poorer Comfort (OR 5.16) and Emotional Wellbeing (OR 7.10). Overall, comorbidities independently contributed to impaired quality of life in cats with fCKD. These findings highlight that early detection of fCKD and targeted management of comorbidities alongside renal care may substantially improve patient welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals)

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15 pages, 1082 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Brucellosis in Kazakhstan: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Smallholder Farmers and Veterinary Specialists

by Spandiyar Tursunkulov, Faruza Zakirova, Zamzagul Moldakhmetova, Alexandra Tegza, Zaure Sayakova, Nurzhan Abekeshev, Alim Bizhanov, Assiya Mussayeva, Serik Kanatbayev, Gulnur Admanova, Nurkuisa Rametov, Temirlan Bakishev, Zhanar Bakisheva, Aigul Bulasheva, Akerke Temirova and Arman Issimov

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020191 - 14 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 829

Abstract

Brucellosis continues to pose a substantial zoonotic risk in Kazakhstan; however, evidence describing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of cattle farmers and veterinary personnel remains limited. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between May and October 2024 across twelve administrative locations nationwide. Structured [...] Read more.

Brucellosis continues to pose a substantial zoonotic risk in Kazakhstan; however, evidence describing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of cattle farmers and veterinary personnel remains limited. A cross-sectional study was undertaken between May and October 2024 across twelve administrative locations nationwide. Structured questionnaires were administered to 506 cattle farmers and 33 veterinary professionals, and the data were evaluated using descriptive analyses and univariable logistic regression. Awareness of brucellosis in cattle was relatively high among farmers, yet understanding of its implications for human health was markedly lower. In contrast, animal health workers demonstrated consistently higher levels of knowledge (OR: 12.6; 95% CI: 9.88–16.34; p < 0.001). Several practices associated with zoonotic transmission were commonly reported by farmers, including handling aborted materials without protective gloves, consumption of unpasteurised milk, and leaving reproductive tissues in grazing areas. Nevertheless, most farmers expressed readiness to adopt preventive measures, particularly cattle vaccination and the use of basic protective practices. These findings reveal important gaps between awareness and behavior that may contribute to continued transmission of brucellosis. Strengthening farmer education through locally tailored, One Health-based interventions offers a practical pathway to improving brucellosis control and enhancing cattle productivity in Kazakhstan. Full article

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17 pages, 2161 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydroxycinnamic and Hydroxybenzoic-Based Mitochondriotropic Antioxidants Improve Bovine Embryo Quality and Cryo-Survival

by Filipa Ferreira, Beatriz Lourenço, José Teixeira, Fernando Cagide, Sofia Benfeito, Fernando Lidon, Fernanda Borges, Paulo J. Oliveira and Rosa M. Lino Neto Pereira

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020190 - 14 Feb 2026

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) use has increased over the past decades. However, reports concerning ART’s low efficiency continue to emerge, citing causes related to lower embryo quality and pregnancy rates compared to their in vivo counterparts. One of the setbacks of ART is [...] Read more.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) use has increased over the past decades. However, reports concerning ART’s low efficiency continue to emerge, citing causes related to lower embryo quality and pregnancy rates compared to their in vivo counterparts. One of the setbacks of ART is oxidative stress, which can impair embryo developmental rates. Mitochondrial redox and energetic homeostasis determine both cell survival and death, so mitochondria are a key target for therapeutic intervention strategies. In the present work, our objective was to improve the quality of viable embryos by adding new mitochondria-targeted antioxidants in the embryo culture media to reduce oxidative stress. Two naturally derived antioxidants synthesized by our team, AntiOxBEN₂ and AntiOxCIN₄, based on hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic scaffolds, respectively, were studied in two different experimental protocols (here called experiments). The first experiment investigated the effects of the antioxidants on embryo development to determine their optimal concentrations. The first assay of the first experiment focused on the effects of AntiOxCIN₄ at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 10 μM, while the second assay focused on the effects of AntiOxBEN₂ at the same concentrations. A control group without supplementation was run simultaneously. The second experiment aimed to compare the best concentrations of these antioxidant molecules in the embryo culture media and their effect on embryos’ resistance to vitrification/warming. In each experiment, the embryos were morphologically evaluated, and the total and viable cell numbers were examined. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial polarization were also evaluated using specific fluorescent dyes. In experiment 1, an increased embryo quality was identified by using 2.5 μM AntiOxCIN₄ (p = 0.03) and 2.5 μM AntiOxBEN₂ (p = 0.001). Moreover, blastocysts supplemented with 2.5 μM AntiOxCIN₄ had higher viability (p = 0.008), while those supplemented with 2.5 μM AntiOxBEN₂ presented a greater total cell number (p = 0.01). An improvement in embryo cryosurvival following the supplementation during the culture process with either antioxidant was identified in experiment 2, with superior expansion scores after vitrification/warming and culture (2.5 μM AntiOxCIN₄, p = 0.056 and 2.5 μM AntiOxBEN₂, p = 0.059). In conclusion, both AntiOxCIN₄ and AntiOxBEN₂ had a beneficial effect on embryo development and cryosurvival, suggesting a potential intervention to reduce oxidative stress in assisted reproductive technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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15 pages, 1710 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Colombian Pig Production Settings: A One Health Perspective Study

by Adriana Pulido-Villamarín, Fidson-Juarismy Vesga, Camilo Venegas, Deyci Rodríguez-Cordero, Adriana Matiz-Villamil, Irina Barrientos, Iliana C. Chamorro-Tobar, Juan Pablo Caicedo, Beatriz Ariza, Seyli Gomez, Loti Sarai Bermudez, Ana Karina Carrascal-Camacho, Moises Aranda-Silva and David Olaya E

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020189 - 14 Feb 2026

Viewed by 877

Abstract

Zoonotic pathogens in swine production can negatively impact both human and animal health, with the environment serving as a potential transmission vehicle. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in the Colombian swine production chain using [...] Read more.

Zoonotic pathogens in swine production can negatively impact both human and animal health, with the environment serving as a potential transmission vehicle. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in the Colombian swine production chain using the One Health approach. Samples were collected from nine farms and two slaughterhouses in the departments of Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca, and Meta. The analyzed samples included water, feed, pig and worker feces, organic material in treatment (manure treated and compost), and pig carcasses. These samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods and the Molecular Detection System (MDS). The results showed Salmonella spp. prevalence rates of 15.47% in pigs, 9.4% in feed, 8.47% in water, and 2.56% in organic material. For E. coli O157, prevalence rates were 25.71% in pigs, 10% in feed, 22.22% in water, and 33.33% in organic material. The high prevalence and bacterial loads in water suggest it is a critical reservoir and a potential primary source of contamination in the production chain. Although these pathogens were not detected in workers, the zoonotic risk remains. Additionally, the prevalence of haemolytic enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), a major swine pathogen, was 40.1%. This study emphasizes the need to improve biosecurity and farm management practices to reduce the risk of environmental transmission, thereby minimizing public, occupational, and animal health risks. Implementing water treatment protocols and improving organic waste management are recommended to limit the spread of bacterial contamination. These actions are based on the ‘One Health’ approach, recognizing that animal health and ecosystem integrity are indivisible pillars of human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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18 pages, 1506 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Meal on Performance, Gut Health, and Meat Quality of Japanese Quail

by Kadir Çakır and Hüseyin Çayan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020188 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 751

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of dietary black cumin seed meal (BCSM) supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microbiota, meat quality, and breast meat malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in Japanese quail. A total of 200 one-week-old quail were randomly allocated to [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of dietary black cumin seed meal (BCSM) supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microbiota, meat quality, and breast meat malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in Japanese quail. A total of 200 one-week-old quail were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments containing 0, 5, 10, or 20 g/kg BCSM for a 35-day experimental period, with five replicates per treatment. Dietary BCSM supplementation did not significantly affect body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, or conversion ratio (p > 0.05). However, carcass weight was significantly increased in birds fed 20 g/kg BCSM (p < 0.05), while carcass yield and relative internal organ weight remained unchanged. Intestinal histomorphology was markedly influenced by dietary treatments (p < 0.05), with improved villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum of BCSM-fed birds. In addition, cecal microbiota analysis revealed a dose-dependent increase in Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.05), whereas Escherichia coli counts were numerically reduced but not statistically affected (p > 0.05). Meat quality evaluation showed that BCSM supplementation significantly increased breast meat lightness (L*) and water-holding capacity and reduced post-slaughter pH values (p < 0.05). Lipid oxidation, as assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, was observed to be significantly lower in breast meat during refrigerated storage, suggesting a potential improvement in oxidative stability and a possible contribution to extended shelf life (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of black cumin seed meal, particularly at 20 g/kg, positively modulated intestinal health, cecal microbiota composition, and meat oxidative stability without compromising growth performance. Owing to its high nutritional value and rich bioactive compound profile, BCSM can be considered a functional and sustainable feed ingredient for quail nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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19 pages, 1256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Phenotypic and Genomic Profiling of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Determinants in Poultry-Derived Enterococcus spp. from Hungary

by Ádám Kerek, Gergely Tornyos, Levente Radnai, Eszter Kaszab, Krisztina Bali and Ákos Jerzsele

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020187 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 650

Abstract

Background: Poultry-associated Enterococcus spp. are widespread commensals but may serve as One Health indicators when virulence-associated determinants and antimicrobial resistance co-occur. We characterized paired phenotypic and genomic profiles to delineate species-stratified virulome and resistome patterns. Methods: Isolates originated from a previously established poultry [...] Read more.

Background: Poultry-associated Enterococcus spp. are widespread commensals but may serve as One Health indicators when virulence-associated determinants and antimicrobial resistance co-occur. We characterized paired phenotypic and genomic profiles to delineate species-stratified virulome and resistome patterns. Methods: Isolates originated from a previously established poultry collection with MIC testing. Genotype–phenotype analyses were restricted to the whole-genome sequenced subset (n = 31). The acquired antimicrobial resistance genes were identified using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), and virulence-associated determinants were screened using the Virulence Factors Database (VFDB). Results were summarized as isolate-level presence/absence matrices and integrated with MIC-derived susceptible/intermediate/resistant categories. Results: The WGS subset comprised E. faecalis (n = 23) and E. faecium (n = 8) with diverse sequence types. Virulome architecture was strongly species-dependent: E. faecalis carried a broad repertoire of adhesion/biofilm-associated determinants, whereas E. faecium showed a limited set of high-confidence virulence-associated hits. Acquired resistance determinants were common across isolates, and resistome profiles displayed structured co-occurrence. Integrated analyses suggested only a modest overall association between virulence-gene burden and acquired resistome size, largely driven by species-level differences. Genotype–phenotype concordance was class-dependent, with incomplete alignment in several antimicrobial classes, consistent with mechanisms beyond the screened acquired gene set. The acquired resistance determinants detected in the WGS subset predominantly mapped to antimicrobial classes commonly used in food-producing animals (e.g., tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, and phenicols), supporting interpretation in the context of production-associated antimicrobial selection rather than implying last-line clinical resistance by default. Conclusions: Poultry-derived enterococci may combine genetic features compatible with persistence/colonization and acquired antimicrobial resistance, with co-occurrence patterns shaped primarily by species/lineage background. These findings support risk-stratified One Health surveillance and targeted functional and mechanism-focused follow-up. This integrated virulome–resistome view highlights species-specific risk signatures in poultry-associated Enterococcus and identifies discordant high-level phenotypes that merit targeted mechanistic follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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15 pages, 1732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computed Tomography Assessment of the Bronchial Lumen–Vertebral Body and Pulmonary Artery–Vertebral Body Relationships in Cats Naturally Infected with Immature Dirofilaria immitis

by Sara Nieves García-Rodríguez, Jorge Isidoro Matos, Laín García-Guasch, Eva Mohr-Peraza, José Alberto Montoya-Alonso and Elena Carretón

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020186 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 802

Abstract

Feline heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, is often underdiagnosed, particularly during its larval stage, known as Heartworm-Associated Respiratory Disease, (HARD). This study aimed to quantify CT-detectable pulmonary changes in naturally infected cats. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 38 cats: Group [...] Read more.

Feline heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, is often underdiagnosed, particularly during its larval stage, known as Heartworm-Associated Respiratory Disease, (HARD). This study aimed to quantify CT-detectable pulmonary changes in naturally infected cats. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 38 cats: Group A (n = 30, symptomatic seropositive) and Group B (n = 8, asymptomatic seronegative). Bronchial and pulmonary artery diameters were indexed to the sixth thoracic vertebral body (T6) to calculate bronchial-to-vertebral body (B/VB) and pulmonary artery-to-vertebral body (A/VB) ratios across all lung lobes. Group A cats showed significantly higher B/VB ratios in the left cranial and right middle lobes compared with Group B (p < 0.05), with increases of 42.0% and 47.5%, respectively. Conversely, A/VB ratios did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05), indicating the absence of relevant vascular remodelling. Intra-operator and inter-observer reliability were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.85). These findings suggest that bronchial dilation in the absence of arterial enlargement represents a key tomographic feature of larval D. immitis infection. Quantitative CT ratios, particularly the B/VB ratio, provide objective imaging markers for the diagnosis of HARD in clinical practice, and may assist in differentiating this condition from other feline respiratory diseases in endemic areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases in Small Animals)

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13 pages, 3557 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiomes in Fourteen Parrot Species

by Chanhyeok Park, Hyukjung Kim, Junhyeok Yoon and Aryung Nam

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020185 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 770

Abstract

Although the gut microbiome constitutes a key component of vertebrate physiology, comparative baseline data for companion birds, particularly parrots, remain limited. Therefore, this study profiled the fecal gut microbiota of 31 privately owned companion parrots representing 14 psittacine species maintained in indoor household [...] Read more.

Although the gut microbiome constitutes a key component of vertebrate physiology, comparative baseline data for companion birds, particularly parrots, remain limited. Therefore, this study profiled the fecal gut microbiota of 31 privately owned companion parrots representing 14 psittacine species maintained in indoor household environments for >6 months. Amplicons targeting the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced, denoised into amplicon sequence variants using QIIME 2 with DADA2, and taxonomically assigned against the SILVA v132 database. Community composition was broadly dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, with recurrent detection of Lactobacillus across most samples, consistent with a potential core component of the gut microbiome of captive parrots. Taken together, this study provides an exploratory comparative snapshot of fecal gut microbiota across diverse companion parrot species and establishes baseline reference data for future research linking diet, husbandry practices, and health to microbiome variation, including longitudinal and wild–captive comparative investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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19 pages, 5355 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Black Soldier Fly Larvae on Production Performance and Cecal Microbiota of Yunshang Countryside Chickens

by Dawei Sun, Yurong Fu, Wenlu Wang, Bin Zhang, Rencan Yang, Hanqi Duan, Xinrong Li, Yanhong Lan, Wenhui Ren, Jiaping Zhang and Zhiyong Zhao

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020184 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 573

Abstract

With the rapid development of the livestock and poultry industry, the availability of feed resources in China has become a critical limiting factor, posing a significant challenge to the sustainable growth of animal husbandry. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are rich in protein, [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of the livestock and poultry industry, the availability of feed resources in China has become a critical limiting factor, posing a significant challenge to the sustainable growth of animal husbandry. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are rich in protein, lipids, minerals, and trace elements and possess an essential amino acid profile comparable to that of fishmeal and soybean meal, which makes them a promising novel protein source for feed. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary BSF larvae protein supplementation on the growth performance, egg production, as well as meat and egg quality, blood biochemical parameters, and cecal microbiota diversity of Yunshang countryside chickens. The results showed that the inclusion of BSF larvae protein in the diet significantly reduced the feed-to-egg ratio and enhanced egg quality. Dietary supplementation with BSF larvae protein also effectively increased the abundance of dominant bacterial phyla and genera in the cecum, with the optimal inclusion level identified as 7.5%. Overall, the results demonstrate that BSF larvae can serve as a high-quality protein source in poultry production, thereby providing a scientific reference for the development and application of new feed resources and offering a theoretical basis for the utilization of BSF larvae as an alternative protein ingredient. Full article

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15 pages, 848 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigations of Procalcitonin, Interleukin-8 and Defensin-β in Dogs with Superficial and Deep Pyoderma

by Stephan Neumann and Maren Dölle

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020183 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 812

Abstract

Background: Canine pyoderma is a common bacterial skin disease that can be classified as superficial or deep and is associated with inflammatory processes. Systemic inflammatory biomarkers such as procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and beta-defensin-2 (Defb2) may reflect immune activation; however, their diagnostic and [...] Read more.

Background: Canine pyoderma is a common bacterial skin disease that can be classified as superficial or deep and is associated with inflammatory processes. Systemic inflammatory biomarkers such as procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and beta-defensin-2 (Defb2) may reflect immune activation; however, their diagnostic and clinical relevance in canine pyoderma remains unclear. Materials and Methods: Serum concentrations of PCT, IL-8, and Defb2 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in healthy control dogs (group 1, n = 40), dogs with superficial pyoderma (group 2a, n = 16), and dogs with deep pyoderma (group 3a, n = 7). A subset of dogs with superficial pyoderma (group 2b, n = 12) was re-evaluated after clinical remission. Biomarker concentrations were statistically compared between groups and over time. Results: Dogs with superficial and deep pyoderma exhibited significantly higher serum concentrations of PCT and IL-8 compared to healthy controls, whereas Defb2 concentrations were significantly reduced in both disease groups. No statistically significant differences were detected between superficial and deep pyoderma for any of the biomarkers, although IL-8 showed a trend toward higher concentrations in dogs with deep pyoderma (p = 0.07). Follow-up examinations after clinical improvement revealed no significant changes in biomarker concentrations. Conclusions: Canine pyoderma is associated with measurable systemic inflammatory alterations, characterized by increased serum concentrations of PCT and IL-8 and decreased Defb2 levels, irrespective of disease depth. The lack of biomarker normalization following clinical remission suggests that systemic inflammatory responses may persist beyond visible clinical healing. While these biomarkers may provide complementary information on inflammatory activity, their utility for monitoring treatment response appears limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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57 pages, 3717 KB

Open AccessReview

The Collaborative Collapse: Bile Acid Dysmetabolism as a Central Pathogenic Driver in Canine and Feline Multi-Systemic Disorders—From Mechanisms to Precision Therapeutics

by Krisztián Németh, István Tóth, Katalin Lányi, Boglárka Mária Schilling-Tóth, Szilveszter Csorba, Ivona Žura Žaja and Ágnes Sterczer

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020182 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 2297

Abstract

Veterinary metabolomics has redefined bile acids (BAs) from simple digestive surfactants to systemic endocrine signals within a microbial–host metabolic axis. This review aims to evaluate how BA dysmetabolism acts as a central pathogenic factor in canine and feline disease. We analyze the BA [...] Read more.

Veterinary metabolomics has redefined bile acids (BAs) from simple digestive surfactants to systemic endocrine signals within a microbial–host metabolic axis. This review aims to evaluate how BA dysmetabolism acts as a central pathogenic factor in canine and feline disease. We analyze the BA pool’s integrity, which depends on a specialized functional guild, primarily Peptacetobacter hiranonis, responsible for 7α-dehydroxylation. We delineate two principal pathological profiles: (1) microbial collapse, characterized by secondary bile acid (SBA) depletion and compromised farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) signaling, which exacerbates inflammation in chronic enteropathy (CE), protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI); and (2) hepato-biliary spillover, wherein host-induced dysfunction results in primary bile acid (PBA) excess. Recent data have linked these disruptions to skeletal health, feline renal fibrosis, cardiac remodeling in myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and neuroinflammation in epilepsy and hepatic encephalopathy. The discovery of microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) and microbial extracellular vesicles (MEVs) reveals highly specific, vesicle-mediated communication pathways impacting systemic health. Diagnostic protocols should prioritize functional profiling, including the dysbiosis index (DI), serum conjugated BA analysis, and SBA/PBA ratios. Clinical management is moving beyond empirical fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), towards precision synthetic microbial consortia (SynComs), neuroprotective BAs like tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), and molecular postbiotics to restore the collaborative metabolome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver and Pancreas in Dogs and Cats)

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23 pages, 1791 KB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Education: Preparing the Workforce for Clinical Applications in Diagnostics and Animal Health

by Esteban Pérez-García, Ana S. Ramírez, Miguel Ángel Quintana-Suárez, Magnolia M. Conde-Felipe, Conrado Carrascosa, Inmaculada Morales, Juan Alberto Corbera, Esther SanJuan and Jose Raduan Jaber

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020181 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1978

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is rapidly transforming clinical veterinary practice by enhancing diagnostics, disease surveillance and decision support processes across animal health domains. The safe and effective clinical deployment of these technologies, however, depends critically on [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is rapidly transforming clinical veterinary practice by enhancing diagnostics, disease surveillance and decision support processes across animal health domains. The safe and effective clinical deployment of these technologies, however, depends critically on the preparedness of the veterinary workforce, positioning veterinary education as a strategic enabler of translational adoption. This narrative review examines the integration of AI within veterinary education as a foundational step toward its responsible application in clinical practice. We synthesize current evidence on AI-driven tools relevant to veterinary curricula, including generative and multimodal large language models, intelligent tutoring systems, virtual and augmented reality platforms and AI-based decision support tools applied to imaging, epidemiology, parasitology, food safety and animal health. Particular attention is given to how the structured educational use of AI mirrors real-world clinical workflows and supports the development of competencies essential for clinical translation, such as data interpretation, uncertainty management, ethical reasoning and professional accountability. The review further addresses ethical, regulatory and cognitive considerations associated with AI adoption, including algorithmic bias, data privacy, equity of access and the risks of overreliance, emphasizing their direct implications for diagnostic reliability and animal welfare. By framing veterinary education as a controlled and reflective environment for AI engagement, this article highlights how pedagogically grounded training can facilitate safer clinical deployment, foster interdisciplinary collaboration and align technological innovation with professional standards in veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI, Deep Learning and Machine Learning in Veterinary Clinical Applications)

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28 pages, 1514 KB

Open AccessReview

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Vaccine Protection Strategies

by Xinyao Hu, Jing Huang, Yafei Cai, Wei Zhang and Yun Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13020180 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1416

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a critical pathogen affecting the global cattle industry, causing severe economic losses primarily through persistent infection, immunosuppression, and reproductive failure. The virus exhibits substantial genetic diversity, with marked geographic variation in circulating subtypes, which complicates effective disease [...] Read more.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a critical pathogen affecting the global cattle industry, causing severe economic losses primarily through persistent infection, immunosuppression, and reproductive failure. The virus exhibits substantial genetic diversity, with marked geographic variation in circulating subtypes, which complicates effective disease control. BVDV evades host immune responses by suppressing type I interferon signaling, impairing neutrophil function, and reprogramming host cellular metabolism, ultimately leading to the generation of persistently infected (PI) animals that serve as the principal reservoir for viral transmission. Current prevention and control strategies rely mainly on the identification and elimination of PI animals in combination with vaccination. However, conventional vaccines, including inactivated vaccines (IVs) and modified live vaccines (MLVs), have notable limitations, such as suboptimal subtype matching, interference by maternal antibodies, and safety concerns associated with MLV use in pregnant cattle. Emerging vaccine platforms, including mRNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, and multi-epitope vaccines, offer promising alternatives owing to their improved safety profiles, rapid design and production, and potential to elicit broad and robust immune responses. Future BVDV vaccine development should integrate artificial intelligence-driven design strategies with high-throughput sequencing and molecular epidemiological surveillance to enable the rational development of multivalent and multi-epitope vaccines. In addition, coordinated implementation of strain monitoring, PI animal clearance, and enhanced biosecurity practices will be essential for establishing a comprehensive and sustainable BVDV prevention and control framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections in Cattle: Diagnosis and Control)

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Vet. Sci., Volume 13, Issue 2 (February 2026) – 98 articles

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