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Toxics, Volume 12, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 70 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Rice husk, a byproduct of rice cultivation, serves as an innovative and cost-effective tool for immobilizing heavy metals in contaminated soils. Our research highlights the inherent properties of untreated rice husk, rich in silica and organic compounds, that interact effectively with metals like Cd, Cu, and Mn. Through rigorous lab-based experiments, we assessed the adsorption efficiency of rice husk under varying conditions to improve metal immobilization. Finally, we conducted pot experiments with Lactuca sativa and Spinacia oleracea in heavy metal-contaminated soil, demonstrating significant reductions in metal uptake and bioavailability. This comprehensive approach underscores the rice husk’s potential as a scalable, sustainable solution for practical applications in soil remediation. View this paper
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17 pages, 6749 KiB  
Article
Gender-Specific Toxic Effects of S-Metolachlor and Its Metabolite on Hibernating Lizards: Implications for Reproductive Health and Ecosystem Vulnerability
by Li Chen, Jinling Diao, Zhongnan Tian, Dezhen Wang, Wenjun Zhang, Luyao Zhang, Zikang Wang, Zhiqiang Zhou and Shanshan Di
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110834 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 513
Abstract
Reptiles rely on hibernation to survive harsh winters, but climate change and pesticide use in agriculture jeopardize their survival, making the ecosystem vulnerable. S-metolachlor (SM), a commonly found herbicide in soil, and its metabolite metolachlor oxanilic acid (MO) induce oxidative stress and disrupt [...] Read more.
Reptiles rely on hibernation to survive harsh winters, but climate change and pesticide use in agriculture jeopardize their survival, making the ecosystem vulnerable. S-metolachlor (SM), a commonly found herbicide in soil, and its metabolite metolachlor oxanilic acid (MO) induce oxidative stress and disrupt reproductive hormones. In this study, lizards were exposed to SM- and MO-contaminated soil for 45 days during hibernation. Weight loss and deaths occurred at the beginning of hibernation in all groups. Furthermore, the exposure group experienced severe oxidative stress and damage in the liver, kidney, heart, gonad, and brain. The testosterone levels significantly decreased in male lizards in both the SM and MO groups, whereas estradiol levels increased significantly in female lizards in the SM group. Gender-specific expression of steroidogenic-related genes in the brains and gonads of lizards was observed. Histological analysis revealed toxic effects induced by both SM and MO in vital organs during hibernation. Moreover, MO induced more severe reproductive toxicity in male lizards during hibernation. Therefore, this study suggests gender-specific toxic effects were observed in hibernating lizards exposed to SM and MO, underscoring the importance of vigilant monitoring of pesticide application in agriculture and assessing the potential harm of its metabolites. Full article
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17 pages, 1959 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Physicochemical Properties of Ultrafine Particles (UFP) from Vehicular Emissions in a Commercial Parking Garage: Potential Health Implications
by Nachiket Vaze, Leonardo Calderon, Irini Tsiodra, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Charles N. Serhan, Bruce D. Levy and Philip Demokritou
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110833 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 607
Abstract
Vehicular emissions are a major culprit in the rise of urban air pollution. The particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicular sources includes primarily ultrafine particles (UFPs) with aerodynamic diameters less than 0.1 µm (PM0.1) and is linked to adverse respiratory and [...] Read more.
Vehicular emissions are a major culprit in the rise of urban air pollution. The particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicular sources includes primarily ultrafine particles (UFPs) with aerodynamic diameters less than 0.1 µm (PM0.1) and is linked to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health effects. Despite this knowledge, few exposure assessment studies exist that detail the physicochemical properties of PM in parking garages. In this study, airborne PM emitted by vehicles in a parking garage of a hospital in New Jersey was sampled, during winter and summer seasons, and physicochemically characterized. The results indicate that the mass concentrations of the UFPs in the garage were 2.51 µg/m3 and 3.59 µg/m3, respectively. These UFPs contained a large percentage of elemental carbon and toxic elements. They also contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), having deleterious health effects. An inhalation particle modeling revealed that 23.61% of these UFPs are deposited in the pulmonary region of the lung, translating to a dose of 10.67 µg for winter and 15.25 µg for summer, over a typical 40 h work week. These high deposited levels of UFPs and their complex chemistry levels further warrant the need for toxicological assessment of UFPs related to vehicular emissions. Full article
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24 pages, 22588 KiB  
Review
Rodlet Cell Morpho–Numerical Alterations as Key Biomarkers of Fish Responses to Toxicants and Environmental Stressors
by Maurizio Manera
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110832 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 528
Abstract
Rodlet cells (RCs) are specialised immune cells found in teleost fish, recognised for their unique morphology and potential roles in both immune responses and environmental adaptation. Herein, current knowledge on RCs is reviewed, focussing on their responsiveness to toxicants and environmental stressors. The [...] Read more.
Rodlet cells (RCs) are specialised immune cells found in teleost fish, recognised for their unique morphology and potential roles in both immune responses and environmental adaptation. Herein, current knowledge on RCs is reviewed, focussing on their responsiveness to toxicants and environmental stressors. The historical context of RC research is discussed, including key milestones in the identification and characterisation of these cells. Recent studies highlight RCs’ quantitative and qualitative changes in response to various pollutants, such as heavy metals, organic chemicals, and microplastics, underscoring their utility as biomarkers for environmental monitoring and assessment of ecological health. The underlying mechanisms that govern RC responses are explored, noting the limited research available at the molecular level, which hampers a comprehensive understanding of their functionality. Despite this, the consistent patterns of RC responses position them as valuable indicators of environmental health within the One Health framework, linking aquatic ecosystem integrity to broader human and animal health concerns. Additionally, the potential equivalence of RCs in other vertebrates is examined, which may provide insights into their evolutionary significance and functional roles across different species. The urgent need for further research is emphasised to enhance the understanding of RC biology and its applications in toxicology and environmental pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)
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23 pages, 5978 KiB  
Article
The Role of Metal Tolerance Proteins (MTPs) Associated with the Homeostasis of Divalent Mineral Elements in Ga-Treated Rice Plants
by Hao Zhan, Cheng-Zhi Li, Yi Kang and Xiao-Zhang Yu
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110831 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 524
Abstract
Mineral elements typically act as transported substrates for metal tolerance proteins (MTPs). The chelation of MTPs with heavy metal ions is a suggestive detoxification pathway in plants; therefore, the trade-off between transporting mineral elements and chelating excess toxic metal ions is inevitable. Gallium [...] Read more.
Mineral elements typically act as transported substrates for metal tolerance proteins (MTPs). The chelation of MTPs with heavy metal ions is a suggestive detoxification pathway in plants; therefore, the trade-off between transporting mineral elements and chelating excess toxic metal ions is inevitable. Gallium (Ga) is an emerging pollutant associated with high-tech industries. This study investigated the impact of Ga stress on MTPs, subsequently altering the transport and distribution of mineral elements. Gallium exposure reduced rice seedling biomass, with roots accumulating more Ga than shoots. Ga stress also changed the rice plants’ subcellular mineral element distribution. PCR assays showed that Ga stress negatively affected all genes belonging to the Mn group, except OsMTP9. While Mn accumulation in the rice cellular compartments did not respond positively to Ga stress, OsMTP8, OsMTP8.1, OsMTP11, and OsMTP11.1 were found to be intimately connected to Mn transport and repressed by increased Ga accumulation in roots. Mg and Cu accumulated in the cytosol and organelles of Ga-treated rice plants, while OsMTP9 expression increased, demonstrating its importance in transporting Mg and Cu. A positive link between Ga stress and Zn accumulation in the cytosol and organelles was found, and OsMTP7 and OsMTP12 expression was positive, suggesting that Ga stress did not impair their Zn transport. Notably, Ga exposure down-regulated Fe-transporting OsMTP1 and OsMTP6, wherein the subcellular concentrations of Fe showed negative responses to Ga accumulation. These findings provide valuable insights into elucidating the roles of OsMTPs in Ga tolerance and the transport of these mineral elements. Full article
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12 pages, 1506 KiB  
Article
Lead Concentrations in Tissues of Pigeons (Columba livia) in the Urban Area of Comarca Lagunera, Mexico
by Andrea Ocampo-Lopez, Cristo Omar Puente-Valenzuela, Homero Sánchez-Galván, Ana Alejandra Valenzuela-García, Josué Raymundo Estrada-Arellano, Ramón Alfredo Delgado-González, Jorge Alejandro Aguirre-Joya, Cristian Torres-León, Alejandra Ocampo-Lopez and David Ramiro Aguillón-Gutiérrez
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110830 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 814
Abstract
The Comarca Lagunera is one of Mexico’s most important productive areas. Its main economic activities are livestock, agriculture, and the processing industry. A wide variety of industries emit wastes that are considered highly toxic environmental pollutants, which have strong negative impacts on public [...] Read more.
The Comarca Lagunera is one of Mexico’s most important productive areas. Its main economic activities are livestock, agriculture, and the processing industry. A wide variety of industries emit wastes that are considered highly toxic environmental pollutants, which have strong negative impacts on public health. The objective of this work was to determine the lead concentrations present in tissues of pigeons (Columba livia) belonging to the urban area of the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico. Specimens were collected from the localities that comprise the region and the tissue extracted; the organs were dried, calcined, and diluted in an acidic HCl solution. Lead concentrations were obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry using the graphite furnace technique. The results demonstrate the presence of lead in all the tissues analyzed, with maximum concentrations of 191.14 mg/kg and minimum concentrations of 0.86 mg/kg, the area with the highest average concentration being Torreón, Coahuila (p = 0.030). The organ with the highest concentration was the bone (p = 0.000). Evidence of lead poisoning is presented in Columba livia tissues in the Comarca Lagunera, thus demonstrating the presence of this contaminant and the ability of these pigeons to function as bioindicators of environmental contamination. Full article
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21 pages, 1225 KiB  
Article
The Exposure Status of Environmental Chemicals in South Korea: The Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2018–2020
by Sooyeon Hong, Ok-Jin Kim, Sun Kyoung Jung, Hye Li Jeon, Suejin Kim and Jihyon Kil
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110829 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 544
Abstract
In South Korea, a Human Biomonitoring (HBM) program, known as the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), was launched in 2009. This study aims to provide an overview of environmental chemical exposures in South Korea based on data from the KoNEHS cycle 4 [...] Read more.
In South Korea, a Human Biomonitoring (HBM) program, known as the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS), was launched in 2009. This study aims to provide an overview of environmental chemical exposures in South Korea based on data from the KoNEHS cycle 4 (2018–2020). To ensure population representativeness, Koreans aged 3 years and older were recruited from 426 sites across the country. A total of 6381 participants joined in the collection of biospecimens, which were subsequently analyzed for 33 environmental chemicals or their metabolites, including nine that were not included in the previous cycle. The five most common PFASs were detected in more than 99.7% of the participants. The GM of serum PFOS was the highest in adults at 15.1 µg/L (13.9, 16.4) and in adolescents at 7.97 µg/L (7.42, 8.56). In adults, there was a gradual decrease in the detection rate and concentration of some heavy metals and phthalate metabolites. In children and adolescents, the detection rate of BPA in urine decreased, while the rate of its substitutes BPF and BPS increased, and the rate of propyl paraben in urine decreased significantly. The results of the KoNEHS cycle 4 indicate that exposure levels to certain environmental chemicals are still high, highlighting further monitoring and on-going surveys to determine their trends, especially for newly investigated substances, such as PFASs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)
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14 pages, 1433 KiB  
Article
Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Psoriasis: A Population-Based Study
by Qing Zhang, Mengyue Zhang and Cunxi Zhao
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110828 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 697
Abstract
PFAS are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been reported to be associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the relationship of PFAS exposure with psoriasis risk has not been reported. Utilizing data from the 2003–2018 NHANES, we explored the relationship of PFAS [...] Read more.
PFAS are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been reported to be associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the relationship of PFAS exposure with psoriasis risk has not been reported. Utilizing data from the 2003–2018 NHANES, we explored the relationship of PFAS exposure with psoriasis risk. Our study included 5370 participants and examined serum levels of five PFAS compounds: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, and PFDA, along with self-reported psoriasis status. Generalized linear regression, quantile g-computation, repeated hold out WQS regression, and BKMR models were employed to assess individual and combined effects of PFAS on psoriasis risk. We found each doubling the PFOS concentration was associated with a 19% increased risk of psoriasis (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.41) in the overall population. Sex-stratified analyses indicated significant associations between PFOA and PFNA exposure and psoriasis risk in females. Mixture analyses using WQS regression indicated that PFAS mixtures were associated with an 11% increased risk of psoriasis (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.22) in females in both the negative and positive direction. BKMR analyses also indicated a positive trend of PFAS mixtures with psoriasis risk in females. Our findings indicate a possible association between PFAS exposure and psoriasis risk, particularly in females. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)
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24 pages, 6232 KiB  
Article
Towards Cleaner Cities: Estimating Vehicle-Induced PM2.5 with Hybrid EBM-CMA-ES Modeling
by Saleh Alotaibi, Hamad Almujibah, Khalaf Alla Adam Mohamed, Adil A. M. Elhassan, Badr T. Alsulami, Abdullah Alsaluli and Afaq Khattak
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110827 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 551
Abstract
In developing countries, vehicle emissions are a major source of atmospheric pollution, worsened by aging vehicle fleets and less stringent emissions regulations. This results in elevated levels of particulate matter, contributing to the degradation of urban air quality and increasing concerns over the [...] Read more.
In developing countries, vehicle emissions are a major source of atmospheric pollution, worsened by aging vehicle fleets and less stringent emissions regulations. This results in elevated levels of particulate matter, contributing to the degradation of urban air quality and increasing concerns over the broader effects of atmospheric emissions on human health. This study proposes a Hybrid Explainable Boosting Machine (EBM) framework, optimized using the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), to predict vehicle-related PM2.5 concentrations and analyze contributing factors. Air quality data were collected from Open-Seneca sensors installed along the Nairobi Expressway, alongside meteorological and traffic data. The CMA-ES-tuned EBM model achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 2.033 and an R2 of 0.843, outperforming other models. A key strength of the EBM is its interpretability, revealing that the location was the most critical factor influencing PM2.5 concentrations, followed by humidity and temperature. Elevated PM2.5 levels were observed near the Westlands roundabout, and medium to high humidity correlated with higher PM2.5 levels. Furthermore, the interaction between humidity and traffic volume played a significant role in determining PM2.5 concentrations. By combining CMA-ES for hyperparameter optimization and EBM for prediction and interpretation, this study provides both high predictive accuracy and valuable insights into the environmental drivers of urban air pollution, providing practical guidance for air quality management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Emissions Characteristics and Its Impact on Human Health)
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16 pages, 1859 KiB  
Review
The Environmental Hazards and Treatment of Ship’s Domestic Sewage
by Yanan Zhang, Bensen Xian, Wenkai Sun, Ruifang Lu, Qin Zhang, Mei Wang, Dandan Xu, Huili Liu, Shaoyuan Bai and Mingming Fu
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110826 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 788
Abstract
With the rapid development of the modern shipping field, the damage caused by ship pollution to the global inland waterways and marine ecosystems has attracted extensive attention from the international community. However, there are fewer reviews on the environmental hazards of domestic ship [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of the modern shipping field, the damage caused by ship pollution to the global inland waterways and marine ecosystems has attracted extensive attention from the international community. However, there are fewer reviews on the environmental hazards of domestic ship sewage and its treatment, and a systematic summary of the environmental hazards posed by ship domestic sewage and its treatment is lacking. Based on summarizing the various environmental hazards brought about by a ship’s domestic sewage and the corresponding treatment methods, this study elaborates, in detail, on the specific hazards of the main toxic and hazardous substances contained in a ship’s domestic sewage on the environment and organisms, and the treatment methods of the ship’s domestic sewage and their treatment effects, such as membrane bioreactor (MBR). It is also pointed out that MBR has great potential in the direction of ship domestic sewage treatment, and the solution of its membrane pollution and other problems as well as the exploration of the combination of MBR and other treatment methods will become the focus of future research. A theoretical reference is provided for the study of environmental problems caused by domestic sewage from ships and their treatment options. Full article
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15 pages, 903 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in Trainee Firefighters Using PAH CALUX Bioassay
by Johanna Grünfeld, Peter Møller, Ulla Vogel, Simon Pelle Jensen, Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen and Maria Helena Guerra Andersen
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110825 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 489
Abstract
This work investigated the application of a reporter gene bioassay in assessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in trainee firefighters. In the PAH CALUX bioassay, the PAH-induced activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a reporter cell line is recorded by increased luminescence. [...] Read more.
This work investigated the application of a reporter gene bioassay in assessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in trainee firefighters. In the PAH CALUX bioassay, the PAH-induced activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a reporter cell line is recorded by increased luminescence. A repeated measurement study was performed, collecting urine and skin wipe samples at two baseline sessions (spring and autumn) and after three firefighting sessions: one with wood fuel, one with gas fuel, and one without fire. The bioassay response was expressed as benzo[a]pyrene equivalents, which was compared to levels of 16 EPA criteria PAHs in skin wipe samples and 8 hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in urine samples quantified by chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents and PAH levels in skin wipes indicated larger exposure to PAHs during the wood session compared to the other sessions. The urine bioassay showed non-significant effect sizes after all sessions, whereas the chemical analysis showed increased OH-PAH levels after the gas session. The non-significant changes observed for the session without fire suggest a negligible exposure from contaminated gear. In conclusion, the bioassay response for skin wipes shows that trainee firefighters were exposed to higher levels of potentially toxic PAHs during the wood fire training session. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Firefighters’ Occupational Exposures and Health Risks)
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17 pages, 6775 KiB  
Article
MiR-101-3p Promotes Tumor Cell Proliferation and Migration via the Wnt Signal Pathway in MNNG-Induced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Jianding Wang, Wenwen Zhang, Rui Zhang, Hanteng Yang, Yitong Li, Junling Wang and Chengyun Li
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110824 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 478
Abstract
N-methyl-n’-nitroso-n’-nitroso guanidine (MNNG) can induce esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and microRNAs are associated with the development of ESCC and may serve as potential tumor prognostic markers. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential function of miR-101-3p in MNNG-induced [...] Read more.
N-methyl-n’-nitroso-n’-nitroso guanidine (MNNG) can induce esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and microRNAs are associated with the development of ESCC and may serve as potential tumor prognostic markers. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential function of miR-101-3p in MNNG-induced ESCC. An investigation of risk factors in patients with ESCC was carried out and the concentration of nine nitrosamines in urine samples was detected by the SPE-GC-MS technique. Then, we performed cancer tissue gene sequencing analysis, and RT-qPCR verified the expression level of miR-101-3p. Subsequently, the relationship between miR-101-3p potential target genes and the ESCC patients’ prognosis was predicted. Finally, we investigated the function of miR-101-3p in MNNG-induced ESCC pathogenesis and the regulatory mechanism of the signaling pathway by in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results revealed that high dietary nitrosamine levels are high-risk factors for ESCC. MiR-101-3p is down-regulated in ESCC tissues and cells, and its potential target genes are enriched in cell migration and cancer-related pathways. MiR-101-3p target genes include AXIN1, CK1, and GSK3, which are involved in the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. MiR-101-3p overexpression promotes apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation and migration of Eca109 cells. The Wnt pathway is activated after subchronic exposure to MNNG, and the Wnt pathway is inhibited by the overexpression of miR-101-3p in Eca109 cells. Down-regulated miR-101-3p may exert tumor suppressive effects by regulating the Wnt pathway and may be a useful biomarker for predicting ESCC progression. Full article
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1 pages, 138 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Wang et al. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Accelerate Leukaemia Development in a Mouse Model. Toxics 2024, 12, 646
by Qingqing Wang, Jingdan Han, Mujia Wei, Huikai Miao, Min Zhang, Biao Wu, Yao Chen, Yanwen Zheng, Robert Peter Gale and Bin Yin
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110823 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 260
Abstract
At the request of the authors, Haiyan Xu has been removed from the original publication [...] Full article
20 pages, 3030 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Omics, Computational Models, and Advanced Screening Methods for Drug Safety and Efficacy
by Ahrum Son, Jongham Park, Woojin Kim, Yoonki Yoon, Sangwoon Lee, Jaeho Ji and Hyunsoo Kim
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110822 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 631
Abstract
It is imperative to comprehend the mechanisms that underlie drug toxicity in order to enhance the efficacy and safety of novel therapeutic agents. The capacity to identify molecular pathways that contribute to drug-induced toxicity has been significantly enhanced by recent developments in omics [...] Read more.
It is imperative to comprehend the mechanisms that underlie drug toxicity in order to enhance the efficacy and safety of novel therapeutic agents. The capacity to identify molecular pathways that contribute to drug-induced toxicity has been significantly enhanced by recent developments in omics technologies, such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This has enabled the early identification of potential adverse effects. These insights are further enhanced by computational tools, including quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analyses and machine learning models, which accurately predict toxicity endpoints. Additionally, technologies such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and micro-physiological systems (MPS) provide more precise preclinical-to-clinical translation, thereby improving drug safety assessments. This review emphasizes the synergy between sophisticated screening technologies, in silico modeling, and omics data, emphasizing their roles in reducing late-stage drug development failures. Challenges persist in the integration of a variety of data types and the interpretation of intricate biological interactions, despite the progress that has been made. The development of standardized methodologies that further enhance predictive toxicology is contingent upon the ongoing collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and regulatory bodies. This collaboration ensures the development of therapeutic pharmaceuticals that are more effective and safer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Toxicology and Their Exposure)
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18 pages, 2502 KiB  
Article
Effects of Co-Exposure to Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene, Polymorphisms of microRNA Genes, and Their Interactions on Genetic Damage in Chinese Petrochemical Workers
by Shuangqi Li, Xiaojing Liao, Rui Ma, Na Deng, Haimei Wu, Zhaorui Zhang, Liping Chen, Qing Wang, Qilong Liao, Qianxi Li, Xinyi Ouyang, Yongmei Xiao and Qifei Deng
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110821 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 531
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) co-exist in human environments, yet their individual and combined effects on genetic damage at low exposure levels are not fully understood. Additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNAs (mirSNPs) might be involved in cancer etiology by affecting the related [...] Read more.
Benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) co-exist in human environments, yet their individual and combined effects on genetic damage at low exposure levels are not fully understood. Additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms in microRNAs (mirSNPs) might be involved in cancer etiology by affecting the related early health damage. To investigate the influence of BTX exposure, mirSNPs, and their interactions on genetic damage, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 1083 Chinese petrochemical workers, quantifying the BTX cumulative exposure levels and multiple genetic damage biomarkers. Additionally, we genotyped multiple common mirSNPs. Benzene and a BTX mixture were positive associated with the olive tail moment (OTM) and tail DNA% (p < 0.05). Higher levels of toluene and xylene enhanced the association of benzene with genetic damage levels. Genotypes and/or mutant allele counts of miR-4482-related rs11191980, miR-4433-related rs136547, miR-27a-related rs2594716, miR-3130-related rs725980, and miR-3928-related rs878718 might significantly influence genetic damage levels. Stronger effect estimates of benzene/BTX exposure were found in carriers of miR-196a-2-related rs11614913 heterozygotes and of wild homozygotes of miR-1269b-related rs12451747, miR-612-related rs12803915, and miR-4804-related rs266437. Our findings provide further support of the involvement of BTX co-exposure, mirSNPs, and their gene–environment interactions in determining the severity of DNA strand break in a complex manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Pollutants)
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21 pages, 2447 KiB  
Article
Influence of Organic Matter and Speciation on the Dynamics of Trace Metal Adsorption on Microplastics in Marine Conditions
by Ana Rapljenović, Marko Viskić, Stanislav Frančišković-Bilinski and Vlado Cuculić
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110820 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 445
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM), primarily in the form of humic acid (HA), plays a crucial role in trace metal (TM) speciation and their subsequent adsorption dynamics on microplastics (MP) in aquatic environments. This study evaluates the impact of environmentally relevant concentrations of HA [...] Read more.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM), primarily in the form of humic acid (HA), plays a crucial role in trace metal (TM) speciation and their subsequent adsorption dynamics on microplastics (MP) in aquatic environments. This study evaluates the impact of environmentally relevant concentrations of HA on the adsorption behaviors of essential (Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and toxic (Cd and Pb) TMs onto polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) pellets, as well as PP fibers under marine conditions, during a six-week experiment. The HA concentrations were 0.1, 1, and 5 mg/L, while all metals were in the same amounts (10 µg/L). Results reveal that HA significantly influences the adsorption of Cu, Pb, and Zn on MP, particularly on PP fibers, which exhibited the greatest TM adsorption dynamics. The adsorption patterns correspond to the concentrations of these metals in seawater, with the sequence for pellets being Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Co~Cd, and for fibers Cu > Zn > Pb > Co~Ni > Cd. Speciation modeling supported these findings, indicating that Cu, Pb, and Zn predominantly associate with HA in seawater, facilitating their adsorption on MP, whereas Cd, Co, and Ni mainly form free ions and inorganic complexes, resulting in slower adsorption dynamics. Statistical analysis confirmed the influence of HA on the adsorption of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Ni. By investigating the dynamics of TM adsorption on plastics, the influence of DOM on these two contaminants under marine conditions was evaluated. The presented results can help in forming a better understanding of synergistic plastic and trace metal pollution in marine systems that are relevant at the global level, since both contaminants pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. Full article
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1 pages, 152 KiB  
Retraction
RETRACTED: Albano et al. Systematic Review of Fatal Sodium Nitrite Ingestion Cases: Toxicological and Forensic Implications. Toxics 2024, 12, 124
by Giuseppe Davide Albano, Corinne La Spina, Roberto Buscemi, Mattia Palmeri, Giuliana Malandrino, Fausto Licciardello, Mauro Midiri, Antonina Argo and Stefania Zerbo
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110819 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 394
Abstract
The journal retracts the article titled “Systematic Review of Fatal Sodium Nitrite Ingestion Cases: Toxicological and Forensic Implications” [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overview of Forensic Toxicology, Yesterday, Today and in the Future)
21 pages, 2587 KiB  
Article
Radioactivity Levels and Heavy Metal Concentration in Mining Areas in Zacatecas, Mexico
by Edmundo Escareño-Juarez, Rocío Fernández-Saavedra, M. Belén Gómez-Mancebo, Ana I. Barrado, Ana I. Cardona and Isabel Rucandio
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110818 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 801
Abstract
The state of Zacatecas (Mexico) is one of the places most affected by pollution from the mining industry. A total of 21 samples from two areas were collected (6 samples from zone A and 15 samples from zone B) to evaluate the level [...] Read more.
The state of Zacatecas (Mexico) is one of the places most affected by pollution from the mining industry. A total of 21 samples from two areas were collected (6 samples from zone A and 15 samples from zone B) to evaluate the level of radioactivity and the degree of contamination with heavy metals. The activity concentration for 238U and 232Th was within typical values but that of 226Ra exceeded the value of 60 Bq kg−1 in both areas. In some places, the concentration of 40K was higher than the world average according to UNSCEAR. The radium equivalent activity Raeq and outdoor gamma exposure dose (D) indicated that some sites presented a radiological risk for the population. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) presented a higher risk than the world average in both sampled areas. Other parameters, such as the radiation index Ri, the external risk index Hex, and the internal risk index Hin, also indicated that there was a greater risk due to radiation exposure in these areas. In the case of heavy metals, some parameters, such as the EF, the Igeo, and the CF, showed that some places in zone A and zone B were contaminated with As and Pb. However, the concentration of selenium obtained by ICP-MS in the sampled soil was higher than the average in the Earth’s crust, both in mine waste dumps and in unaltered soil, which indicated that the background concentration for selenium in these places is higher than the world average. Full article
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14 pages, 1224 KiB  
Article
Associations Between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Decreased Serum α-Klotho Level: A Cross-Sectional Study Among US Adults in Middle and Old Age
by Yuyan Liu, Xiaoyu Zhao, Shuxian Ma and Yongfang Li
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110817 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 767
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used chemicals with ubiquitous human exposure. Evidence indicated that phthalate exposure was associated with an increased risk of aging-related diseases. Klotho is a transmembrane protein with anti-aging functions, and its association with phthalates remains unknown. To find the association between [...] Read more.
Phthalates are widely used chemicals with ubiquitous human exposure. Evidence indicated that phthalate exposure was associated with an increased risk of aging-related diseases. Klotho is a transmembrane protein with anti-aging functions, and its association with phthalates remains unknown. To find the association between phthalate exposure and serum α-Klotho, a cross-sectional study was performed in 4482 adults (40–79 years old) who completed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2007–2016). As shown in the results of multivariable linear regression analyses, mono(carboxynonyl) phthalate (MCNP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were inversely associated with α-Klotho, and the regression coefficients of MCNP and MBP were −1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI): −2.00, −0.27) and −0.08 (95% CI: −0.14, −0.02). Subgroup analyses based on the quartiles of each phthalate metabolite showed that both MCNP and MBP were only inversely associated with α-Klotho in the subgroups of the highest levels. For mono-isobutyl phthalate (MIBP), the inverse association with α-Klotho was only statistically significant in the subgroup of the lowest level, and the regression coefficient was −26.87 (95% CI: −52.53, −1.21). Our findings suggest that α-Klotho might be involved in the association of phthalate exposure with aging-related diseases. Future research investigating the causality between phthalates and α-Klotho and its underlying mechanisms is encouraged. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)
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14 pages, 3347 KiB  
Article
Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline by Peroxymonosulfate Activated with Ni-Co Bimetallic Oxide Derived from Bimetallic Oxalate
by Qi Zhang, Mingling Yu, Hang Liu, Jin Tang, Xiaolong Yu, Haochuan Wu, Ling Jin and Jianteng Sun
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110816 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 430
Abstract
In this work, NiCo2O4 was synthesized from bimetallic oxalate and utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst to active peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of tetracycline (TC). The degradation efficiency of TC (30 mg/L) in the NiCo2O4 + PMS [...] Read more.
In this work, NiCo2O4 was synthesized from bimetallic oxalate and utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst to active peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of tetracycline (TC). The degradation efficiency of TC (30 mg/L) in the NiCo2O4 + PMS system reached 92.4%, with NiCo2O4 exhibiting satisfactory reusability, stability, and applicability. Radical trapping test and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results indicated that SO4•−, •OH, O2•−, and 1O2 were the dominating reactive oxygen species (ROS) for TC degradation in the NiCo2O4 + PMS system. Seven intermediates were identified, and their degradation pathways were proposed. Toxicity assessment using T.E.S.T software (its version is 5.1.1.0) revealed that the identified intermediates had lower toxicity compared to intact TC. A rice seed germination test further confirmed that the NiCo2O4 + PMS system effectively degraded TC into low-toxicity or non-toxic products. In conclusion, NiCo2O4 shows promise as a safe and efficient catalyst in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the degradation of organic pollutants. Full article
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17 pages, 1762 KiB  
Article
Indoor Air Quality in an Orthopedic Hospital from Romania
by Flaviu Moldovan and Liviu Moldovan
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110815 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 462
Abstract
Inside hospitals, there is a trend of increasing levels of air pollutants. However, only the indoor air quality in operating theaters is carefully monitored. Therefore, we set the goal of this study to evaluate the indoor air quality in areas of an orthopedics [...] Read more.
Inside hospitals, there is a trend of increasing levels of air pollutants. However, only the indoor air quality in operating theaters is carefully monitored. Therefore, we set the goal of this study to evaluate the indoor air quality in areas of an orthopedics department and to compare the indoor air quality indices that characterize these areas. We used a monitoring system based on the Internet of Things with uRADMonitor model A3 sensors, with which we prospectively measured indoor air quality in the facilities of the orthopedic emergency hospital of Targu Mures in Romania, between 1 February 2023, and 31 January 2024. The primary target pollutants investigated in the emergency room, outpatient room and ward were carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particles with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). We compared the effectiveness of the intervention for emergency rooms where air purifiers were working or not. The concentrations of CO2, VOCs and PM2.5 were significantly higher in the emergency room than in the outpatient room or ward. The indoor air quality was worst in winter, when the CO2, NO2 and VOC concentrations were at their highest. Air purifiers can help reduce the concentration of PM2.5 in emergency rooms. Medical staff and patients in orthopedic hospitals, especially in emergency rooms, are frequently exposed to polluted ambient air, which can affect their health. Orthopedic medical practice guidelines should address issues relating to the protection of personnel through the application of measures to improve indoor air quality. Full article
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23 pages, 2522 KiB  
Review
Advancements and Challenges in Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron-Activated Persulfate Technology for the Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
by Dong Liang, Guoming Zeng, Xiaoling Lei and Da Sun
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110814 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 580
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are a new class of pollutants that can affect hormonal metabolic processes in animals and humans. They can enter the aquatic environment through various pathways and gradually become enriched, thus posing a serious threat to the endocrine and physiological systems of [...] Read more.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are a new class of pollutants that can affect hormonal metabolic processes in animals and humans. They can enter the aquatic environment through various pathways and gradually become enriched, thus posing a serious threat to the endocrine and physiological systems of both animals and humans. Nano zero-valent iron has promising applications in endocrine disruptor removal due to its excellent reducing properties and high specific surface area. However, given the dispersed focus and fragmented results of current studies, a comprehensive review is still lacking. In this paper, it was analyzed that the types of endocrine disruptors and their emission pathways reveal the sources of these compounds. Then, the main technologies currently used for endocrine disruptor treatment are introduced, covering physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods, with a special focus on persulfate oxidation among advanced oxidation technologies. Also, the paper summarizes the various activation methods of persulfate oxidation technology and proposes the nZVI-activated persulfate technology as the most promising means of treatment. In addition, this paper reviews the research progress of different modification methods of nZVI in activating persulfate for the removal of EDCs. Finally, the discussion includes recycling studies of nZVI/PS technology and emphasizes the urgency and importance of endocrine disruptor treatment. The review of this paper provides further scientific basis and technical support for nZVI/PS technology in the field of endocrine disruptor management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)
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22 pages, 1648 KiB  
Review
Presence of Potentially Toxic Elements in Historical Mining Areas in the North-Center of Mexico and Possible Bioremediation Strategies
by Victor Manuel Escot-Espinoza, Susana Rodríguez-Márquez, Jorge Briseño-Bugarín, Maria Argelia López-Luna and Juan Armando Flores de la Torre
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110813 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1146
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the impacts of mining-related environmental liabilities on humans, soils, sediments, surface water and groundwater across various mining districts in Zacatecas, Mexico. An analysis has been carried out on the areas of the state most affected by the [...] Read more.
This paper provides an overview of the impacts of mining-related environmental liabilities on humans, soils, sediments, surface water and groundwater across various mining districts in Zacatecas, Mexico. An analysis has been carried out on the areas of the state most affected by the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium and zinc, identifying priority areas for environmental assessment and remediation. Likewise, a review of the concentrations of PTEs reported in different environmental matrices of the state’s mining areas with the presence of environmental liabilities was carried out, most of which exceed the maximum permissible limits established by Mexican and international regulations, generating an environmental risk for the populations near these districts due to their potential incorporation into the food chain. Additionally, this study explores research focused on the biostabilization of PTEs using microorganisms with specific metabolic activities. Phytoremediation is presented as a viable tool for the stabilization and elimination of PTEs, in which endemic plants from arid–semi-arid climates have shown favorable results in terms of the phytostabilization and phytoextraction processes of the PTEs present in mining waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)
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14 pages, 3618 KiB  
Review
How Does Mangrove Restoration or Reforestation Change Trace Metal Pollution in Mangrove Ecosystems? A Review of Current Knowledge
by Mohammad Mazbah Uddin, Kang Mei, Bin Xie, Li Cunlu, Shengxing Long and Fuliu Xu
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110812 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 789
Abstract
In recent years, mangrove restoration has gained significant attention due to its carbon storage capacity, role as a pollution sink, and ecological and economic benefits. Moreover, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals’ strategies include mangrove restoration. This review investigates the status of mangrove [...] Read more.
In recent years, mangrove restoration has gained significant attention due to its carbon storage capacity, role as a pollution sink, and ecological and economic benefits. Moreover, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals’ strategies include mangrove restoration. This review investigates the status of mangrove restoration research and the influence of restoration on trace metal accumulation, speciation, and associated risks in mangrove sediments. Our analysis reveals that research on mangrove restoration is increasing globally, with a notable surge in publications after 2017. However, fewer than 25 articles published between 2007 and 2024 address trace metals in restored mangroves, indicating limited focus from researchers on this topic. Research shows that mangrove restoration can quickly alter sediment properties, such as texture, salinity, and pH. As a result, restored sediments tend to accumulate higher organic carbon content than barren areas. Most studies also suggest that trace metal accumulation is higher in restored sites than in non-restored areas. However, metal speciation varies considerably between sites due to local environmental factors. Furthermore, many studies suggest that restoration may increase the risks posed by trace metals to aquatic biota. The challenges of mangrove restoration research include short study timeframes, low success rates, poorly defined targets, small-scale efforts, conflicts with local communities over resources and benefits, insufficient government funding, and a lack of historical data on community health and pollution status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)
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24 pages, 4143 KiB  
Article
The Role of Simulation Science in Public Health at the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: An Overview and Analysis of the Last Decade
by Siddhi Desai, Jewell Wilson, Chao Ji, Jason Sautner, Andrew J. Prussia, Eugene Demchuk, M. Moiz Mumtaz and Patricia Ruiz
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110811 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 848
Abstract
Environmental exposures are ubiquitous and play a significant, and sometimes understated, role in public health as they can lead to the development of various chronic and infectious diseases. In an ideal world, there would be sufficient experimental data to determine the health effects [...] Read more.
Environmental exposures are ubiquitous and play a significant, and sometimes understated, role in public health as they can lead to the development of various chronic and infectious diseases. In an ideal world, there would be sufficient experimental data to determine the health effects of exposure to priority environmental contaminants. However, this is not the case, as emerging chemicals are continuously added to this list, furthering the data gaps. Recently, simulation science has evolved and can provide appropriate solutions using a multitude of computational methods and tools. In its quest to protect communities across the country from environmental health threats, ATSDR employs a variety of simulation science tools such as Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling, and benchmark dose (BMD) modeling, among others. ATSDR’s use of such tools has enabled the agency to evaluate exposures in a timely, efficient, and effective manner. ATSDR’s work in simulation science has also had a notable impact beyond the agency, as evidenced by external researchers’ widespread appraisal and adaptation of the agency’s methodology. ATSDR continues to advance simulation science tools and their applications by collaborating with researchers within and outside the agency, including other federal/state agencies, NGOs, the private sector, and academia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Methods of Studying Exposure to Chemicals)
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18 pages, 6525 KiB  
Article
SIRT1-Dependent Neuroprotection by Resveratrol in TOCP-Induced Spinal Cord Injury: Modulation of ER Stress and Autophagic Flux
by Xiangsheng Tian, Yiquan Ou, Shengyuan Shi, Qiuhua Zhou, Sihong Long, Yao Xiang, Weichao Zhao and Dingxin Long
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110810 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 546
Abstract
This study explores the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol (Resv) against tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP)-induced neurotoxicity in the spinal cord of adult hens. It is well documented that TOCP exposure causes significant neurodegeneration via mechanisms that involve endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and impaired autophagy. In [...] Read more.
This study explores the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol (Resv) against tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP)-induced neurotoxicity in the spinal cord of adult hens. It is well documented that TOCP exposure causes significant neurodegeneration via mechanisms that involve endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and impaired autophagy. In this experiment, adult hens were assigned to one of four groups: Control, Resv, TOCP, and TOCP + Resv. The spinal cord tissues were examined through transmission electron microscopy, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Nissl staining, and Western blotting to evaluate key proteins associated with ER stress and autophagy. Additionally, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence were employed to measure sirtuin1 (SIRT1) expression. The findings revealed that TOCP induced severe ultrastructural damage, including disrupted myelin sheaths, dilated ER, and extensive neurodegeneration, as confirmed by histological evaluations. The expression levels of GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP, Beclin-1, P62, and LC3-II were also significantly elevated by TOCP. However, Resv treatment markedly attenuated these pathological changes by reducing ER stress, restoring autophagic flux, and upregulating SIRT1 expression, preserving spinal cord integrity. These results indicate that Resv can effectively counteract TOCP-induced neurotoxicity by modulating ER stress and autophagy, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic agent for neuroprotection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurotoxicity)
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8 pages, 4911 KiB  
Article
Development of a Novel Microphysiological System for Peripheral Neurotoxicity Prediction Using Human iPSC-Derived Neurons with Morphological Deep Learning
by Xiaobo Han, Naoki Matsuda, Makoto Yamanaka and Ikuro Suzuki
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110809 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 619
Abstract
A microphysiological system (MPS) is an in vitro culture technology that reproduces the physiological microenvironment and functionality of humans and is expected to be applied for drug screening. In this study, we developed an MPS for the structured culture of human iPSC-derived sensory [...] Read more.
A microphysiological system (MPS) is an in vitro culture technology that reproduces the physiological microenvironment and functionality of humans and is expected to be applied for drug screening. In this study, we developed an MPS for the structured culture of human iPSC-derived sensory neurons and then predicted drug-induced neurotoxicity by morphological deep learning. Using human iPSC-derived sensory neurons, after the administration of representative anti-cancer drugs, the toxic effects on soma and axons were evaluated by an AI model with neurite images. Significant toxicity was detected in positive drugs and could be classified by different effects on soma or axons, suggesting that the current method provides an effective evaluation of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. The results of neurofilament light chain expression changes in the MPS device also agreed with clinical reports. Therefore, the present MPS combined with morphological deep learning is a useful platform for in vitro peripheral neurotoxicity assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurotoxicity)
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14 pages, 2493 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Disinfection By-Products Originating from Residual Chlorine-Based Disinfectants in Drinking Water Sources
by Dongmei Yang, Jiale Huang, Fenli Min, Huixian Zhong, Jialu Ling, Qun Kang, Zhaohua Li and Lilian Wen
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110808 - 9 Nov 2024
Viewed by 738
Abstract
In this study, samples from the Yangtze River, Han River, and Liangzi Lake in Wuhan City were utilized to characterize the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from chlorine-based disinfection residues in drinking water sources. The results indicated that the main DBPs in drinking [...] Read more.
In this study, samples from the Yangtze River, Han River, and Liangzi Lake in Wuhan City were utilized to characterize the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from chlorine-based disinfection residues in drinking water sources. The results indicated that the main DBPs in drinking water sources were trichloromethane (TCM) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA). The generation of DBPs was significantly positively correlated with oxidative substances, aromatic compounds, pH, and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content in the water. The concentration of TCAA increased from 0 to 2.45 ± 0.31 mg/L when the reaction time increased to 72 h. As the NaClO concentration increased from 5 mg/L to 15 mg/L, the concentrations of TCAA, TBM, and DCAN increased from 2.03 ± 0.04 mg/L, 0 mg/L, and 0 mg/L to 2.49 ± 0.34 mg/L, 0.21 ± 0.07 mg/L, and 0.10 ± 0.04 mg/L before decreasing to 1.75 ± 0.19 mg/L, 0.17 ± 0.07 mg/L, and 0.04 ± 0.05 mg/L, respectively. The orthogonal experimental results showed that Br, NH3-N, and pH all had significant influences on the TCM generation, whereas temperature affected the formation of TCAA in the Han River. This work reveals the factors influencing the generation of DBPs from chlorine-based disinfection residues, offering a prevention and control method for DBPs in drinking water sources from a theoretical perspective. Full article
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13 pages, 4918 KiB  
Article
The Detection and Analysis of Microplastics in a Typical Mountainous Drinking Water System in China
by Chaoxing Xu, Lingzhen Pan, Linfu Zhai, Wenlong Wang, Kejia Lu, Jianqiang Zhu and Guanghua Xia
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110807 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 693
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are widely detected in urban drinking water systems. However, the presence and characteristics of MPs in mountainous drinking water systems with independent and simple filtration facilities have been overlooked. In this study, we revealed the ubiquity of MPs and demonstrated that [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs) are widely detected in urban drinking water systems. However, the presence and characteristics of MPs in mountainous drinking water systems with independent and simple filtration facilities have been overlooked. In this study, we revealed the ubiquity of MPs and demonstrated that their concentrations increased along with the pipeline length in Bainitan Village, Tiantai County, China. The simple filtration facility in this village did not effectively remove most MPs. Polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyethylene terephthalate were the dominant polymers in water samples (72.32% in total), while polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, and polyethylene were the most prevalent in the sediment (74.00% in total) of the reservoir. Long fragments were the predominant shape of MPs in all samples, with the majority being smaller than 100 μm. The estimated daily intake of MPs through drinking water ingestion was highest in infants (2.14–31.26 MPs/kg bw/day), compared to children (1.41–20.67 MPs/kg bw/day) and adults (1.05–15.35 MPs/kg bw/day), highlighting their increased vulnerability. This emphasizes the need for advanced water treatment systems in mountainous regions. It also underscores the necessity for government attention to improve water safety in remote areas. Our research will contribute valuable baseline data for further research on MP exposure, particularly in mountainous communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)
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17 pages, 3018 KiB  
Article
Organophosphate Esters and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Vehicle Dust: Concentrations, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment
by Junji Wang, Jianzai Lin, Xi Zhang, Qinghong Zeng, Zhu Zhu, Siyuan Zhao, Deyan Cao and Meilin Zhu
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110806 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 622
Abstract
Background: The primary flame retardants in vehicles, organophosphates (OPEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), volatilize and accumulate in the enclosed vehicle environment, posing potential health risks. Amidst the rising number of vehicles, the scrutiny of persistent organic pollutants like OPEs and PBDEs in [...] Read more.
Background: The primary flame retardants in vehicles, organophosphates (OPEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), volatilize and accumulate in the enclosed vehicle environment, posing potential health risks. Amidst the rising number of vehicles, the scrutiny of persistent organic pollutants like OPEs and PBDEs in vehicles is increasing. This study investigates occupational and nonoccupational population exposure to specific OPEs (TnBP, TBOEP, TEHP, TCEP, TCiPP, TDCiPP, TPhP, EHDPP) and PBDEs (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, BDE-209) in vehicle dust. Methods: Data on OPEs and PBDEs in vehicle dust were sourced from PubMed and Web of Science. We applied PCA and PMF to identify pollutant sources and assessed health risks using the hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) methods. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted for uncertainty analysis, evaluating variable contributions to the results. Results: The predominant OPE in dust samples was TDCiPP (mean value: 4.34 × 104 ng g−1), and the main PBDE was BDE-209 (mean value: 1.52 × 104 ng g−1). Potential sources of OPEs in vehicle dust include polyvinyl chloride (PVC) upholstery, polyurethane foam (PUF) seats, electronics, carpet wear, hydraulic oil, and plastic wear in the brake system. PBDE sources likely include automotive parts, PVC upholstery, seats, carpets, and electronics. The 90th percentile HI and CR values for occupational and nonoccupational populations exposed to OPEs and PBDEs indicate that the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks are relatively low. A sensitivity analysis showed that the pollutant concentration, time in the vehicle, exposure frequency, and duration significantly influence health risks. Conclusions: The health risks to both occupational and nonoccupational populations from exposure to OPEs and PBDEs in vehicle dust are relatively low. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)
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15 pages, 1780 KiB  
Article
Effect of S-Allyl-L-Cysteine on Nitric Oxide and Cadmium Processes in Rice (Oryza sativa L. sp. Zhongzao35) Seedlings
by Xingyu Huo, Changrong Wang, Yongchun Huang, Weiyong Kong and Xiaoli Wang
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110805 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 511
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule involved in regulating plant processes to cope with abiotic stress. S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is known to induce NO synthesis in animals. However, it is unknown whether SAC can trigger NO biosynthesis, regulate Cd transport, or alleviate [...] Read more.
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule involved in regulating plant processes to cope with abiotic stress. S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) is known to induce NO synthesis in animals. However, it is unknown whether SAC can trigger NO biosynthesis, regulate Cd transport, or alleviate Cd stress in plants. After being sprayed with 0.2 mM SAC, rice seedlings had a NO content that was 1.8 times higher than that of the control (ctrl) group at the ninth hour, which then gradually decreased. The expressions of Cd uptake and transport genes in the roots (including OsNRAMP5, OsNRAMP1, and OsHMA2) were markedly downregulated by 27.2%, 24.8%, and 49.1%, respectively, 72 h after SAC spraying treatment. The Cd content in seedling roots’ cell wall (CW) components significantly increased by 43.5% compared to that of the ctrl group. The Cd content in the shoots and roots decreased by 49.0% and 29.8%, respectively. Cd stress in the seedlings was also substantially alleviated. In conclusion, spraying rice seedlings with SAC triggered an increase in NO synthesis, regulated the expression of genes related to Cd transport, increased Cd fixation in the root CW components, and reduced Cd accumulation in the roots and shoots. Full article
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