Veterinary Sciences

13 pages, 1252 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Associated with a Dental Abscess in a Captive Jaguar (Panthera onca): A Case Report

by Florin Dan Simiz, Doru Morar, Cristina Văduva, Simina Velescu, Liviu Todescu, Bogdan Alexandru Florea, Daniela Elena Brăslașu, Corina Marina Kracunovic, Janos Degi and Diana Maria Degi

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070724 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

MRSA is an important antimicrobial-resistant pathogen reported in a wide range of animal species; however, information regarding its occurrence in captive large felids remains limited. This report describes the detection and characterization of MRSA associated with a dental abscess in a captive jaguar [...] Read more.

MRSA is an important antimicrobial-resistant pathogen reported in a wide range of animal species; however, information regarding its occurrence in captive large felids remains limited. This report describes the detection and characterization of MRSA associated with a dental abscess in a captive jaguar (Panthera onca) from a zoological collection in Romania. A 10-year-old male jaguar presented with clinical signs suggestive of a localized oral infection. Samples collected from the dental lesion, nasal mucosa, external ear canal, and skin surface were subjected to bacteriological examination. Bacterial isolates were identified using conventional microbiological methods and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK^® 2 system, while molecular confirmation was achieved by PCR targeting the nuc, mecA, and mecC genes. All isolates were identified as S. aureus and demonstrated a methicillin-resistant phenotype. PCR confirmed the presence of the species-specific nuc gene and the methicillin-resistance determinant mecA, while mecC was not detected. The isolates exhibited resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes, including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides, while remaining susceptible to linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin, and tigecycline. This case documents the occurrence of MRSA in a captive jaguar and highlights the value of integrated microbiological and molecular investigations for the diagnosis and characterization of resistant bacterial infections in zoological species. Full article

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15 pages, 386 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Dietary Herbal Powders on Growth, Intestinal Physiology and Meat Quality of Quails (Coturnix japonica)

by İsa Coşkun, Hüseyin Çayan, Hayrettin Çayıroğlu, Mehmet Akif Boz, Emine Doğan and Emine Bilginoğlu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070723 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing quail diets with 0.5% thyme, sage, mint, and oregano powder on nutritional performance. A total of 400 one-day-old quail chicks, standardized for live weight, were randomly assigned to five treatment groups [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing quail diets with 0.5% thyme, sage, mint, and oregano powder on nutritional performance. A total of 400 one-day-old quail chicks, standardized for live weight, were randomly assigned to five treatment groups with four replicates per group (20 chicks per replicate). The groups were allocated to treatments as C—control, T—thyme, S—sage, M—mint, and O—oregano. The experiment lasted for 35 days. Chicks were reared in cages sized 70 × 90 × 60 cm, with a 10 cm layer of wood shavings on the ground. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, live weight gain and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) colonization in ceca were significantly higher in the T (thyme) and O (oregano) groups compared to the C, S and M groups (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the breast meat were lower in the S, M and O groups compared to the C group. Jejunal villi length was significantly greater in the S and O groups compared to the others (p < 0.05). In the ileum, villi height was higher in the T group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The villi height/crypt depth ratio in the jejunum was significantly higher in the T and O groups compared to the C group (p < 0.05), whereas in the ileum, this ratio was lower in the S group than in the other groups. Mucin-2 level in the ileum was significantly reduced in the S, M and O groups compared to the C group (p < 0.05) and was similar between T and C. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with vegetative powder of thyme and oregano can be used to improve growth, intestinal villi morphology and LAB colonization in quails. Also, low-dose herbal powder supplementation can be used to suppress MDA formation in the breast meat stored at 4 °C for 3 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Modulation of the Gut Microbiome in Domestic and Farm Animals)

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11 pages, 10307 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Chylopericardium in a Dog with Concurrent Chylothorax, Mesothelioma, and Bilateral Brachiocephalic Vein Thrombosis: A Case Report

by Tomohiro Yoshida, Kazuyuki Terai, Aki Takeuchi, Akari Hatanaka, Rio Hayashi, Yusuke Takahashi, Daisuke Ito, Hussein M. El-Husseiny, Takashi Tanaka and Ryou Tanaka

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070722 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Chylopericardium is an extremely rare disorder in dogs, and its underlying mechanisms and optimal management strategies remain poorly defined. This report describes a dog with chylopericardium complicated by concurrent chylothorax, bilateral brachiocephalic vein thrombosis, and mesothelioma. A 6-year-old neutered male Shiba Inu presented [...] Read more.

Chylopericardium is an extremely rare disorder in dogs, and its underlying mechanisms and optimal management strategies remain poorly defined. This report describes a dog with chylopericardium complicated by concurrent chylothorax, bilateral brachiocephalic vein thrombosis, and mesothelioma. A 6-year-old neutered male Shiba Inu presented with respiratory distress and was diagnosed with chylothorax and chylopericardium based on fluid analysis. Computed tomography revealed multiple thoracic ducts and bilateral brachiocephalic vein thrombosis but no definitive site of lymphatic leakage. Surgical management included thoracic duct ligation, subtotal pericardiectomy, and cisterna chyli ablation. Histopathological examination of resected pericardial and mediastinal tissues confirmed mesothelioma. Postoperatively, pleural effusion initially decreased but subsequently recurred, and intrathoracic chemotherapy with carboplatin was administered, resulting in long-term control of chylous effusion. Antithrombotic therapy was also initiated for venous thrombosis. The dog remained free of chylous fluid accumulation until death from an unrelated disease. This case highlights the complex interactions among lymphatic, vascular, and neoplastic disorders and suggests that a comprehensive, multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic approach may be effective for managing complicated cases of chylopericardium in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Small Animal Oncology)

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19 pages, 4682 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bacterial–Fungal Co-Occurrence in the Porcine Gut Microbiome Is Associated with Distinctive Meat Flavor Profiles in Indigenous Congjiang Xiang Pigs

by Kang Yang, Li Lin, Chunying Sun, Guoxi Sun, Qiuyue Li, Xiaoyu Li, Chuntao Long, Qiaowen Tang, Xianrong Shi, Jiapei Wang, Hailiang Xin, Baichuan Deng and Jiada Yang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070721 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Meat flavor significantly influences consumer preference and market value, particularly for indigenous pig breeds renowned for distinctive sensory characteristics. While traditional research has focused on genetic factors and feeding regimens, emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in meat quality [...] Read more.

Meat flavor significantly influences consumer preference and market value, particularly for indigenous pig breeds renowned for distinctive sensory characteristics. While traditional research has focused on genetic factors and feeding regimens, emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in meat quality attributes. However, the specific contribution of bacterial–fungal co-occurrence to meat flavor formation remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to characterize the associations between intestinal bacterial–fungal co-occurrence networks and the muscle flavor-related metabolite profiles of CX pigs, using an integrated multi-omics approach. Twenty male pigs (10 CX and 10 LAN, 12 months old) were subjected to comprehensive analyses, including meat quality evaluation, electronic nose analysis, 16S and 18S rRNA sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics. CX pigs exhibited significantly superior meat quality characteristics, including higher moisture content (p < 0.001), fat content (p = 0.008), and meat color scores (p < 0.001). Electronic nose analysis revealed significantly higher response values across all ten aroma sensors in CX pigs (p < 0.001), with the most pronounced differences observed in sensors detecting sulfur compounds and organic compounds. Untargeted metabolomics identified 40 differential metabolites, with 27 up-regulated in CX pigs, including key flavor compounds such as glycocholic acid, isorhamnetin, and pantothenic acid. Microbiome analysis demonstrated significantly higher bacterial alpha diversity in CX pigs (p < 0.05), with enrichment of beneficial bacteria, including Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG_003, and Phascolarctobacterium, while fungal communities showed enrichment of Candida_Lodderomyces_clade. Correlation network analysis revealed that Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group demonstrated strong positive correlations with flavor compounds (r = 0.575 for isorhamnetin, r = 0.535 for pantothenic acid, p < 0.001) and all electronic nose responses (r = 0.434–0.691, p < 0.001). Bacterial–fungal co-occurrence networks showed synergistic relationships, with Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group positively correlated with Candida_Lodderomyces_clade (r = 0.711, p < 0.001) while exhibiting antagonistic relationships with Piromyces (r = −0.714, p < 0.001). These findings offer novel insights for developing microbiome-targeted strategies to enhance meat quality in pig production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome and Its Impact on Animal Health and Production)

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18 pages, 843 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Dynamising One Health Through a Structured Global Networking Model

by Ulrich Laaser, Nedjeljko Karabasil, Helmut Wenzel and Vesna Bjegović Mikanović

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070720 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Global environmental change, biodiversity loss, emerging infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and widening social inequalities increasingly interact to create complex risks for human, animal, and ecosystem health. Although international One Health frameworks and funding mechanisms are essential, implementation at national and especially community levels [...] Read more.

Global environmental change, biodiversity loss, emerging infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and widening social inequalities increasingly interact to create complex risks for human, animal, and ecosystem health. Although international One Health frameworks and funding mechanisms are essential, implementation at national and especially community levels often remains uneven, fragmented, and weakly evaluated. This Perspective presents a structured, reproducible networking model designed to strengthen community-level One Health implementation through voluntary global collaboration among civil society organisations. The model connects bottom-up community mobilisation with interdisciplinary scientific support, shared evaluation templates, and iterative learning cycles. It outlines a transparent process for identifying and engaging One Health-oriented organisations and for organising their collaboration through thematic Project Working Groups that support situation analysis, strategic planning, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination. The framework translates community action into seven intervention fields: surveillance and early warning, animal health and welfare, water/sanitation/hygiene, food safety and food systems, community awareness and education, environmental risks and ecosystem health, and multisectoral governance. By linking local practice to comparative synthesis, joint publication, and policy dialogue, the network aims to transform isolated initiatives into a coordinated learning system while preserving community and organisational autonomy. As a conceptual framework, the model is ready for empirical testing in diverse settings to assess feasibility, participation, and evaluation quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One World, One Health: Combatting the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface)

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15 pages, 5006 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scutellarin Alleviates Zearalenone-Induced Injury in Porcine Ovarian Granulosa Cells Through WNT5A-Associated Regulation of Cell-Cycle-Related Proteins

by Hua Zhang, Wenwen Ding, Yanyan Yi, Xinyue Zhang, Panpan Sun, Kuohai Fan, Wei Yin, Huizhen Yang, Zhenbiao Zhang, Jia Zhong, Yaogui Sun, Jianzhong Wang, Shaoyu Wang, Hongquan Li and Na Sun

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070719 - 22 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Zearalenone is a common mycotoxin that impairs reproductive function, particularly by damaging ovarian granulosa cells. This study investigated the protective effect and underlying mechanism of scutellarin against zearalenone-induced injury in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Cells were isolated and identified by follicle-stimulating hormone receptor [...] Read more.

Zearalenone is a common mycotoxin that impairs reproductive function, particularly by damaging ovarian granulosa cells. This study investigated the protective effect and underlying mechanism of scutellarin against zearalenone-induced injury in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. Cells were isolated and identified by follicle-stimulating hormone receptor immunofluorescence. Cell viability, cell-cycle distribution, and related molecular changes were evaluated using the MTT assay, flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot. Scutellarin showed no obvious cytotoxicity within the tested range and attenuated the zearalenone-induced reduction in cell viability. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that scutellarin alleviated zearalenone-induced cell-cycle disturbance. At the molecular level, scutellarin upregulated the expression of cell-cycle-related factors, including CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, and PCNA, and increased the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling-related proteins, including WNT5A, β-catenin, c-MYC, and CCND1. WNT5A knockdown further indicated that scutellarin-mediated regulation of PCNA, CDK1, and CDK4 is WNT5A-dependent, whereas its effect on CDK2 may involve a WNT5A-independent mechanism. These findings indicate that scutellarin alleviates zearalenone-induced granulosa cell injury partly through WNT5A-associated modulation of cell-cycle-related proteins, providing mechanistic insights for its protective effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology: From Molecule to Clinical Practice)

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15 pages, 2103 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of GP4 Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

by Qipeng Zhang, Fang Liang, Jiaman Li, Chen Lv, Huawei Li, Ruining Wang, Mengmeng Zhao and Keshan Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070718 - 21 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, a highly contagious disease, poses a severe threat to the global swine industry. Its causative agent, PRRSV, induces reproductive disorders (abortion, stillbirth) in pregnant sows and respiratory disease in piglets. The host immune system is disrupted by PRRSV, [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, a highly contagious disease, poses a severe threat to the global swine industry. Its causative agent, PRRSV, induces reproductive disorders (abortion, stillbirth) in pregnant sows and respiratory disease in piglets. The host immune system is disrupted by PRRSV, and no specific antiviral drugs are currently available. Thus, vaccination is regarded as the primary strategy for PRRS prevention and control. GP4, a key minor structural protein of PRRSV with an estimated molecular weight of 32 kDa, contains four conserved N-glycosylation sites at residues 37, 84, 120 and 130. Critical neutralizing epitopes are harbored in its extracellular domain (amino acids 40–79). PRRSV binding to the host CD163 receptor is mediated by GP4, which also regulates viral assembly and release, and induces protective immune responses. Hence, GP4 is identified as a central target for PRRS vaccine development. In this review, GP4’s structural characteristics, genetic evolution and interaction mechanisms are summarized. Its roles in viral life cycle, virulence, immune evasion and potential applications are discussed, providing a theoretical reference for PRRSV control. Full article

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9 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Report of Trichinella britovi in Serbian Domestic Pigs Linked to Two Human Outbreaks

by Ivana Mitic, Milos Korac, Ewa Bilska-Zając, Jasna Kureljusic, Ana Vasic, Dragan Vasilev and Sasa Vasilev

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070717 - 21 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Sporadic cases of trichinellosis have occurred almost every year in Serbia. The success of trichinellosis control in the country depends on effective communication among medical professionals who discover a case of trichinellosis, the Public Health Service, and the Veterinary Service, in line with [...] Read more.

Sporadic cases of trichinellosis have occurred almost every year in Serbia. The success of trichinellosis control in the country depends on effective communication among medical professionals who discover a case of trichinellosis, the Public Health Service, and the Veterinary Service, in line with the One Health concept. The collaborative approach, supported by a robust reporting and monitoring system, has been essential for identifying infection sources and preventing further spread. However, in March 2023, the National Reference Laboratory for Trichinellosis (NRLT) received reports of hospitalized patients with suspected trichinellosis, signaling the possibility of two outbreaks based on their socio-epidemiological history. The investigation revealed separate trichinellosis outbreaks occurred in Grocka, Belgrade municipality, and Dolovo, Pancevo municipality, with pork identified as the source of infection. Serological tests confirmed the presence of Trichinella-specific antibodies in the patients, including their family members and friends. A total of four patients required hospitalization. In accordance with regulations, veterinary inspectors took dried meat and meat products samples and Trichinella larvae were detected using the digestion method. The entire amount of dried meat and meat products was subsequently destroyed. Multiplex PCR confirmed the identification of Trichinella britovi at the species level in both outbreaks. These findings represent the first documented cases of T. britovi infection in domestic pigs in Serbia. The outbreak data once again highlight that inadequate animal husbandry practices, certain human behaviors, and a lack of awareness about the risks continue to be major contributors to the persistence of trichinellosis in Serbia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Perspectives on Animal-Derived Food Systems: Bridging Safety, Quality and One Health)

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10 pages, 226 KB

Open AccessArticle

Repeatability and Reproducibility of Microscopic Examination of Adhesive Tape Strip Cytology Slides for the Diagnosis of Malassezia Overgrowth and/or Malassezia Dermatitis in Dogs

by Stathis Mpairamoglou, Dimitrios Tapes, Vassilis Skampardonis, Manolis K. Chatzis, Kosmas Apostolidis, Labrini V. Athanasiou, Dimitris Kasabalis, Kassiopi Christina G. Kokkinaki, Eleni G. Katsogiannou, Constantina N. Tsokana, Theodoros Petanides, Leonidas Leontides and Manolis N. Saridomichelakis

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070716 - 21 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Adhesive tape strip cytology at 1000× magnification is the recommended method for the presumptive diagnosis of canine Malassezia overgrowth and/or dermatitis. This study aimed to determine the minimum number of microscopic fields required to achieve optimal intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility. Two groups [...] Read more.

Adhesive tape strip cytology at 1000× magnification is the recommended method for the presumptive diagnosis of canine Malassezia overgrowth and/or dermatitis. This study aimed to determine the minimum number of microscopic fields required to achieve optimal intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility. Two groups of cytology slides were evaluated: 12 slides paired with photographs of pruritic dogs, in which a presumptive diagnosis of Malassezia dermatitis was defined by the detection of at least one yeast organism, and eight slides paired with photographs of non-pruritic dogs, in which a presumptive diagnosis of Malassezia overgrowth and dermatitis was defined by the detection of an average of at least one yeast organism per microscopic field. Twelve investigators examined each slide twice, and results from the first 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 oil immersion fields were recorded and used for statistical analysis. Regardless of the number of microscopic fields examined, overall intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility were clinically non-acceptable for both slide groups and did not substantially increase in parallel with the number of the fields examined. Consequently, negative adhesive tape strip cytology results may not exclude Malassezia overgrowth and/or dermatitis in dogs with compatible clinical signs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Small Animal Clinical Dermatology)

19 pages, 30301 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Canine Gastrinoma with Long-Term Survival After Primary and Repeat Surgeries Using Serial Serum Gastrin Concentrations as an Adjunctive Monitoring Marker: A Report of Two Cases

by Kyosuke Takeuchi, Kenji Hosoya, Ryo Owaki, Ryohei Kinoshita, Sangho Kim and Masahiro Okumura

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070715 - 20 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Gastrinoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor in dogs that arises from functional pancreatic non-β cells and secretes excessive gastrin. Gastrinoma in dogs has a high metastasis rate at diagnosis, and curative treatment is often difficult. There are few reports describing the long-term outcomes [...] Read more.

Gastrinoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor in dogs that arises from functional pancreatic non-β cells and secretes excessive gastrin. Gastrinoma in dogs has a high metastasis rate at diagnosis, and curative treatment is often difficult. There are few reports describing the long-term outcomes of surgical treatment in dogs with gastrinoma, and no established method for monitoring disease progression has been reported. We report here the cases of two adult dogs with pancreatic gastrinoma treated with surgical resection. Pharmacological therapy using proton pump inhibitors was administered to control gastrointestinal symptoms caused by hypergastrinemia. Multiple surgeries were performed to reduce the volume of primary and metastatic gastrinoma lesions. Serial serum gastrin concentrations were used as an adjunctive monitoring marker during follow-up. Changes in serum gastrin concentrations were used to support decisions regarding further imaging. Additional surgery was performed based on serum gastrin concentrations, clinical signs, and diagnostic imaging findings. A total of four surgeries were performed in Case 1 and three surgeries in Case 2. Both dogs maintained well-controlled gastrointestinal symptoms and showed long-term survival. The changes in serum gastrin concentrations in these cases suggest that serial serum gastrin measurement may be useful for monitoring recurrence or tumor progression in canine gastrinoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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15 pages, 1844 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Surgical and Conservative Management of Periorbital Tumors in Four Dogs

by Iosif Vasiu, Mădălina Florina Dragomir, Ciprian Andrei Ober, Cosmin Petru Peştean, Romelia Pop, Marian Taulescu, Claudiu Gal, Seppo Saari and David Vicente

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070714 - 20 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Four client-owned dogs with histopathologically confirmed periorbital tumors were included in this retrospective case series: one spayed female, one intact male, and two neutered males. The dogs ranged in age from 6 to 8 years. The most common clinical signs were slowly progressive [...] Read more.

Four client-owned dogs with histopathologically confirmed periorbital tumors were included in this retrospective case series: one spayed female, one intact male, and two neutered males. The dogs ranged in age from 6 to 8 years. The most common clinical signs were slowly progressive exophthalmos (4/4 dogs), epiphora (3/4 dogs), and prolapse of the nictitating membrane gland (2/4 dogs). Periorbital disease was initially suspected based on the clinical examination. Computed tomography (CT) was subsequently used to characterize the presence, location, and extent of the lesion and for surgical planning, whereas histopathological examination confirmed the tumor type. The identified tumors included two multilobular tumors of bone (MTB), one inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), and one sebaceous carcinoma (SC). Treatment for the first three dogs consisted of wide tumor excision via combined modified lateral orbitotomy and partial ostectomies of the zygomatic arch and mandibular ramus. The remaining dog received conservative therapy. For the first two surgically treated dogs, survival times were 55 months; the third dog was lost to follow-up two weeks after surgery. For the conservatively treated dog, the survival time was 4 months. Although limited by the small number of heterogeneous cases, this report suggests that the described surgical approach facilitated en bloc excision in these three surgically treated dogs. However, histologically tumor-free surgical margins were confirmed in only one of the three surgically treated dogs, and clinical outcomes varied according to tumor type, extent of disease, and duration of follow-up. Therefore, further studies are required before definitive conclusions regarding oncologic outcome or prognosis can be drawn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 1029 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Paradox of Availability: A Quantitative Analysis of Veterinary Medicinal Products for Aquaculture in Europe Between 2018 and 2026

by Lauren Chambers, Wiebke Jansen, Dušan Palić, Andrea Fabris, Alain Schonbrodt, Leona Nepejchalová and Nancy De Briyne

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070713 - 20 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Availability of veterinary medicinal products is a critical determinant of health, welfare, and economic sustainability in European aquaculture. This study assessed the changes in the authorization and reported market availability of veterinary medicines for finfish in the European Union (EU) and European Free [...] Read more.

Availability of veterinary medicinal products is a critical determinant of health, welfare, and economic sustainability in European aquaculture. This study assessed the changes in the authorization and reported market availability of veterinary medicines for finfish in the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) between 2018 and 2026, by comparing and analyzing data on veterinary medicinal products for aquatic species from the Heads of Medicines Agencies (HMA), the FishMedPlus Coalition, and the European Medicines Agency Union Product Database. The results revealed a wide divergence between regulatory authorization and reported availability. While the total number of authorized VMPs nominally increased from 304 in 2018 to 332 in 2025 (+9.2%), the number of reported unique active substances available declined (−16.7%). Crucially, the analysis of 2025 data indicates that only 26.5% of authorized products were reported to be actively available on the market, creating a “paper market” that masks severe therapeutic gaps, particularly in minor fish species such as seabass, seabream, carp, and trout sectors. Potential key drivers identified were limited markets, industry consolidation, increased burden related to stricter environmental requirements, as well as enlarged administrative and financial burdens. Despite EU legislative mechanisms designed to support limited markets, the sector faces stagnation in therapeutic diversity, necessitating continued reliance on the off-label use of medicines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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21 pages, 880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Red Palm Oil with Rhinacanthus nasutus, Curcuma longa, Zingiber montanum, and Zingiber officinale Extracts as a Possible Pet Shampoo Formula with Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

by Natthrit Roekngam, Sunisa Khongthong, Ricadonna Raissa, Bongkoch Chonglomkrod and Sara Niae

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070712 - 20 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Bacterial and fungal skin infections are common in companion animals and often require antimicrobial therapy, contributing to antimicrobial resistance. This study developed shampoos containing red palm oil (RPO) and extracts of Rhinacanthus nasutus (RN), Curcuma longa (CL), Zingiber montanum (ZM), and Zingiber officinale [...] Read more.

Bacterial and fungal skin infections are common in companion animals and often require antimicrobial therapy, contributing to antimicrobial resistance. This study developed shampoos containing red palm oil (RPO) and extracts of Rhinacanthus nasutus (RN), Curcuma longa (CL), Zingiber montanum (ZM), and Zingiber officinale (ZO), which provide antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Extracts were obtained using MAE and were evaluated for phytochemical composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), anti-inflammatory activity (COX-2 inhibition), and antimicrobial activity. RPO contained high levels of vitamin E and β-carotene. Rhinacanthin, curcumin, terpinen-4-ol, and 6-gingerol were the major phytochemical constituents of RN, CL, ZM, and ZO extracts, respectively. All extracts significantly reduced COX-2 expression (p < 0.05), while RN exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 15.23 ± 0.53 µg/mL). RN and ZM demonstrated the strongest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 8 µg/mL; MBC = 8–16 µg/mL), while ZO exhibited the strongest antifungal activity against Malassezia pachydermatis and Microsporum gypseum (MIC = 2, 2 µg/mL; MFC = 2, 16 µg/mL). The developed shampoos containing RPO and the four herb extracts showed suitable pH values, stable viscosity, antibacterial inhibition, and antifungal inhibition (p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology: From Molecule to Clinical Practice)

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11 pages, 3600 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Cystic Thymoma-Associated Fulminant Myasthenia Gravis with Rapid Progression in a Cat: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges

by Ji-Hyun Park, Geon-Ung Byun, Joon-Woo Lee, Dae-Hyun Kim, Dong-In Jung, Dongbin Lee and Chang-Hwan Moon

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070711 - 20 Jul 2026

Viewed by 336

Abstract

Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction caused by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor, leading to generalized muscle weakness and, in severe cases, respiratory muscle paralysis. While MG is well described in dogs, it is rarely reported in [...] Read more.

Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction caused by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor, leading to generalized muscle weakness and, in severe cases, respiratory muscle paralysis. While MG is well described in dogs, it is rarely reported in cats, and fulminant cases with rapid progression have a poor prognosis. An 11-year-old neutered female Persian cat presented with acute hindlimb weakness, which progressed to tetraplegia within 4 days. The clinical course initially resembled acute polyradiculoneuritis, and electromyography revealed positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials. Diagnostic imaging identified a cystic cranial mediastinal mass without megaesophagus. Worsening respiratory muscle paralysis prompted surgical excision of the mass via left intercostal thoracotomy. Postoperatively, the cat developed persistent respiratory failure requiring re-intubation, mechanical ventilation, and temporary tracheostomy. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination confirmed a thymoma, and serum acetylcholine receptor antibody levels were markedly elevated, establishing the diagnosis of thymoma-associated fulminant MG. Despite tumor excision and medical therapy with pyridostigmine and prednisolone, the cat remained ventilator-dependent and was euthanized on postoperative day 3. This case emphasizes early recognition of respiratory compromise, prompt diagnostic confirmation, intensive ventilatory support, and consideration of adjunctive immunomodulatory therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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23 pages, 3132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Host Mucosal Niche and Rearing Environment Are Associated with Distinct Gut and Gill Microbiota of L. crocea (Larimichthys crocea)

by Ding Li, Xiaoping Wu, Fengfang Zhou, Jiacheng Zhang, Kuncan Wei, Yulin Lu, Fangyu Yuan and Weiqing Huang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070710 - 19 Jul 2026

Viewed by 242

Abstract

Microbial communities associated with fish mucosal tissues play important roles in host health and environmental adaptation. However, the effects of contrasting aquaculture conditions on the microorganisms of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea, L. crocea) remain poorly understood. In this [...] Read more.

Microbial communities associated with fish mucosal tissues play important roles in host health and environmental adaptation. However, the effects of contrasting aquaculture conditions on the microorganisms of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea, L. crocea) remain poorly understood. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to compare the gut and gill microbiota of L. crocea cultured in a marine system and a saline–alkaline system, together with the corresponding surrounding water samples. The results showed that both host tissue type and rearing environment significantly influenced microbial community structure. Water samples generally exhibited higher alpha diversity than host-associated samples, whereas the gut and gill communities were clearly separated from the surrounding water microbial community. The intestine showed stronger culture system differentiation than the gill, suggesting greater niche selectivity, while the gill retained a closer association with the rearing water. Across multiple taxonomic levels, microbial composition differed markedly among water, gut, and gill samples, and the divergence between the marine culture and saline–alkaline culture system became more pronounced at finer taxonomic resolution. Differentially enriched taxa further revealed clear tissue- and habitat-associated microbial patterns. In addition, several dominant taxa were significantly correlated with environmental variables, especially salinity and nutrient-related factors, indicating that physicochemical heterogeneity contributed substantially to microbial community assembly. Overall, this study shows that host mucosal niche and rearing environment are associated with distinct gut and gill microbiota patterns in L. crocea and provides preliminary ecological information for future microbiome-informed aquaculture management, functional validation of candidate taxa, and the development of land-based culture systems for marine fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Disease Management in Aquatic Animals)

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15 pages, 25771 KB

Open AccessArticle

MAZ Regulates the Proliferation of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells via SLPI/Wnt-β-Catenin Signaling in Pigs

by Mengke Song, Rongru Zhu, Qian Zhang, Meng Li, Ming Tian, Xinmiao He and Xiuqin Yang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070709 - 19 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Skeletal muscle, accounting for about 40% of the body’s mass, is an important trait for farm animal production. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) are an excellent material for studying the regulatory mechanisms underlying muscle growth and regeneration after birth. Here, we analyzed the [...] Read more.

Skeletal muscle, accounting for about 40% of the body’s mass, is an important trait for farm animal production. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) are an excellent material for studying the regulatory mechanisms underlying muscle growth and regeneration after birth. Here, we analyzed the role and underlying mechanisms of Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in porcine MuSC (pMuSC) proliferation for the first time. It was revealed that both MAZ and SLPI advanced the proliferation of pMuSCs by promoting cell cycle progression, and that a MAZ/SLPI axis regulated pMuSC proliferation. It was further shown that this MAZ/SLPI axis regulated pMuSC proliferation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The proliferative role obtained above was confirmed in mouse myoblast C2C12 cells. Additionally, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), −360C>T, which frequently occurred in the promoter of the SLPI gene from Min, Yorkshire, and Longmin black pigs, was found to significantly increase the gene’s expression in vitro and in vivo. The SNP −360C>T in SLPI is a potential molecular marker predicting the proliferative ability of pMuSCs. The data provide a basis for controlling muscle growth and regeneration, which will provide benefits for improving the meat production of pigs and controlling muscle-related diseases in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity and Sustainable Breeding of Livestock and Companion Animals)

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13 pages, 463 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Pomegranate Syrup Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, Oxidative Stress, and GPx7 Gene Expression in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

by Aydin Daş, Besime Doğan Daş, Mücahit Kahraman, Mehmet Avci, Akın Yiğin, Sadik Serkan Aydin, Gülüzar Şengül, Oğuz Ağyar and Ahmet Yusuf Şengül

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070708 - 19 Jul 2026

Viewed by 359

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pomegranate syrup supplementation at levels of 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% in the diets of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on performance parameters, including body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pomegranate syrup supplementation at levels of 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% in the diets of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on performance parameters, including body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), hot and cold carcass weights and carcass yields; meat quality characteristics, including L*, a*, b* color values, pH, and water-holding capacity (WHC) of breast and thigh meat; and oxidative stress parameters, including total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI); as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx7) gene expression. A total of 120 newly hatched quail chicks were used in the experiment. The birds were assigned according to a completely randomized design with 15 replicates per treatment group and 2 birds per replicate and were randomly distributed into 60 cage compartments. While cumulative body weight gain (CBWG) was not significantly affected during the other experimental weeks (p > 0.05), statistically significant differences among the groups were observed only in the second week (p < 0.05). Feed intake values were not significantly different among the groups throughout all weeks of the experiment (p > 0.05). However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly different among the groups during all weeks (p < 0.05), with the pomegranate syrup-supplemented groups generally showing improved (lower) values compared with the control group. The inclusion of pomegranate syrup in the diets did not produce significant differences among the groups in breast meat quality parameters, including color values (L*, a*, b*), pH, and water-holding capacity. The obtained L*, a*, b*, and pH values were within the reference ranges reported in the literature. Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters demonstrated that pomegranate syrup supplementation increased TAS values, while significantly reducing TOS and OSI values (p < 0.05). Furthermore, GPx7 gene expression increased in the pomegranate syrup-supplemented groups compared with the control group, with the highest expression observed at the 0.1% supplementation level. In addition, toxicological evaluations have confirmed the safety of pomegranate preparations, further supporting their potential as feed additives. Full article

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9 pages, 2205 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Anaesthetic Challenges During Colonoscopy-Induced Intestinal Perforation in a Cat

by Dany Elzahaby, Bérénice Lutz and Isabelle Iff

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070707 - 19 Jul 2026

Viewed by 302

Abstract

While colonoscopies are generally benign procedures, rare complications such as colonic perforation may result in life-threatening consequences. A 15-year-old neutered male British Shorthair cat underwent colonoscopy for investigation of chronic gastrointestinal signs and persistent tenesmus. During endoscopic evaluation of a distal colonic stricture, [...] Read more.

While colonoscopies are generally benign procedures, rare complications such as colonic perforation may result in life-threatening consequences. A 15-year-old neutered male British Shorthair cat underwent colonoscopy for investigation of chronic gastrointestinal signs and persistent tenesmus. During endoscopic evaluation of a distal colonic stricture, the cat developed sudden tachycardia, severe hypoxaemia, and a dramatic decline in end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂), accompanied by diffuse subcutaneous emphysema. Intestinal perforation was suspected, and venous blood gas analysis revealed a markedly enlarged EtCO₂–PvCO₂ gradient, consistent with severe ventilation–perfusion mismatch and contributing to a presumptive diagnosis of pulmonary air embolism. Anaesthetic management focused on ventilatory adjustments, including an increased respiratory rate and initially high, then moderate peak inspiratory pressures, aimed at reducing EtCO₂ and improving oxygenation. However, improvements in oxygen saturation were limited and the cat was euthanised. Contrast-enhanced post-mortem computed tomography confirmed a distal colonic perforation with extensive air dissemination, including pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Haematological Tracking of Thyroid Status During Methimazole Therapy and After Treatment Interruption in Hyperthyroid Cats: A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study

by Andrei Răzvan Codea, Alexandra Biriș, Sidonia Gog-Bogdan, Alina Diana Haşaş, Daniela Neagu, Cristian Popovici and Mircea Mircean

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070706 - 18 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Background: Feline hyperthyroidism is the most prevalent endocrine disorder of older cats; TT4 monitoring is costly and often inaccessible. Methods: Forty-three cats with primary hyperthyroidism were followed prospectively at baseline (T0) and at 1, 3 and 6 months (T1, T2, T3). Hct, Hgb, [...] Read more.

Background: Feline hyperthyroidism is the most prevalent endocrine disorder of older cats; TT4 monitoring is costly and often inaccessible. Methods: Forty-three cats with primary hyperthyroidism were followed prospectively at baseline (T0) and at 1, 3 and 6 months (T1, T2, T3). Hct, Hgb, MCV, ALT and TT4 were measured at each visit. Per-timepoint correlations, repeated-measures correlation (rmcorr), linear mixed-effects models, and Friedman and ROC analyses were performed. Results: TT4 correlated with Hct (r = 0.875 at T1 to 0.943 at T3), MCV (0.907 to 0.964), Hgb (0.836 to 0.946) and ALT (0.919 to 0.981), intensifying progressively. Within individual cats, Hct (rmcorr r = 0.873) and MCV (rmcorr r = 0.881) tracked TT4, and for Hct, the within-cat coefficient exceeded the between-cat coefficient. All primary parameters and ALT changed significantly from T0 to T1 (all p < 0.001). ROC analysis identified Hct ≥ 35.2% at T2 as the optimal cut-off (AUC = 0.972, 95% CI 0.914–1.000; sensitivity 96.7%, specificity 92.3%). Conclusions: Hct and MCV tracked TT4 within individual cats during methimazole therapy and returned toward pre-treatment values after discontinuation. A rising Hct or MCV in a treated cat may signal loss of therapeutic control and prompt TT4 re-evaluation, without replacing hormonal monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 2498 KB

Open AccessReview

Beyond Immediate Individual Care: Monitoring Captured Free-Ranging European Wild Ungulates to Refine Protocols

by Jorge Ramón López-Olvera

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070705 - 18 Jul 2026

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Abstract

European wild ungulates are captured for different purposes, requiring the assessment of animal welfare and health. Specific guidelines to assess stress and pathophysiological compromise in captured wild ungulates are lacking. This review aims to set the bases for establishing standardised protocols allowing the [...] Read more.

European wild ungulates are captured for different purposes, requiring the assessment of animal welfare and health. Specific guidelines to assess stress and pathophysiological compromise in captured wild ungulates are lacking. This review aims to set the bases for establishing standardised protocols allowing the evaluation of capture and handling stress in wild European ungulates. Physical and chemical capture and handling elicit stress, a physiological response activating sympathetic–adrenal medulla and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal cortex axes, releasing catecholamines and corticosteroids, respectively. While being an adaptive response, if prolonged over time, the effects become harmful and life-threatening, increasing body temperature and heart rate, and provoking muscular and renal ischemia. This clinical outcome is known as capture myopathy, which encompasses four sequential syndromes: Hyper acute or capture shock, Acute or ataxic-myoglobinuric, Sub-acute or ruptured muscle, and Chronic debility or delayed per-acute. Monitoring temperature, heart rate, serum muscular enzyme (CK, AST, ALT, and LDH) activities and lactate, creatinine, urea, and potassium concentrations characterises pathophysiological compromise. Wild ungulate capture and handling protocols should include not only methodology but also monitoring, data recording, sample collection, and analyses. This information should serve to improve protocols and eventually develop specific guidelines for stress and welfare assessment when capturing and handling wild ungulates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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16 pages, 6753 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of an Indirect ELISA Detection Method for Porcine Circovirus 3 Based on Soluble Cap Protein

by Weizhen Shen, Mengran Zhang, Yixiang Lian, Jiahui Xu, Yunye Jiang, Jing Chen, Jin Cui and Bin Zhou

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070704 - 18 Jul 2026

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging swine pathogen associated with reproductive disorders, multisystemic inflammation, and other clinical syndromes. The capsid protein (Cap), the principal structural and immunogenic component, is an ideal antigen for serological detection. However, its poor solubility in prokaryotic expression [...] Read more.

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging swine pathogen associated with reproductive disorders, multisystemic inflammation, and other clinical syndromes. The capsid protein (Cap), the principal structural and immunogenic component, is an ideal antigen for serological detection. However, its poor solubility in prokaryotic expression systems limits diagnostic assay development. In this study, the N-terminal 32 amino acids of Cap were truncated, and the protein was expressed in a soluble form using the SHuffle T7 Express strain. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified soluble Cap as a coating antigen was established and optimized. The assay exhibited excellent specificity, with no cross-reactivity against other common swine pathogens, high sensitivity, and good repeatability, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation below 10%. The cut-off value was determined, and testing of 144 porcine serum samples showed a 78.47% concordance rate with PCR, indicating good diagnostic performance. This Cap-based indirect ELISA provides a reliable, cost-effective, and high-throughput tool for large-scale serological surveillance and epidemiological monitoring of PCV3, supporting improved disease control strategies in pig populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 849 KB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Purebred Apulo-Calabrese and Crossbred (Apulo-Calabrese × Goland) Pigs Fed Linseed and Grape Pomace Powder Naturally Rich in Antioxidants

by Anna Antonella Spina, Maria Elena Furfaro, Vincenzo Chiofalo, Alessandro Madeo, Domenico Britti, Cinzia Lucia Randazzo, Georgiana Bosco and Valeria Maria Morittu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070703 - 18 Jul 2026

Viewed by 636

Abstract

Preserving the Apulo-Calabrese (AC), an endangered Italian autochthonous pig breed, requires sustainable nutritional strategies that improve pork quality without compromising productive performance. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with extruded linseed, alone or combined with grape pomace powder, rich in antioxidants, [...] Read more.

Preserving the Apulo-Calabrese (AC), an endangered Italian autochthonous pig breed, requires sustainable nutritional strategies that improve pork quality without compromising productive performance. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with extruded linseed, alone or combined with grape pomace powder, rich in antioxidants, on growth performance and carcass traits in purebred Apulo-Calabrese (AC) pigs and Apulo-Calabrese × Goland (AC × G) crossbred pigs. Two independent feeding trials were conducted using three dietary treatments: a control diet (CTR), a diet containing 5% extruded linseed (SL), and a diet containing 5% extruded linseed plus 0.2% grape pomace powder rich in polyphenols (SLXI). Thirty-six purebred AC pigs reared outdoors, and 30 AC × G crossbred pigs reared indoors were included in the study. Body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were recorded throughout the trials, while hot carcass weight (HCW), carcass yield (CY), pH45, pH24, and backfat thickness (BF) were evaluated at slaughter. Data were analyzed separately for the two trials using Linear Mixed Models. Feed intake was complete in all groups, indicating good diet palatability. In purebred AC pigs, dietary treatment significantly affected overall ADG, with CTR pigs showing higher ADG than SLXI animals, while SL displayed intermediate values not significantly different from either CTR or SLXI. BW and carcass traits were not significantly influenced by diet. In addition, a significant Diet × Time interaction was detected for ADG (p = 0.010), indicating diet-dependent growth patterns over time. Sex did not significantly affect BW, ADG, or carcass traits in purebred pigs. In crossbred AC × G pigs, dietary treatments could not be evaluated inferentially due to the lack of pen-level replication; therefore, growth and carcass data are presented descriptively. However, Sex significantly affected carcass yield, with males showing higher CY than females (p = 0.004), while BW, ADG, and the remaining carcass traits were not influenced by Sex. The results suggest that extruded linseed, alone or combined with low-dose grape pomace powder, can be included in diets for purebred and crossbred pigs without compromising growth performance or basic carcass traits. These findings support the use of powdered grape pomacein feeding strategies aimed at the valorization and conservation of Apulo-Calabrese pig genetic resources. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of these dietary strategies on meat fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, sensory quality, and shelf life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Veterinary Therapy: Evidence, Applications, and Integrative Approaches to Improve Animal Health and Welfare)

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25 pages, 27694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Histological Diversity of Eyelids and the Nictitating Membrane in Six Woodpecker Species (Picidae)

by Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, Aleksandra Kroczak-Zdańkowska, Adam Urantówka, Grzegorz Zaniewicz, Aleksander Chrószcz and Dominik Poradowski

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070702 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 312

Abstract

Woodpeckers (Picidae) are exposed to repeated mechanical loading and particulate material during climbing, drilling, pecking, and foraging on tree trunks, but the microscopic organization of their eyelids and nictitating membrane remains poorly known. This study asked whether European woodpeckers share a common histological [...] Read more.

Woodpeckers (Picidae) are exposed to repeated mechanical loading and particulate material during climbing, drilling, pecking, and foraging on tree trunks, but the microscopic organization of their eyelids and nictitating membrane remains poorly known. This study asked whether European woodpeckers share a common histological pattern of ocular adnexa and whether selected structural features may be interpreted in the context of ocular surface protection. The upper eyelid, lower eyelid, and nictitating membrane were examined in 40 birds representing six European woodpecker species using routine histological and histochemical methods. In all of these species, the eyelids showed a layered organization with a keratinized anterior palpebral surface, non-keratinized conjunctival surface with goblet cells, marginal zone, musculofibrous stroma, and no tarsal glands. Species-related differences were observed in the examined material in epithelial thickness, skin fold development, melanin pigment distribution, and marginal zone organization. The lower eyelid contained a compact fibrous tarsal plate and CALT represented by lymphoid nodules and diffuse lymphocytes, with morphologically identified HEV-like venules located within or close to lymphoid tissue. The nictitating membrane showed regional variation in the marginal plait, leading edge, epithelial surfaces, stromal pigmentation, and fold organization. These findings provide the first comparative histological baseline for the eyelids and the nictitating membrane of European Picidae and support the cautious interpretation that these structures may contribute to mechanical, mucosal, and immune protection of the ocular surface in woodpeckers. Because sample sizes were unequal, these interspecific observations should be treated as descriptive, sample-level findings rather than definitive species-level traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vision in Focus: Advances in Veterinary Ophthalmology)

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15 pages, 12470 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Dermatological Pets and Their Owners

by Xinhuai Shi, Chaohao Wang, Faxin Wen, Kexin Zhang, Shuna Liu, Cong Zhu, Changmin Hu and Xinyue Chai

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070701 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 309

Abstract

Limited data exist regarding how staphylococcal isolates from infected pets and their owners compare with domestic and international strains. In this study, swabs were collected from skin lesions of 160 pets and nasal cavities of 100 owners in Wuhan, China. Isolates were tested [...] Read more.

Limited data exist regarding how staphylococcal isolates from infected pets and their owners compare with domestic and international strains. In this study, swabs were collected from skin lesions of 160 pets and nasal cavities of 100 owners in Wuhan, China. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of resistance genes. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS, defined by the presence of mecA) were characterized using MLST, spa, and SCCmec typing. Among 268 staphylococcal isolates, 105 were coagulase-positive (69 S. pseudintermedius, 33 S. aureus, 3 S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans). S. pseudintermedius exhibited 91.3% susceptibility to oxacillin but 89.9% resistance to penicillin. Conversely, S. aureus was 97.0% susceptible to gentamicin and levofloxacin, yet 97.0% resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug resistance was observed in 85.5% and 51.5% of these two species, respectively. Among the 26 mecA-positive isolates (21 MRSP, 5 MRSA), MLST analysis revealed household-level similarities in phenotypes and genotypes (e.g., ST25, ST22), suggesting potential transmission between pets and owners. Furthermore, these sequence types were closely related to globally prevalent lineages, indicating broader genetic backgrounds. Notably, immediate handwashing after pet contact reduced the likelihood of transmission (p = 0.04), especially when pets presented with dermatological disease. This study provides insights into infection control and resistance transfer. Full article

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16 pages, 893 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacokinetics, Absolute Bioavailability, and Nonlinear Topical Absorption of a Fluralaner–Moxidectin Spot-On Formulation in Cats

by Jinyan Meng, Qinyao Wu, Runlin Yu, Zeyu Wen, Sumeng Chen, Yang Zhang, Nuoyu Xu, Shuyan Guo, Xilu Sun and Xingyuan Cao

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070700 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 614

Abstract

Long-acting spot-on formulations are widely used for parasite control in cats, yet the pharmacokinetics of combined fluralaner and moxidectin remain incompletely defined beyond the recommended dose. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and dose proportionality of a novel fixed-combination spot-on formulation in [...] Read more.

Long-acting spot-on formulations are widely used for parasite control in cats, yet the pharmacokinetics of combined fluralaner and moxidectin remain incompletely defined beyond the recommended dose. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and dose proportionality of a novel fixed-combination spot-on formulation in healthy cats after topical administration of fluralaner/moxidectin at 40/2, 80/4, and 120/6 mg/kg BW, and compared intravenous administration of each compound alone or in combination. Forty-eight healthy cats were allocated to six groups of eight cats each. Non-compartmental analysis and a power model were used to characterize systemic exposure and dose proportionality. After intravenous co-administration, fluralaner exposure increased whereas moxidectin exposure decreased compared with single-agent administration, indicating a potential pharmacokinetic interaction. Topical administration produced slow absorption and sustained systemic persistence, with T_max values occurring approximately 10–18 days after dosing and quantifiable concentrations maintained throughout the 160 days sampling period. Systemic exposure increased non-proportionally across the tested dose range, and absolute bioavailability was limited and dose-dependent, ranging from 9.7% to 26.9% for fluralaner and from 10.22% to 21.28% for moxidectin. No adverse reactions were observed. These findings demonstrate nonlinear topical absorption, and prolonged systemic persistence, supporting further dose optimization and formulation development of this long-acting feline antiparasitic delivery system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: From Empirical Dosing to Precision Therapeutics)

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10 pages, 837 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of an Indirect ELISA for Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis Based on Eukaryotic Expression of gD Protein in CHO Cells

by Anyan Li, Shimei Xu, Ting Li, Qiaoying Zeng and Wei Wang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070699 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 272

Abstract

To develop an indirect ELISA kit for detecting serum antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), the gD protein of BoHV-1 was expressed in CHO-S cells and purified for use as the coating antigen. The optimized conditions were as follows: a coating antigen concentration [...] Read more.

To develop an indirect ELISA kit for detecting serum antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), the gD protein of BoHV-1 was expressed in CHO-S cells and purified for use as the coating antigen. The optimized conditions were as follows: a coating antigen concentration of 2 µg/mL; serum dilution at 1:40 with incubation at 37 °C for 60 min; enzyme-labeled antibody dilution at 1:5000 with incubation at 37 °C for 60 min; and color development with TMB substrate at 37 °C for 15 min. The absorbance was then measured with a microplate reader. The kit could detect BoHV-1-positive serum at a dilution of up to 1:3200, showing favorable analytical detection capacity. No cross-reactivity was observed with positive sera against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Akabane virus (AKAV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3), or lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), reflecting ideal analytical specificity. Based on 126 field serum samples tested against a commercial IDEXX gB-based ELISA kit, we further calculated the diagnostic sensitivity (83.54%; 95% CI: 73.22–90.17%) and diagnostic specificity (100%; 95% CI: 92.43–100%) to quantitatively characterize its clinical detection performance. The ROC curve analysis based on IDEXX gB serostatus rather than true VNT-confirmed infection generated an AUC of 0.912 (95% CI: 0.856–0.951), which only reflects inter-assay concordance instead of absolute diagnostic validity. This indirect ELISA can be applied to epidemiological investigation and evaluation of immunization efficacy. Full article

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11 pages, 1247 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serological Evidence of Widespread Coxiella burnetii Exposure Among Small Ruminants in Western Romania

by Timotei Pantea, Sebastian Alexandru Popa, Georgeta Stefan, Ionica Iancu, Vlad Iorgoni, Alexandru Gligor, Paula Nistor, Janos Degi, Luminita Costinar, Corina Pascu, Ionela Popa, Alexandru Udrea, David Purec, Cosmin Horatiu Maris and Viorel Herman

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070698 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 293

Abstract

Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, remains an important zoonotic disease with significant implications for animal health, livestock production, and public health. Epidemiological data regarding the circulation of C. burnetii in Romania remain limited, particularly in the western region of the country. [...] Read more.

Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, remains an important zoonotic disease with significant implications for animal health, livestock production, and public health. Epidemiological data regarding the circulation of C. burnetii in Romania remain limited, particularly in the western region of the country. This study aimed to assess the observed seropositivity and geographic distribution of anti-C. burnetii antibodies among sampled small ruminants from Western Romania. A cross-sectional sero-epidemiological survey was conducted using 546 serum samples collected from sheep (n = 451) and goats (n = 95) originating from five counties (Timiș, Arad, Bihor, Caraș-Severin, and Hunedoara). Sera were tested for IgG antibodies against C. burnetii using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, 87 animals were seropositive, corresponding to an observed seropositivity of 15.9% (87/546). Species-specific seropositivity was significantly higher in goats (25.3%) than in sheep (14.0%) (p = 0.006). Seropositive animals were detected in all surveyed counties, with prevalence ranging from 5.1% in Arad County to 21.3% in Timiș County. Significant geographic variation in seroprevalence was also observed among the investigated counties (p = 0.040). These findings indicate widespread serological evidence of exposure to Coxiella burnetii among the sampled small-ruminant population in Western Romania and reveal heterogeneous exposure patterns associated with both host species and geographic location. Continued surveillance integrating serological and molecular approaches is warranted to better characterize the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of C. burnetii within a One Health framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Diseases: Early Detection, Surveillance, and Control in Veterinary Practice)

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31 pages, 8140 KB

Open AccessArticle

BoviFusionNet: A Lightweight Edge-Deployable AI System for Cattle Behavior Recognition in Livestock Monitoring

by Jiawen Li, Weidong Zhang, Ximing Ren, Jiarui He, Leijun Wang, Jujian Lv, Kaihan Lin, Wencai Du and Rongjun Chen

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070697 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 359

Abstract

This study aims to develop a lightweight, edge-deployable artificial intelligence (AI) system for real-time, non-contact recognition of cattle eating, standing, and lying behaviors in farm environments. Automated monitoring of these behaviors in cattle provides fundamental behavioral data for the future development of systems [...] Read more.

This study aims to develop a lightweight, edge-deployable artificial intelligence (AI) system for real-time, non-contact recognition of cattle eating, standing, and lying behaviors in farm environments. Automated monitoring of these behaviors in cattle provides fundamental behavioral data for the future development of systems that analyze feeding duration, lying duration, and behavioral rhythms. Nevertheless, practical deployment on farms is hindered by data imbalance, dense animal groupings, scale variation, occlusion, and the need for low-cost edge computing. To address these challenges, we propose BoviFusionNet, a lightweight, edge-deployable AI system. A box balanced augmentation strategy rebalances training instances at the object level without altering the validation or test sets. Built upon YOLO11n, the model integrates three targeted enhancements: information-preserving downsampling (ADown), adaptive bidirectional feature fusion (BiFPN), and local window attention (C2CGA) to improve multi-scale representation and fine-grained behavior discrimination. Experimental results show that BoviFusionNet achieves 0.7851 recall, 0.7763 F1-score, 0.7976 mAP@0.50, and 0.6305 mAP@0.50:0.95, with only 5.4 GFLOPs and a 3.4 MB model size. Compared with the YOLO11n baseline, it improves mAP@0.50:0.95 by 9.92% and reduces the parameter count by 39.8%. After INT8 quantization and deployment on an RK3588S edge device, real-time inference reaches 28.08 frames per second (FPS). Therefore, BoviFusionNet offers an effective accuracy-complexity trade-off for on-farm edge AI applications. By enabling continuous, non-invasive monitoring of health-relevant behaviors, it provides fundamental behavioral data for the future development of veterinary health assessment tools without relying on cloud services or wearable sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Smart Agriculture and Veterinary Science: Innovations in Animal Health and Welfare)

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18 pages, 487 KB

Open AccessArticle

Animal Abuse and Neglect in Companion-Animal Practice: The Role of Training, Legislation, and Veterinarian–Client Relationships in Romania

by Adela Ioana Mustăţea, Violeta Ștefania Rotărescu, Adrian Gorbănescu and Emilia Ciobotaru-Pîrvu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070696 - 17 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Animal abuse and neglect represent important challenges in companion-animal practice, with veterinarians playing a central role in their identification and management. This study investigated how Romanian companion-animal veterinarians recognise and manage suspected cases of abuse and neglect, and explored the relationships between professional [...] Read more.

Animal abuse and neglect represent important challenges in companion-animal practice, with veterinarians playing a central role in their identification and management. This study investigated how Romanian companion-animal veterinarians recognise and manage suspected cases of abuse and neglect, and explored the relationships between professional training, familiarity with animal welfare legislation, and clinical practices. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an original online questionnaire completed by 137 veterinarians. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses were applied. Although 73% of respondents reported encountering suspected abuse cases, 93.4% said they had never received formal training in abuse identification, and 78.1% worked in practices without specific protocols for managing such cases. Reporting rates were low, with 71.5% of veterinarians never having submitted an official report. Neglect was identified as the most frequently encountered form of abuse. Significant associations were observed between familiarity with animal welfare legislation, level of training, and awareness of neglect, and veterinarians who perceived themselves as less prepared were more likely to express a need for additional education. These findings highlight critical gaps in veterinary training and institutional support, emphasising the need for structured educational programmes, lifelong learning and continuing professional development, standardised clinical procedures, and closer collaboration with authorities to improve animal welfare outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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Limited Effects of High-Intensity Laser Therapy on Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes in Three-Year-Old Arabian Racehorses with Dorsal Metacarpal Disease

by Karolina Śniegucka, Maria Soroko-Dubrovina, Paulina Zielińska and Krzysztof D. Dudek

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(7), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13070695 - 17 Jul 2026

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Abstract

Dorsal metacarpal disease (DMD) is a common musculoskeletal injury in young racehorses, and effective non-invasive treatments remain of clinical interest. This study aimed to evaluate whether high-intensity laser therapy (HILT), which was applied as the sole intervention in horses retired from training, reduces [...] Read more.

Dorsal metacarpal disease (DMD) is a common musculoskeletal injury in young racehorses, and effective non-invasive treatments remain of clinical interest. This study aimed to evaluate whether high-intensity laser therapy (HILT), which was applied as the sole intervention in horses retired from training, reduces the clinical signs of DMD compared with untreated controls. During the 2023–2024 racing seasons, 15 Arabian racehorses diagnosed with DMD were enrolled; 9 received HILT and 6 served as controls without laser therapy. The treatment protocol consisted of five daily HILT sessions followed by five sessions administered every other day. Thermographic, orthopedic, and radiographic examinations of the third metacarpal bones were performed before and after the treatment period in both groups, with additional thermographic and clinical assessments conducted throughout therapy. The results showed that horses treated with HILT did not exhibit a significant reduction in pain and lameness accompanied by thermographic changes consistent with decreased inflammation. These findings indicate that HILT did not alleviate clinical signs associated with DMD in the affected horses; however, further controlled studies are required to determine its effect on tissue healing processes and to optimize treatment duration. Full article

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Vet. Sci., Volume 13, Issue 7 (July 2026) – 120 articles

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