Pharmacy

14 pages, 732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Fuzzy AHP for Medication Decision Making in Iron-Chelating Medications for Thalassemia

by Saeed Barzegari, Hosein Rostamian, Ehsan Firoozi-Majd and Ibrahim Arpaci

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030086 - 15 Jun 2025

Viewed by 96

Iron overload is a significant concern for patients with thalassemia and often necessitates the use of iron-chelating agents to mitigate the associated complications. Selecting the most appropriate chelation therapy from the available options is a complex decision for healthcare professionals. To support this [...] Read more.

Iron overload is a significant concern for patients with thalassemia and often necessitates the use of iron-chelating agents to mitigate the associated complications. Selecting the most appropriate chelation therapy from the available options is a complex decision for healthcare professionals. To support this decision-making process, this study investigates the application of the “Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process” (FAHP) for medication selection in thalassemia patients requiring iron-chelation therapy. In this study, 20 hematologists participated, and matrices related to the FAHP model were used to evaluate three primary iron chelators: deferoxamine, deferasirox, and deferiprone. The results revealed that deferiprone was the most effective choice, while deferasirox outperformed the others in terms of cost and patient satisfaction. Notably, deferoxamine exhibits the highest rate of side effects, followed by deferiprone and deferasirox. The results obtained from the FAHP analysis indicated a consensus among experts and highlighted deferasirox as the optimal choice for treating chronic iron overload in thalassemia patients. The study demonstrates the practical applicability of the FAHP methodology in guiding informed decisions for iron-chelation therapy. It provides insights to help healthcare professionals optimize treatment strategies for patients with thalassemia. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insulin Glargine Biosimilar Prescribing and Cost Trends in the United Kingdom’s Primary Care from 2020 to 2024

by Murtada Alsaif and Zoë Blumer

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030085 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 32

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Long-acting insulin glargine (iGlar) has been available as a biosimilar since 2014 in the UK. We reviewed previous prescribing to evaluate if the anticipated cost savings with biosimilars were realized with iGlar. Methods: This study investigated prescribing patterns of long-acting iGlar (100 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Long-acting insulin glargine (iGlar) has been available as a biosimilar since 2014 in the UK. We reviewed previous prescribing to evaluate if the anticipated cost savings with biosimilars were realized with iGlar. Methods: This study investigated prescribing patterns of long-acting iGlar (100 units/mL) in cartridges and pre-filled pens from 2020 to 2024 across primary care organizations in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Results: iGlar prescribing declined in all of the four nations. From 2020 to 2024, the total prescribed quantity of biosimilars persistently increased in all countries, reaching 24% in England, 5% in Northern Ireland, 24% in Scotland, and 11% in Wales, all in 2024. Consequently, the proportion of Lantus prescriptions (as quantity) decreased but continued to exceed that of all available iGlar products combined in all countries in all years analyzed. By 2024, Lantus was also priced lower than the most common biosimilar, Abasaglar, across all nations. Conclusions: The introduction of biosimilars does not automatically result in altered prescribing practices, though we show that the most commonly prescribed iGlar was also the least expensive product at the end of the analysis period. At launch and for several years after, biosimilars failed to gain strong utilization, despite cost advantages, highlighting the need for active switching policies and prescriber engagement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Experience of L-Glutamine in Sickle Cell Disease: A Retrospective Observational Study

by Shouq Turkistani, Atika AlHarbi, Mansoor Khan, Aeshah AlAzmi, Sultan Almutairi, Naglla Elimam and Sultan Alotaibi

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030084 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 122

Abstract

Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects millions globally, with approximately 0.26% of the Saudi population impacted. Despite standard treatments, patients frequently experience vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). This retrospective observational study evaluated the real-world effectiveness of L-glutamine (Endari^®) in reducing SCD-related complications in the [...] Read more.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects millions globally, with approximately 0.26% of the Saudi population impacted. Despite standard treatments, patients frequently experience vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). This retrospective observational study evaluated the real-world effectiveness of L-glutamine (Endari^®) in reducing SCD-related complications in the Saudi population, where data remain limited. Patients aged five and older who received L-glutamine from June 2019 to June 2023 were included. The primary endpoint was VOC frequency through week 48. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests compared outcomes before and after treatment. Fifteen patients (median age 12 years, 53% female) met the inclusion criteria; all were on maximum tolerated hydroxyurea. Eleven completed 48 weeks, showing a median VOC reduction from 4 to 3 (p = 0.44). Hospital stay duration remained unchanged (median 7 days, p = 0.72). Laboratory parameters were largely stable, except for a 61.9% increase in reticulocyte count (p = 0.03). The estimated annual treatment cost exceeded SAR 2 million (USD ~547,840). L-glutamine did not produce statistically significant improvements in VOC frequency, though numerical trends were observed. Given the small sample size and limited statistical power, the findings are exploratory. Larger, well-powered, multicenter studies are needed to confirm L-glutamine’s potential benefits in this population. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-World Evidence Assessing the Safety of Administering Intravenous Rituximab Biosimilar in the First Cycle and Subcutaneous Rituximab in Subsequent Cycles in B-Cell Lymphoma Patients

by Tamather Almandeel, Mansoor Ahmed Khan, Ashwag Algethami, Mashael S. Alaboud, Munirah A. Alkathiri, Mohammed Aseeri, Ahmed Absi, Mubarak Almansour and Abdullah Alotaibi

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030083 - 11 Jun 2025

Viewed by 251

Abstract

Background: Biosimilar versions of rituximab have similar safety and efficacy as the reference product across all indications based on the extrapolation principle. Our organization replaced intravenous (IV) rituximab (Mabthera) with IV rituximab (Truxima-Biosimilar) in 2021. Hence, our practice changed to providing first cycles [...] Read more.

Background: Biosimilar versions of rituximab have similar safety and efficacy as the reference product across all indications based on the extrapolation principle. Our organization replaced intravenous (IV) rituximab (Mabthera) with IV rituximab (Truxima-Biosimilar) in 2021. Hence, our practice changed to providing first cycles of IV rituximab (Truxima-Biosimilar) instead of rituximab (Mabthera), and if the first cycle was completed without severe infusion-related reactions (IRRs), then subsequent cycles were given with subcutaneous (SC) rituximab as per institutional guidelines. However, the safety of this approach has not been evaluated. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the Princess Nourah Oncology Center in Saudi Arabia. The primary objective was to assess IRRs after using IV rituximab (Truxima-Biosimilar) in the first cycle followed by SC rituximab in subsequent cycles. Results: Of the 71 patients reviewed, 35 patients met the eligibility criteria. Only one (3%) patient developed an IRR. However, it was a Grade 1 IRR, as per CTCAE.V5, and the patient was able to complete the remaining IV infusion successfully. Hence, all patients transitioned from IV rituximab biosimilar to SC rituximab Mabthera. Conclusions: This real-world study demonstrates that transitioning from IV rituximab biosimilar to SC Mabthera is a well-tolerated and safe practice, confirming the extrapolation principle of biosimilars. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use Among Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Attending Primary Care-Based Memory Clinics

by Rishabh Sharma, Linda Lee, Feng Chang and Tejal Patel

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030082 - 7 Jun 2025

Viewed by 230

Abstract

Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) increase the risk of adverse drug reactions, hospitalizations, and worsened health outcomes in older adults, particularly those with cognitive impairment (CI) or dementia. This study was designed to compare the Beers Criteria^® 2023 and the Screening Tool of [...] Read more.

Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) increase the risk of adverse drug reactions, hospitalizations, and worsened health outcomes in older adults, particularly those with cognitive impairment (CI) or dementia. This study was designed to compare the Beers Criteria^® 2023 and the Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) Criteria 2023 to determine which identifies a higher prevalence of PIMs in older adults with CI or dementia attending primary care-based memory clinics. PIMs were identified with the use of the updated Beers Criteria^® 2023 and STOPP Criteria 2023, from electronic medical records of study participants from January to August 2023. The study identified PIMs and analyzed associated risk factors using bivariate logistic regression. Of 44 older adults, 47.7% (n = 21) were detected with one PIM based on Beers Criteria^® 2023, and 27.2% (n = 12) were identified with at least one PIM using STOPP criteria. Using the updated Beers Criteria^® 2023 and STOPP Criteria 2023, the study identified 50 PIMs (averaging 0.9 PIMs per participant) based on Beers Criteria^® and 31 PIMs (averaging 0.6 PIMs per participant) based on STOPP Criteria, respectively. Bivariate logistic regression revealed a significant association between having nine or more comorbidities and PIMs according to Beers Criteria^® (odds ratio (OR) = 8.4, 95% confidence interval (CIn) = 1.27–55.39, p = 0.027). This study highlights the high prevalence of PIMs among older adults with CI or dementia, emphasizing the need for regular medication reviews. Implementing both criteria can enhance medication management and improve patient safety in this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

20 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Jamaican Community Pharmacists-Determined Barriers to Availability of Smoking Cessation Aids

by Aleena Langlay, Jeanine Abrons and Andrea Daly

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030081 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 321

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the willingness of Jamaican pharmacists to stock and dispense smoking cessation aids and determine barriers to selling products. Design: A descriptive study that utilized pharmacist-completed surveys. The participants received a sectionalized survey and a structured questionnaire tool. Data collection took [...] Read more.

Objectives: To determine the willingness of Jamaican pharmacists to stock and dispense smoking cessation aids and determine barriers to selling products. Design: A descriptive study that utilized pharmacist-completed surveys. The participants received a sectionalized survey and a structured questionnaire tool. Data collection took place over six weeks. Setting: Pharmacists practicing in pharmacies registered by the Pharmacy Council of Jamaica (PCJ) Participants: A total of fifty-seven registered community pharmacists. Results: Most pharmacies (87.7%) do not stock smoking cessation aids. The most identifiable products were nicotine patches/nicotine gum. Pharmacists’ barriers to selling were cost (42%), lack of knowledge of the process of obtaining cessation aids (27.3%), and low demand from patients/clients (22.7%). Most pharmacists (86%) were willing to stock cessation aids. Of the total product requests, 61.2% were lodged by persons 26–50 years old. The stocking of products was not independent of location (p < 0.005). Conclusion: The barriers to the availability of smoking cessation aids, once adequately addressed, could positively enhance the achievement of smoking cessation practices. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Analysis of Test-to-Treat Benefits and Barriers for Pharmacists in Rural Washington State

by Bradley Brown, Megan Undeberg, Angela Stewart and Kimberly McKeirnan

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030080 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 385

Abstract

Background: Rural communities in the United States experience significant barriers in accessing healthcare, including inadequate numbers of providers and local healthcare facilities. These barriers are exacerbated during seasons with high rates of respiratory diseases when rural clinics and providers may be overwhelmed. When [...] Read more.

Background: Rural communities in the United States experience significant barriers in accessing healthcare, including inadequate numbers of providers and local healthcare facilities. These barriers are exacerbated during seasons with high rates of respiratory diseases when rural clinics and providers may be overwhelmed. When mild, many of these respiratory diseases may be managed effectively in alternate settings, including community pharmacies. Investigators interviewed pharmacists in Washington State to explore the capacity of pharmacists and pharmacies to provide test-to-treat services for COVID-19, influenza, and strep throat. Methods: A qualitative study design was used to conduct key informant interviews with pharmacists who precepted student pharmacists from a local university. Twenty interviews were conducted, transcribed, and qualitatively evaluated to identify themes. The 5 A’s of Access were utilized as a theoretical framework. This framework describes five domains of access, including affordability, availability, accessibility, accommodation, and acceptability. Results: Qualitative analysis identified several themes that described the benefits of offering test-to-treat services in rural communities, such as reducing geographical barriers to accessing care, reducing wait times for patients, and reducing the number of patients seeking higher levels of care for basic treatments. Barriers to offering test-to-treat services identified by pharmacist participants included difficulties with receiving payment for services, challenges with adequate staffing, and the lack of awareness among many people in rural communities that pharmacies offer test-to-treat services. Conclusions: Rural communities experience challenges with the limited capacity of healthcare providers to meet the needs of patients in their communities. The results of this qualitative analysis may be useful to pharmacists in U.S. states where collaborative drug therapy agreements or collaborative practice agreements allow the provision of test-to-treat services. By providing test-to-treat services, pharmacists can increase access to care for rural patients and alleviate the burden of offering these services from other healthcare providers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rural Pharmacy Practice)

17 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward Self-Medication Among Pharmacy Undergraduates in Penang, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Bayan F. Ababneh, Hisham Z. Aljamal and Rabia Hussain

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030079 - 2 Jun 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Background: Self-medication is the use of medicinal products to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms without the prescription or supervision of a healthcare professional. There is a lack of data about self-medication knowledge, attitudes, and practices among pharmacy undergraduates in Malaysia. This study assessed [...] Read more.

Background: Self-medication is the use of medicinal products to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms without the prescription or supervision of a healthcare professional. There is a lack of data about self-medication knowledge, attitudes, and practices among pharmacy undergraduates in Malaysia. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices among undergraduate pharmacy students in Penang regarding self-medication. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered, web-based survey (Google Forms), which was completed and responded to by 203 undergraduate pharmacy students from Penang, Malaysia, between October and December 2023. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. Associations between the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants and the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding self-medication were assessed using a chi-square test. Regression analyses were carried out to determine whether the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were associated with practices of self-medication. Results: A total of 203 of the undergraduate pharmacy students completed the questionnaire. More than half of the participants’ age ranged between 19 and 21 years old, the majority were females (77.3%), and 31.5% of the participants had family members employed in the healthcare sector. Most respondents showed good knowledge in a variety of domains: 97.5% acknowledged the potential for drug interaction with other medications, indicating a high awareness of proper self-medication practices. A positive attitude was found regarding participants’ attitudes toward self-medication, and 65.5% practiced self-medication, primarily for treating minor illnesses (75.9%). Common conditions included fever (83.3%), cough/cold/flu (76.8%), and headache (71.4%). Reasons for not self-medicating included the absence of illness (20.2%), lack of knowledge/prior experience (19.2%), and fear of using the wrong medication (18.7%). Only academic year level was the predictor of practicing self-medication within the last six months among the participants. Conclusions: Generally, the participants possessed good knowledge and positive attitudes toward self-medication. The study revealed no significant associations between demographic characteristics and knowledge or attitudes. Insights from this research contribute to understanding self-medication practices among pharmacy students in Penang, informing potential interventions to promote responsible self-medication practices. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacy Students’ Perceptions of Receiving Hands-On Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Education as Part of Their Core Curriculum: A Pre-Post Study

by Joyce Y. Lee, Daniela Arcos, Daniella Chan, Celine Karabedian and José Mayorga

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030078 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Hands-on continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) training is yet to be integrated intentionally into most pharmacy curricula. The objective of this study was to examine pharmacy students’ perceptions of receiving hands-on CGM training as part of their core therapeutics in diabetes. Anonymous, voluntary pre-post [...] Read more.

Hands-on continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) training is yet to be integrated intentionally into most pharmacy curricula. The objective of this study was to examine pharmacy students’ perceptions of receiving hands-on CGM training as part of their core therapeutics in diabetes. Anonymous, voluntary pre-post surveys were administered to two cohorts of 3rd-year pharmacy students from a public pharmacy school in Southern California. Pharmacy students from other class levels were excluded. The surveys, consisting of Likert scale and open-ended questions related to different aspects of CGM, were administered via a web-based learning management system. Descriptive analyses were utilized to summarize the data. In total, 84 (98%) and 79 (92%) students completed the pre- and post-activity surveys, respectively, with an average of 12.5 days of CGM wear. After receiving the CGM training, 94% of the students recommended the integration of hands-on CGM training into the PharmD curriculum. In addition, the number of students who felt confident coaching patients on CGM use more than doubled from 30% to 85%, with 73% reporting added benefits of improved personal health behaviors. In conclusion, pharmacy students’ perceptions of integrating hands-on CGM education as part of their core curriculum were largely positive with added benefits of self-care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Put Me in, Coach”: A Discussion of Deprescribing Roles, Responsibilities, and Motivations Based on a Qualitative Study with Healthcare Professional Students

by Devin Scott, Amy Hall, Rachel Barenie, Crystal Walker, Muneeza Khan, Paul Koltnow, William R. Callahan and Alina Cernasev

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030077 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 207

Abstract

As the US population ages, the number of prescriptions managed by patients and healthcare teams is increasing. Thus, discontinuing or reducing medications that are considered to pose more risks than benefits can be achieved through deprescribing. Despite increasing calls for a stronger focus [...] Read more.

As the US population ages, the number of prescriptions managed by patients and healthcare teams is increasing. Thus, discontinuing or reducing medications that are considered to pose more risks than benefits can be achieved through deprescribing. Despite increasing calls for a stronger focus on deprescribing in healthcare education, current discussions highlight the lack of training on this topic within healthcare curricula. This is a significant barrier to effectively implementing the deprescribing process. This study aimed to characterize healthcare professional students (HPSs)’s perspectives on deprescribing within an interprofessional healthcare team, particularly regarding the motivations and roles of these future practitioners. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with HPSs at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. The data collection, guided by a conceptual model, took place over three months in 2022. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis, during which themes were identified through inductive coding. Results: Participants (n = 36) represented various faculties, including medicine, pharmacy, health professions, nursing, and dentistry. Two themes emerged: (1) Healthcare Team Members’ Roles and Responsibilities (2) “Put Me in, Coach”: Patient Safety Motivates Deprescribing. Conclusion: Data from HPSs highlighted the importance of an interprofessional healthcare team approach to deprescribing. Based on these insights, educators and practitioners should focus on establishing strong interprofessional healthcare teams that privilege open communication. Teams should consider deprescribing as a patient safety concern, as this may galvanize the team and provide additional motivation for performing the necessary work of deprescribing. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence and Cost–Utility Analysis of Antiretroviral Treatment in People Living with HIV in a Specialized Clinic in Mexico City

by Ivo Heyerdahl-Viau, Francisco Javier Prado-Galbarro, Santiago Ávila-Ríos, Osmar Adrian Rosas-Becerril, Raúl Adrián Cruz-Flores, Carlos Sánchez-Piedra and Juan Manuel Martínez-Núñez

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030076 - 28 May 2025

Viewed by 327

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the cost of care for people living with HIV (PLwHIV) in the Condesa Specialized Clinics (CSCs). A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using the Adherence Follow-Up Questionnaire developed by The [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the cost of care for people living with HIV (PLwHIV) in the Condesa Specialized Clinics (CSCs). A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using the Adherence Follow-Up Questionnaire developed by The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) to measure adherence in 261 PLwHIV. An economic Markov model was developed to simulate clinical outcomes, health costs, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over a 5-year horizon from the CSC perspective. The mean adherence index was 89.97, and 59% of the surveyed PLwHIV were non-adherent, but more than 95% of the population had an undetectable viral load, suggesting that ART remains effective in achieving clinical goals, even under suboptimal adherence conditions. More than half of the surveyed PLwHIV (60.54%) stated that they had stopped taking their ART at some point, and the three most frequent causes were forgetting (49.37%), being away from home (45.57%), and having a change in their daily routine (25.95%). The economic model showed a cumulative cost per PLwHIV of USD 8432 and 3.80 QALYs (USD 2218/QALYs), which is below the threshold of willingness to pay in Mexico (USD 13,790/QALY). These findings provide valuable information to guide public health decisions and resource allocation in HIV management in Mexico. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Medication Safety Adventure Trail: An Educational Intervention to Promote Public Awareness on Medication Safety

by Audrey Flornoy-Guédon, Liliane Gschwind, Antoine Poncet, Pierre Chopard, Caroline Fonzo-Christe and Pascal Bonnabry

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030075 - 27 May 2025

Viewed by 321

Abstract

Engaging patients in medication safety is essential but remains under-addressed in hospital settings. This pilot study aimed to assess the impact of an educational intervention—the Medication Safety Adventure Trail—on medication safety knowledge and satisfaction among hospital visitors. A quasi-experimental pre-post intervention using this [...] Read more.

Engaging patients in medication safety is essential but remains under-addressed in hospital settings. This pilot study aimed to assess the impact of an educational intervention—the Medication Safety Adventure Trail—on medication safety knowledge and satisfaction among hospital visitors. A quasi-experimental pre-post intervention using this educational tool was conducted over five days. A booth was set up in a hospital lobby inviting all passers-by to follow a six-step trail involving riddles to solve. The experiment comprised three phases: 1. Briefing plus pre-test; 2. The trail; 3. Debriefing plus post-test. A logistic mixed-effects model was employed to assess changes in the odds of correct responses to eight items between the pre-test and post-test. A five-point scale assessed participants’ degrees of certainty (DC) in their answers, and a comparison pre- and post-test was performed with a linear mixed-effects model. Satisfaction was based on Kirkpatrick’s levels 1 and 2 (reaction and learning) and was assessed using categorical scales and open-ended questions. A total of 93 participants completed the trail (60% non-healthcare professionals, 36% healthcare professionals, and 4% unspecified). The odds of a correct answer were higher at post-test than at pre-test (72% vs. 51%, p < 0.001), and the odds of providing a correct answer were nearly five times higher following the activity compared to before (OR = 4.8 [95%CI 3.5 to 6.4], p < 0.001). The mean DC was also improved from pre-test to post-test (4.43, 95%CI [4.36–4.49] vs. 4.83, 95%CI [4.80–4.86]; p < 0.001). All 93 participants reported being either very satisfied (89%) or satisfied (11%) with the educational tool. The tool significantly improved participants’ knowledge about medication safety issues and was appreciated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimization of Drug Utilization and Medication Adherence)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Pharmacy Students’ Perceptions of Feedback and Self-Reflection in Patient Counselling Simulations: Implications for Professional Development

by Jessica Pace, Andrew Bartlett, Tiffany Iu, Jessica La and Jonathan Penm

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030074 - 27 May 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

(1) Background: Structured use of feedback and self-reflection in simulated counselling sessions has a number of benefits, including identification of strategies for improvement, improvement in key skills and adaptability and a patient-centred approach which will help them to succeed as effective healthcare practitioners. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Structured use of feedback and self-reflection in simulated counselling sessions has a number of benefits, including identification of strategies for improvement, improvement in key skills and adaptability and a patient-centred approach which will help them to succeed as effective healthcare practitioners. The aim of this study was therefore to explore students’ perceptions of self-reflection and feedback in patient counselling simulations and the development of patient counselling skills; (2) Methods: Focus groups explored student perceptions of how the combination of self-reflection, self-assessment and teacher and peer feedback impacted their performance in simulated patient counselling assessments; (3) Results: Four focus groups with 21 pharmacy students were conducted. We identified three main themes and associated subthemes: consistency and continuity (sub-themes learning through repetitive assessment and inconsistent expectations), perceptions of feedback (sub-themes tutor feedback, peer feedback and self-reflection) and real-life practice (sub-themes authenticity of simulation cases, perceptions of empathy and professional development); (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the critical role of integrating consistent, high-quality feedback, peer assessment, and self-reflection in pharmacy education to enhance students’ learning experiences and prepare them for professional practice. As workplace-based assessment becomes more common and expected by accreditation bodies, these insights underscore the need for structured and continuous feedback processes to be integrated into all areas of pharmacy curricula. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ustekinumab in the Treatment of Crohn’s Disease—A Narrative Review on Clinical Efficacy and Safety Profile

by Dawid Piecuch, Edyta Hańczyk, Szymon Kopciał, Natalia Pawelec, Weronika Mazur and Karolina Kornatowska

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030073 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 582

Abstract

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that leads to significant deterioration in patients’ quality of life. Biologic therapy, including the use of ustekinumab (UST), is a modern approach to treating the moderate to severe form of CD, [...] Read more.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that leads to significant deterioration in patients’ quality of life. Biologic therapy, including the use of ustekinumab (UST), is a modern approach to treating the moderate to severe form of CD, especially in patients refractory to traditional treatments. UST, which acts as an interleukin IL-12 and IL-23 antagonist, has shown high efficacy in reducing inflammation, improving quality of life, and promoting mucosal regeneration and fistula healing. However, the use of biologic therapies, such as UST, has challenges related to the timing of treatment and patient response, including the problem of immunogenicity. To determine the clinical efficacy and safety profile of UST in the treatment of CD, a review of the literature published in the PubMed database over the last 5 years was conducted. After excluding articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, we analyzed 42 clinical studies. The review discusses the available data on the efficacy and safety of UST, as well as its comparison with other biologic therapies, such as infliximab and adalimumab. UST, although not significantly greater to adalimumab, has lower immunogenicity and higher treatment retention. The therapeutic value of UST is also confirmed by biosimilars such as ABP 65 and FYB202, which show comparable efficacy and safety profile. The analysis of predictive biomarkers, such as serum drug levels and baseline eosinophil levels, could be an important element in the future personalization of CD treatment. The review’s findings point to the importance of further research to improve the tailoring of therapies to individual patients and improve long-term treatment outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Preceptor Assessment of Entrustable Professional Activities Across Introductory and Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

by Jennie B. Jarrett, Abigail T. Elmes-Patel, Sheila M. Allen, Marlowe Djuric Kachlic, Allison E. Schriever, Tara P. Driscoll, Ara Tekian, Jeffrey J. H. Cheung, Edward Podsiadlik, Stuart T. Haines and Alan Schwartz

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030072 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 264

Abstract

The objective was to evaluate the growth in pharmacy student performance in entrustable professional activity (EPA) assessments across the experiential curriculum based on preceptor assessments on an entrustment–supervision (ES) scale. This retrospective cohort study used assessments based on the 2016 American Association of [...] Read more.

The objective was to evaluate the growth in pharmacy student performance in entrustable professional activity (EPA) assessments across the experiential curriculum based on preceptor assessments on an entrustment–supervision (ES) scale. This retrospective cohort study used assessments based on the 2016 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Core EPAs and an expanded ES scale during introductory and advanced pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs/APPEs) in the third and fourth professional years from fall 2020 to fall 2023. The primary outcome was the change in ES level, assessed by preceptors over time. The secondary outcomes were growth rates across types of experiences, training environments, and experience order. A conditional growth curve model and ordinal mixed effects model were used to demonstrate discrete entrustment decisions. A total of 509 students received 12,426 assessments by 557 preceptors. Raw ES levels and unconditional growth curves for EPA show increases in entrustability from years P3 to P4. Comparing care settings, there was lower entrustment in inpatient than outpatient settings and at academic medical centers than other settings. There were no significant differences in ES levels regardless of which IPPE was taken first. However, when the first APPE was an inpatient medicine experience, ES levels across APPEs for EPA 3 were higher when compared to ambulatory care as the first APPE, and they were higher for EPA 5 when compared to community pharmacy as the first APPE. Paired with ES scales, EPAs can be integrated into pharmacy experiential curricula to demonstrate longitudinal growth in student entrustment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Experiential Learning in Pharmacy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transforming Care: Exploring Consumer and Pharmacist Perceptions of Expanded Pharmacy Practice in Rural and Remote Communities

by Selina Taylor, Shelby Joyce, Ruby Schembri, Josh Swain, Rachael Turiano and Beverley D. Glass

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030071 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 289

Abstract

Accessing essential healthcare services presents a challenge for consumers living in rural and remote communities, leading to higher rates of chronic disease and poorer health outcomes. Community pharmacists are well positioned to address this lack of access; thus, this study aimed to explore [...] Read more.

Accessing essential healthcare services presents a challenge for consumers living in rural and remote communities, leading to higher rates of chronic disease and poorer health outcomes. Community pharmacists are well positioned to address this lack of access; thus, this study aimed to explore the perceptions of rural and remote consumers and pharmacists with respect to community pharmacists expanding their services in these communities. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with consumers and pharmacists recruited from community pharmacies in the far north, north west, and central west Queensland. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided question development, with the responses deductively coded and thematically analysed. Thirteen pharmacists and twenty-three consumers were interviewed, with both groups citing the benefit of reduced wait times. Key barriers were pharmacist workload, time constraints, inadequate infrastructure, and limited consumer awareness of services. Pharmacists highlighted the need for better reimbursement models and professional collaboration, while consumers valued accessibility and convenience but were concerned about the costs of services. This study has highlighted the benefits of expanded pharmacy services as perceived by the key stakeholders: consumers and pharmacists. However, future research investigating a larger sample in more rural and remote locations is needed to ensure the successful implementation of sustainable funding models to deliver better access and health outcomes for consumers in these communities. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Affinity Group Experiences in Pharmacy Education: A Pilot Study

by Elise Moore, Caroline Gaither, Olihe Okoro, Laura Palombi and L’Aurelle A. Johnson

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030070 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 289

Abstract

This study aims to examine the current wellbeing among pharmacy students in underrepresented groups (URGs) and investigate the impact on having access to affinity groups. A survey was distributed to students in April and May 2023, at a Midwestern College of Pharmacy, centering [...] Read more.

This study aims to examine the current wellbeing among pharmacy students in underrepresented groups (URGs) and investigate the impact on having access to affinity groups. A survey was distributed to students in April and May 2023, at a Midwestern College of Pharmacy, centering around diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) efforts and their impact on student wellbeing and experiences with the college-supported affinity groups. Student responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Sixty-five (75%) of the eighty-six students who completed the survey identified with at least one URG. First-generation students (n = 36), underrepresented racial/ethnic groups (n = 24), and LGBTQ+ (n = 13) were the three most prominent groups. Twenty-seven percent (n = 23) of students belonged to multiple URGs. Among the students in URGs, three out of four experienced distress. The students in URGs experienced distress at a higher rate compared to their peers in all categories. Twenty percent (n = 16) of students did not agree that there was equitable treatment on campus. This rate was higher among students in URGs compared to their peers. Eighty-three percent (n = 52) of individuals who did not participate in an affinity group recognized there was a need. Among individuals who did not participate, nearly half identified with a URG. Pharmacy students, especially those in URGs, may benefit from additional interventions by pharmacy schools to improve the offering and visibility of supportive services. Providing URG-centered resources addresses the gap between the wellbeing and academic experience of pharmacy students in URGs compared to their peers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Mental Health and Well-Being in Pharmacy Students: Challenges and Interventions)

10 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transforming Pharmacy Students’ Perceptions of Diabetes: An Innovative Teaching Approach Using Patient Interviews and Photovoice

by Jenifer Santos and Manuel Machuca

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030069 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 470

Abstract

This study evaluated an innovative teaching methodology in a Health Anthropology course for Pharmacy students aimed at transforming their perceptions of diabetes. Through patient interviews and the photovoice technique, students gained deeper insights into the psychosocial aspects of the disease. Surveys were administered [...] Read more.

This study evaluated an innovative teaching methodology in a Health Anthropology course for Pharmacy students aimed at transforming their perceptions of diabetes. Through patient interviews and the photovoice technique, students gained deeper insights into the psychosocial aspects of the disease. Surveys were administered at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the course to assess shifts in students’ perspectives. The results revealed a significant change, with students evolving from a primarily biomedical view to a more holistic understanding, emphasizing the patient’s lived experience. Additionally, students responded positively to the innovative approach, citing enhanced motivation and learning, though some noted the methodology’s demanding workload. This teaching intervention fostered empathy and a broader perspective on the challenges faced by patients living with diabetes, supporting a more patient-centered and humanistic approach to healthcare. Despite the positive feedback, there was some uncertainty about whether this methodology could be applied to other subjects within the Pharmacy curriculum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Experiential Learning in Pharmacy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preferences of Hospital Pharmacists for the Different Attributes of Intravitreal Treatments for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Macular Edema in Spain: The SEEKING Study

by José Luis Poveda, Pablo Arnáiz, Silvia López, Belén Muñoz and Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030068 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 407

Abstract

The process of evaluation and selection of drugs in Spain is currently changing, with hospital pharmacists (HPs) having a growing relevance. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess HPs’ preferences for different hypothetical intravitreal treatments for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic [...] Read more.

The process of evaluation and selection of drugs in Spain is currently changing, with hospital pharmacists (HPs) having a growing relevance. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess HPs’ preferences for different hypothetical intravitreal treatments for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ocular adverse events (AE), annual drug cost, available presentation, and mechanisms of action (MoA) were the selected attributes. A conjoint analysis was used. Ninety-one HPs completed the study. The mean (SD) age was 39.2 (10.2) years, 60.4% were female, and the mean (SD) time of experience as HP was 12.6 (8.3) years. For nAMD treatments, BCVA (38.6%) and ocular AE (27.3%) were the most important attributes, while annual drug cost (16.3%), available presentation (11.1%), and MoA (6.7%) were not as important. For DME drugs, BCVA (44.6%) and ocular AE (25.5%) were the most significant factors; annual drug cost (17.9%), the drug’s available presentation (7.3%), and MoA (4.8%) were not considered to be as crucial. Preferences were comparable independent of HP experience. Effectiveness and safety were the most important attributes when choosing a drug. Comprehending the significant characteristics for HPs could potentially improve their collaborative function within multidisciplinary teams involved in intravitreal treatments. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 8093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Declines in Tapentadol Use in the US but Pronounced Regional Variation

by Ching Y. Low, Kenneth L. McCall and Brian J. Piper

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030067 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 374

Abstract

Background: Tapentadol is an atypical opioid with a dual mechanism as a mu agonist and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. This study characterized tapentadol use in the United States (US) using three databases. Methods: Drug distribution data from 2010 to 2020 were extracted from the [...] Read more.

Background: Tapentadol is an atypical opioid with a dual mechanism as a mu agonist and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. This study characterized tapentadol use in the United States (US) using three databases. Methods: Drug distribution data from 2010 to 2020 were extracted from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)’s Automated Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS), including use per region (mg/person) and business activity (i.e., pharmacy). Tapentadol prescription claims from the Medicare and Medicaid programs for 2010–2020 were also examined. Results: The distributed amount of tapentadol was 3.5 tons in 2020. Distribution was over twice as high in southern (South Atlantic = 29.0 mg/person, East South Central = 28.8) relative to Pacific (12.9) or New England (12.8) states. Tapentadol use decreased nationally between 2012 and 2020 by −53.8%. Adult diabetes prevalence was significantly associated with tapentadol distribution in 2012 (r(50) = +0.44, p < 0.01) and 2020 (r(50) = +0.28, p < 0.05). Tapentadol prescribing to Medicaid patients declined −55.2% from the peak year, 2011, until 2020. Tapentadol prescribed by Nurse Practitioners accounted for over one-sixth (18.0%) of 2019 in Medicare. Conclusions: There has been a substantial decline over the past decade in tapentadol distribution and prescribing. However, the substantial regional differences may warrant further attention by opioid stewardship programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacy in Pain Management: Substance Misuse and Addiction)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

The Preceptors’ Toolkit for Working with Struggling Pharmacy Students

by Christina L. Mnatzaganian, Caitlin M. Gibson, Lisa Kipper, Charlene R. Williams and Tram B. Cat

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030066 - 2 May 2025

Viewed by 858

Abstract

Pharmacy preceptors often feel unprepared to support and manage underperforming student pharmacists in experiential education settings. Further, there is little guidance on how preceptors can best support struggling student pharmacists with mental health concerns or those requiring disability accommodations. Further, recent literature has [...] Read more.

Pharmacy preceptors often feel unprepared to support and manage underperforming student pharmacists in experiential education settings. Further, there is little guidance on how preceptors can best support struggling student pharmacists with mental health concerns or those requiring disability accommodations. Further, recent literature has demonstrated elevated rates of preceptor burnout when working with difficult students. Resources to address challenging experiential student pharmacist situations were gathered through a literature review and from several offices of experiential education. This toolkit aims to provide strategies and resources to support preceptors working with struggling student pharmacists, particularly those facing mental health challenges and/or those requiring accommodations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Experiential Learning in Pharmacy)

14 pages, 593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ketoprofen Lysine Salt Versus Corticosteroids in Early Outpatient Management of Mild and Moderate COVID-19: A Retrospective Study

by Domenica Francesca Mariniello, Raffaella Pagliaro, Vito D’Agnano, Angela Schiattarella, Fabio Perrotta and Andrea Bianco

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030065 - 1 May 2025

Viewed by 475

Abstract

Background: Accelerating recovery and preventing the progression to more severe outcomes for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is of paramount importance. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) have been widely adopted in the international recommendations for non-severe COVID-19 management. Among NSAIDs, evidence about the [...] Read more.

Background: Accelerating recovery and preventing the progression to more severe outcomes for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is of paramount importance. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) have been widely adopted in the international recommendations for non-severe COVID-19 management. Among NSAIDs, evidence about the efficacy of ketoprofen lysin salt (KLS) in the treatment of non-severe COVID-19 has not been reported. Methods: This retrospective study compared the outcomes of 120 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 treated at home with KLS between March 2021 and May 2023 compared with the outcomes of 165 patients who received corticosteroids. The outcomes included hospitalization, the need for oxygen supplementation, clinical recovery from acute COVID-19, and time to negative swabs. Results: Symptoms persisted in a lower percentage of patients in the KLS group compared to the corticosteroids group (p < 0.0001) and for a shorter period (p = 0.046). We found 6 patients (5%) in the KLS group were hospitalized compared to 45 (27%) in the corticosteroids group (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of patients in the corticosteroids group require oxygen administration (p < 0.001). In addition, patients taking corticosteroids showed a longer viral shedding period compared to those taking KLS (p = 0.004). A final multivariate analysis suggests that KLS might reduce hospitalization risk, the need for oxygen supplementation, and the persistence of post-COVID-19 symptoms when compared to an oral corticosteroid after adjusting for significant co-variables. Conclusions: KLS might have a positive effect on clinical recovery in non-severe COVID-19 patients. A comparison with other NSAIDs in terms of difference in efficacy and safety should be investigated in further trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection New Insights into Pharmacy Teaching and Learning during COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Power of Active Listening to Address Medication Non-Adherence During Care Transition: A Case Report of a Polypharmacy Patient with Type 2 Diabetes

by Léa Solh Dost, Giacomo Gastaldi and Marie P. Schneider

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030064 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 754

Abstract

This case report explores the experience of a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patient transitioning from passive non-adherence to active adherence over a two-month period following hospital discharge. During this two-month period, he participated in four exploratory, non-interventional research interviews investigating his [...] Read more.

This case report explores the experience of a newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patient transitioning from passive non-adherence to active adherence over a two-month period following hospital discharge. During this two-month period, he participated in four exploratory, non-interventional research interviews investigating his medication adherence, beliefs, and self-management strategies. His feedback on these research interviews highlighted the role of key communication strategies—such as patient partnership, non-judgmental communication, and interprofessional active listening—in fostering self-reflection and behavioural change. While these techniques are well-documented, there remains an urgent need to translate them into routine practice by integrating behavioural science and interprofessional collaboration into healthcare pregraduate and postgraduate education in order to increase awareness and skills in clinical environments. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Heat Therapy for Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions: Actionable Suggestions for Pharmacists from a Panel of Experts

by Flavia Nossa, Massimiliano Franco, Alberto Magni, Emanuela Raimondo, Giuseppe Ventriglia and Fabrizio Gervasoni

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030063 - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 761

Abstract

Musculoskeletal disorders represent one of the most pervasive health concerns that drive frequent medical consultations and pharmacy encounters. Community pharmacies are well placed to help address this demand as they are accessible settings for healthcare advice and support for patients with musculoskeletal disorders [...] Read more.

Musculoskeletal disorders represent one of the most pervasive health concerns that drive frequent medical consultations and pharmacy encounters. Community pharmacies are well placed to help address this demand as they are accessible settings for healthcare advice and support for patients with musculoskeletal disorders complaining of pain. Heat therapy stands as a valuable component of a multimodal approach to the management of musculoskeletal pain by virtue of multiple effects: pain relief, reduction of muscle spasms and stiffness, and enhanced muscle flexibility and range of motion. However, there is limited guidance on heat therapy use in routine practice, particularly on indications and contraindications, mode of application, and precautions. Such an educational gap has been documented among pharmacists. Therefore, it is paramount that pharmacists gain knowledge about when and how to effectively integrate superficial heat therapy with both pharmacological and physical therapy, to provide patients with a comprehensive, multimodal approach to alleviating musculoskeletal pain. A multidisciplinary panel of experts gathered to develop practical guidance on heat therapy-appropriate application in patients with musculoskeletal pain. In this work, we provide actionable suggestions to build pharmacists’ competency in managing musculoskeletal pain and empower them in effectively using heat therapy as a single therapeutic option or in combination with over-the-counter analgesics. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influential Factors on Postgraduates’ Satisfaction with the Quality of Pharmacy Education: Evidence from a University in Vietnam

by Do Xuan Thang, Nguyen Viet Hung, Vu Tran Anh, Vu Thi Quynh Mai, Le Thu Thuy, Cuc Thi Thu Nguyen, Trung Nguyen Duc and Dang Viet Hung

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030062 - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 426

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the determinants of pharmacy postgraduates’ satisfaction to suggest essential recommendations to enhance educational quality at Hanoi University of Pharmacy in Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 202 postgraduates using structured questionnaires, with 31 multidimensional questions and 1 [...] Read more.

The study aimed to investigate the determinants of pharmacy postgraduates’ satisfaction to suggest essential recommendations to enhance educational quality at Hanoi University of Pharmacy in Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 202 postgraduates using structured questionnaires, with 31 multidimensional questions and 1 question addressing overall satisfaction. Cronbach’s alpha was used to evaluate the questionnaire’s internal consistency, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified key factors, and multiple linear regression analysis was applied to assess the impact of these factors. Overall satisfaction had a high mean score of 4.49 out of 5 (SD = 0.602). The final 29 questions were retained and divided into four main factors affecting satisfaction after rotating EFA. The dimension of “Support and Evaluation” was the most influential factor (β = 0.475), followed by “Training Organization”, “Facilities and Library”, and “Lecturers and Curriculum”. The variables with the lowest scores needed much more attention, including digital systems (4.2, SD = 0.852), information technology support (4.32, SD = 0.772), activities boosting lifelong learning skills (4.48, SD = 0.624), and the reasonability of the education program’s structure (4.48, SD = 0.608) and the studying program’s schedule (4.45, SD = 0.607). The findings indicate the issues that should be addressed, and have highlighted that improvements in electronic library accessibility and updated curricula are also recommended to further optimize the educational experience of postgraduate students. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Complementary Medicine Usage, Consumer Perceptions, and Impact of Label Warnings: A Cross-Sectional Study in Melbourne, Australia

by Kaveh Naseri, Thilini Thrimawithana, Ayman Allahham, Vivek Nooney, Barbora de Courten and Wejdan Shahin

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030061 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 468

Abstract

Complementary medicines (CMs) are widely used worldwide, with usage rates ranging from 24% to 71.3%. Despite their popularity, many CMs lack robust scientific support and can potentially lead to adverse health effects. Limited research exists on CMs-related adverse events and the role of [...] Read more.

Complementary medicines (CMs) are widely used worldwide, with usage rates ranging from 24% to 71.3%. Despite their popularity, many CMs lack robust scientific support and can potentially lead to adverse health effects. Limited research exists on CMs-related adverse events and the role of CMs’ labels in conveying crucial information to consumers. This cross-sectional study investigated the usage, consumer perspectives, and influence of labels specifically on product-based CMs, including nutritional supplements, vitamins, minerals, probiotics, prebiotics, and herbal medicines. Practitioner-led therapies and mind-body practices were outside the scope of this research. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The study enrolled 125 participants who were current CMs users. Pharmacies and supermarkets were the primary sources for CMs procurement. Participants’ perceptions of CMs effectiveness and safety were positively correlated. Label warnings prompted participants to seek additional information, but consultation with healthcare professionals was infrequent. Adverse reactions were reported by 18.5% of participants, with self-management approaches being common. Label warnings play a significant role in prompting consumers to seek more information about CMs. However, the limited engagement of healthcare professionals, especially pharmacists, suggests an opportunity for improved consumer education and pharmacist involvement in CMs-related discussions. Addressing these aspects can lead to safer CMs practices and informed decision-making among consumers. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Clinical Pharmacy Service to Prevent Drug–Drug Interactions and Potentially Inappropriate Medication: A Consecutive Intervention Study in Older Intermediate Care Patients of a Regional Hospital

by Alexander Kilian Ullmann, Oliver Bach, Kathrin Mosch and Thilo Bertsche

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030060 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 657

Abstract

Background: In intermediate care, older patients with polypharmacy are vulnerable to drug–drug interactions (DDI) and potentially inappropriate medication (PIM). Aims: To perform a consecutive intervention study to evaluate DDI/PIM. Methods: Clinically-relevant DDI/PIM were identified using AMeLI (electronic medication list) and PRISCUS 2.0 (PIM [...] Read more.

Background: In intermediate care, older patients with polypharmacy are vulnerable to drug–drug interactions (DDI) and potentially inappropriate medication (PIM). Aims: To perform a consecutive intervention study to evaluate DDI/PIM. Methods: Clinically-relevant DDI/PIM were identified using AMeLI (electronic medication list) and PRISCUS 2.0 (PIM list). Consecutive patients (standard care group) were screened for DDI/PIM after admission (t0) and again before discharge (t1). In an interim period, physicians received general education about DDI/PIM. Then, consecutive patients (independent clinical pharmacy group) were screened for DDI/PIM after admission (t2). Physicians were then provided with patient-individualized recommendations by a clinical pharmacist to prevent DDI/PIM. The patients were then screened again for DDI/PIM before discharge (t3). Results: In each group, 100 patients were included with data available for evaluation from 97 (standard care group, median age: 78 years [Q25/Q75: 69/84]) and 89 (clinical pharmacy group, 76 years [67/84]). In the standard care group, DDI were identified in 55 (57%) patients after admission (t0) and 54 (56%) before discharge (t1, ARR[t0/t1] = 0.01, NNT[t0/t1] = 100, n.s.). In the clinical pharmacy group, DDI were identified in 32 (36%) after admission (t2; ARR[t0/t2] = 0.21/NNT[t0/t2] = 5, p < 0.01) and 26 (29%) before discharge (t3; ARR[t2/t3] = 0.07/NNT[t2/t3] = 15, n.s.; ARR[t1/t3] = 0.27/NNT[t1/t3] = 4, p < 0.001). PIM were identified in patients at t0: 34 (35%), t1: 35 (36%, ARR[t0/t1] = −0.01/NNH[t0/t1] = 100, n.s.), t2: 25 (26%, ARR[t0/t2] = 0.09/NNT[t0/t2] = 12, n.s.), t3: 23 (24%, ARR[t2/t3] = 0.11/NNT[t2/t3] = 10, n.s.; ARR[t1/t3] = 0.12/NNT[t1/t3] = 9, n.s.). Conclusions: In the standard care group, after admission, many DDI/PIM were identified in older intermediate care patients. Before discharge, their number was hardly influenced at all. General education for physicians led to DDI prevention after admission. In addition, the DDI frequency decreased by providing physicians with patient-individualized recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

16 pages, 2707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Doping Awareness: Medical Experts’ Perspectives and Their Commitment to Doping Prevention

by Vanya Rangelov Kozhuharov, Radiana Staynova, Kalin Ivanov, Hristo Manev and Stanislava Ivanova

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030059 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 504

Abstract

Humanity has used and explored various performance-enhancing remedies since ancient times. To protect clean sport, athletes’ health, and to provide fair and transparent competitions, different anti-doping policies were implemented. Nowadays, the anti-doping policies are evolving every year and are governed by the World [...] Read more.

Humanity has used and explored various performance-enhancing remedies since ancient times. To protect clean sport, athletes’ health, and to provide fair and transparent competitions, different anti-doping policies were implemented. Nowadays, the anti-doping policies are evolving every year and are governed by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The use of doping in sports is regarded as a persistent problem across various athletic disciplines; at the same time, the topic of whether doping is preventable is highly discussed. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of medical specialists about doping compounds and to analyze their willingness and preparedness to participate in doping prevention programs. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted between March 2024 and May 2024. Study participants included medical and pharmacy students, pharmacists, and medical doctors. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24.0. Descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and independent-samples t-test were applied to analyze different variables. The results from the study suggested that healthcare professionals, particularly pharmacists, could be successfully engaged in doping prevention. Additionally, community pharmacies could also be involved in doping-prevention strategies since they are recognized as easily accessible healthcare locations. The relationship between medical specialists and professional athletes is essential for raising awareness, receiving trustworthy information, and developing decision-making capability to prevent not only the intentional but also the unintentional anti-doping rule violations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Training the Next Generation of Pharmacist Educators (NextGenRxEd): Outcomes from a Longitudinal 4-Year Teaching and Research Program

by Candis M. Morello, Mark Bounthavong and Jan D. Hirsch

Pharmacy 2025, 13(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13030058 - 22 Apr 2025

Viewed by 369

Abstract

To combine didactic education with clinical and research experiences that would empower student pharmacists to consider postgraduate training and a career in pharmacy education or academics, in 2009, the Next Generation of Pharmacist Educators (NextGenRxEd) program, a four-year longitudinal education program, was implemented [...] Read more.

To combine didactic education with clinical and research experiences that would empower student pharmacists to consider postgraduate training and a career in pharmacy education or academics, in 2009, the Next Generation of Pharmacist Educators (NextGenRxEd) program, a four-year longitudinal education program, was implemented at the University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Directed by two pharmacist faculty, a clinician and researcher, student pharmacists were exposed to hands-on experience with clinical management, patient care, and research processes. A post-graduation survey was created and administered in Fall 2024 to evaluate outcomes for all student pharmacists who completed the program. Key performance indicators included the number of pharmacy students proceeding to postgraduate training, research practices, and pharmacist positions involving education and academics. During 2009–2024, 34 student pharmacists completed the NextGenRxEd program; 71% achieved postgraduate education (22 PGY1 residencies and two fellowships). Following quality improvement implementation, this percentage increased from 50% to 89%, for Classes 2009–2015 and 2016–2024, respectively. Overall, the PGY1 match rate was 92%, and 19 abstracts/posters and 10 manuscripts were published, respectively. The post-graduation survey response rate was 85%, with 93% of respondents reporting that they precepted PharmD students; 14% became faculty members, and 66% participated in research. The NextGenRxEd program provides a model whereby student pharmacists are equipped to obtain post-graduate education and pursue a career with a significant role in pharmacy education or academic pharmacy. This program has the potential to be implemented at other pharmacy schools/colleges to benefit faculty and student participants. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Pharmacy, Volume 13, Issue 3 (June 2025) – 29 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI