Open AccessReview
In Search of Ideal Solutions for Cancer Diagnosis: From Conventional Methods to Protein Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy
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Anca-Narcisa Neagu, Pathea S. Bruno, Claudiu-Laurentiu Josan, Natalie Waterman, Hailey Morrissiey, Victor T. Njoku and Costel C. Darie
Proteomes 2025, 13(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes13040047 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025
Abstract
Cancer detection has made significant progress, moving from conventional methods to innovative, non-invasive or minimally invasive approaches aimed at improving early diagnosis, precision, and treatment outcomes. This review examines current and emerging diagnostic technologies, including liquid biopsy (LB), molecular biomarkers, and artificial intelligence
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Cancer detection has made significant progress, moving from conventional methods to innovative, non-invasive or minimally invasive approaches aimed at improving early diagnosis, precision, and treatment outcomes. This review examines current and emerging diagnostic technologies, including liquid biopsy (LB), molecular biomarkers, and artificial intelligence (AI). LB analyzes biomarkers in bodily fluids, showing promise in detecting tumors at molecular levels, monitoring cancer progression, and predicting treatment responses. The assignment of specific proteoforms, often linked to tumor subtype, stage, and therapy resistance, adds another layer of diagnostic precision, offering valuable insights for personalized oncology. However, the clinical application of LB faces challenges related to sensitivity, specificity, tumor heterogeneity, and a lack of standardized protocols. Relatively high costs, complex result interpretation, and privacy concerns also hinder its widespread adoption in clinical practice. Despite these challenges, advancements in AI, nanotechnology, and multi-omics strategies offer opportunities to enhance cancer diagnostic accuracy. Future developments, including wearable biosensors and lab-on-a-chip technologies, could lead to personalized, real-time cancer detection with improved patient outcomes, potentially redefining cancer care and fostering a more proactive, patient-centered healthcare approach.
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