Pharmacy

11 pages, 250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Outcomes of Structured Medication Reviews for Selected Patients in the English National Health Service

by Michael Wilcock, Marco Motta and Chris Burgin

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050142 - 1 Oct 2025

Structured medication reviews are now a common part of primary care practice, but little information is available on the outcomes of these reviews. We incentivised practices to submit a report via MS Forms supplying information from and the outcomes of the reviews of [...] Read more.

Structured medication reviews are now a common part of primary care practice, but little information is available on the outcomes of these reviews. We incentivised practices to submit a report via MS Forms supplying information from and the outcomes of the reviews of two cohorts of patients (those prescribed potentially addictive medication and those on problematic polypharmacy), as defined in the Primary Care Networks Contract Directed Enhanced Service. Submissions were analysed in Microsoft Excel. By the end of March 2025, 2858 reports were received from 48 of 55 eligible practices, reviewing a total of 34,531 prescribed items, with a mean of 12.1 items reviewed per structured medication review. Results indicated a preference amongst patients for the remote delivery of reviews, though changes to prescribed medication were more common following face-to-face contact. A total of 2706 changes to prescribed medication were made at a mean rate of 0.9 per structured medication review, with pain management being the most common British National Formulary category altered, though this may be because of the cohorts chosen. The most common change across all reviews was the discontinuation of a prescribed item. In reviews for the potentially addictive medication cohort, a reduction was proposed and accepted in 43.5% of cases. Additional interventions, which took place in 83.9% of reviews, were also captured. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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16 pages, 997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Community Health Empowerment Through Clinical Pharmacy: A Single-Arm, Post-Intervention-Only Pilot Implementation Evaluation

by Clipper F. Young, Casey Shubrook, Cherry Myung, Andrea Rigby and Shirley M. T. Wong

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050141 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The Pharm2Home Initiative’s Community Health Arm adopts a health-equitable approach to chronic disease education and medication therapy management (MTM). We serve senior residents of Solano County, California, who live in affordable housing and have limited financial resources. Aim: This evaluation assesses the [...] Read more.

Background: The Pharm2Home Initiative’s Community Health Arm adopts a health-equitable approach to chronic disease education and medication therapy management (MTM). We serve senior residents of Solano County, California, who live in affordable housing and have limited financial resources. Aim: This evaluation assesses the uptake of chronic disease management recommendations provided by clinical pharmacists during MTM sessions at community events. Methods: The program engaged clinical pharmacists to provide tailored education and healthcare interventions in senior housing facilities. The goal was to empower seniors to manage their health effectively. The sessions covered various topics, including expired or duplicated medications, incorrect medication use, consultations on medication management, immunizations, and lifestyle adjustments. Results: Over an 18-month period, from January 2022 to August 2023, the program involved 65 participants across ten community health events. These events provided approximately 65 h of direct intervention. Many participants reported significant improvements in understanding their treatment plans and navigating their health needs more confidently. Feedback from 60 seniors after the sessions indicated that 88% felt much better informed about their medications, and 75% expressed that their concerns were addressed extremely well. Conclusions: These outcomes demonstrate the importance of clinical pharmacist-led interventions in improving seniors’ medication use and chronic disease management. The initiative’s approach advocates for integrating clinical pharmacists into community health settings, suggesting a scalable model for enhancing person-centered care. However, further studies are necessary to assess the long-term impacts of these interventions and explore their effectiveness across diverse age groups and more complex conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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9 pages, 421 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Possible Drug–Radiopharmaceutical Interaction in ^99mTc-Sestamibi Parathyroid Imaging

by Tracia-Gay Kennedy-Dixon, Mellanie-Anne Didier, Keisha Allen-Dougan, Peter Glegg and Maxine Gossell-Williams

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050140 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Drug–radiopharmaceutical interactions can significantly alter radiotracer biodistribution, complicating diagnostic accuracy. This case report describes a 64-year-old male who underwent a Technetium-99m-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (^99mTc-MIBI) parathyroid scan for suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. Initially, the patient was asked to discontinue his medications for his chronic [...] Read more.

Drug–radiopharmaceutical interactions can significantly alter radiotracer biodistribution, complicating diagnostic accuracy. This case report describes a 64-year-old male who underwent a Technetium-99m-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (^99mTc-MIBI) parathyroid scan for suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. Initially, the patient was asked to discontinue his medications for his chronic illnesses for 24 h prior to the scan. However, the images revealed significantly reduced counts/tracer uptake in the thyroid, parathyroid and cardiac tissues in both the early and delayed phases. After a detailed review of his medication profile, it was postulated that there were potential interactions involving multiple P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates with specific emphasis on amlodipine, atorvastatin and telmisartan. The patient was advised to discontinue all medications for 72 h prior to the date of a repeat scan which was scheduled for two weeks after his initial scan. The repeat scan successfully detected a small focus of marked tracer retention in the left inferior parathyroid bed, suggestive of a small parathyroid adenoma. Post-surgery, the focus identified on the scan was removed and histologically confirmed to be a parathyroid adenoma. This is the first report of its kind among nuclear medicine patients in Jamaica. It highlights the importance of reviewing medication history prior to nuclear imaging, particularly when using radiotracers affected by P-gp mechanisms. This is crucial for mitigating against false-negative results, thus ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate clinical management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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13 pages, 846 KB

Open AccessArticle

Primary Care Pharmacy Competencies of Graduates from a Community-Focused Curriculum: Self- and Co-Worker Assessments

by Kritsanee Saramunee, Chakravudh Srirawatra, Pathinya Buaban, Surasak Chaiyasong and Wiraphol Phimarn

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050139 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Primary Care Pharmacy (PCP) plays a vital role in healthcare systems. This study evaluated the competencies of pharmacy graduates from a community-focused curriculum, emphasizing their skills and personal traits. A structured questionnaire assessed four domains: general characteristics (11 items), PCP skills (16 items: [...] Read more.

Primary Care Pharmacy (PCP) plays a vital role in healthcare systems. This study evaluated the competencies of pharmacy graduates from a community-focused curriculum, emphasizing their skills and personal traits. A structured questionnaire assessed four domains: general characteristics (11 items), PCP skills (16 items: 13 home visit and 3 community engagement skills), PCP personal traits (7 items), and readiness for PCP practice. Two sets of questionnaires were distributed in 2018 to recent pharmacy graduates: one for self-assessment and the other for evaluation by supervisors or co-workers. A 5-point scale (1 = least competent, 5 = most competent) was used. Co-workers gave higher scores than the graduates themselves. In home visit skills, “providing medicine advice” scored highest (4.4 ± 0.6 by graduates; 4.5 ± 0.2 by co-workers), while “performing essential physical exams” scored the lowest (3.5 ± 0.7). For co-workers, the lowest score was “working with a multidisciplinary team” (3.9 ± 0.9). Among community engagement skills, “solving health-related problems” rated highest (3.4 ± 0.7), and “identifying community health needs” rated lowest (3.2 ± 0.7). “Being friendly” and “responsibility” were top-rated personal traits by graduates and co-workers, respectively. The lowest was “coordinating with local organizations.” Graduates showed strong PCP traits and home visit skills but moderate community engagement. Community-based exposure is recommended to enhance these competencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Experiential Learning in Pharmacy)

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19 pages, 619 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors, Attitudes, and Prevalence of Self-Medication Among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia

by Alla Alhumaid, Noha Alhumaid, Khalid Alkhurayji, Abdallah Alsuhaimi, Fawaz Modahi, Noor Almanidi, Abdullah Almutairi, Abdullah Alanazi and Nayif Modahi

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050138 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Self-medication (SM) among women during pregnancy poses a critical risk to maternal health, and SM is still commonly practiced in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aims to assess the factors, attitudes, and prevalence of SM among pregnant women in the Ministry of [...] Read more.

Background: Self-medication (SM) among women during pregnancy poses a critical risk to maternal health, and SM is still commonly practiced in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aims to assess the factors, attitudes, and prevalence of SM among pregnant women in the Ministry of Health (MOH) First Health Cluster. Methods: A cross-sectional design was used among 400 pregnant women who received care at primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare levels. A structured tool was adopted and modified based on the literature review, expert and focus group interviews, and the experiences of the target participants. The dependent variables included history of illness, access to healthcare services, medication usage, and perception of SM, while the independent variables included socioeconomic status. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 25 was used for analysis. Results: The prevalence of SM was 36.5%. Cough syrup and antipyretics were the most commonly used medications, while hair problems and weight loss were the most frequently reported reasons for SM. The primary sources of information guiding SM behavior were prior prescriptions and previous experience. Education level, occupation, age, number of pregnancies, and miscarriage history were all significantly associated with SM (p < 0.05). Conclusions: SM was found to be frequent among pregnant women in the First Health Cluster, highlighting the need for educational interventions and regulatory measures to reduce unsafe practices and improve maternal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacy Practice for Women’s/Reproductive Health)

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20 pages, 261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Drug–Drug Interaction Management Among Pharmacists in Jordan: A National Comparative Survey

by Derar H. Abdel-Qader, Khalid Awad Al-Kubaisi, Esra’ Taybeh, Nadia Al Mazrouei, Rana Ibrahim and Abdullah Albassam

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050137 - 28 Sep 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Drug–drug interactions (DDI) are a major, preventable cause of patient harm, a challenge amplified in Jordan by rising polypharmacy and documented high rates of medication errors. To date, no study in Jordan has systematically compared hospital and community pharmacists. This study [...] Read more.

Introduction: Drug–drug interactions (DDI) are a major, preventable cause of patient harm, a challenge amplified in Jordan by rising polypharmacy and documented high rates of medication errors. To date, no study in Jordan has systematically compared hospital and community pharmacists. This study aimed to conduct the first national, comparative assessment of DDI management among these two cadres. Materials and Methods: A national, cross-sectional study was conducted with 380 licensed pharmacists (175 hospitals, 205 community) recruited via proportionate stratified random sampling. A validated online questionnaire assessed demographics, objective DDI knowledge, professional attitudes, practices, and barriers. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of high knowledge and optimal practice. All collected data were coded, cleaned, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS V28.0). Results: Hospital pharmacists achieved significantly higher mean objective knowledge scores than community pharmacists (10.3 vs. 8.1 out of 15, p < 0.001), a gap particularly wide for interactions involving high-risk OTC medications. The primary barrier for community pharmacists was a lack of access to patient data (85.4%), contrasting with high workload and physician resistance in hospitals. Optimal practice was independently predicted by higher knowledge (AOR = 1.25), a hospital practice setting (AOR = 3.65), and was inhibited by perceived physician resistance (AOR = 0.45). Conclusions: Jordanian hospital and community pharmacists operate in distinct worlds of knowledge and practice. A tailored, dual-pronged national strategy is essential. For hospitals, interventions should target interprofessional dynamics. For community pharmacies, health policy reform to provide access to integrated patient data is the most urgent priority. These findings highlight a globally relevant challenge of practice-setting disparities, offering a model for other nations to develop tailored, context-specific interventions to improve medication safety. Full article

15 pages, 437 KB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours Towards Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Health Among Healthcare Students of South Asian Heritage in the UK: A Qualitative Study

by Jeevan Singh, Samira Osman, Sarah Baig, Yousuf Murad and Zahraa Jalal

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050136 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 243

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality in England, with South Asians estimated to have a higher risk of CVD development compared to the general population. Harmful drinking is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but little is known about [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality in England, with South Asians estimated to have a higher risk of CVD development compared to the general population. Harmful drinking is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but little is known about drinking behaviours among South Asians, especially those aged 18–25. Objectives: The objectives of this study were (i) to investigate the knowledge of the cardiovascular effects of harmful drinking among young South Asians aged 18–25, and (ii) to explore the perceptions of young South Asians towards the role of the pharmacist in supporting individuals with alcohol-related harm. Methods: Qualitative, in depth, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten young South Asians, around 30 min in length. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and then thematically analysed. Results: Four superordinate themes emerged: (1) Culture Clash; (2) The Great Escape; (3) Cardiovascular Confusion; and (4) The Ambiguous Pharmacist. These themes highlighted a dichotomy between the drinking behaviours among different South Asian communities, a lack of knowledge regarding the cardiovascular consequences of harmful drinking and mixed views regarding pharmacists’ role in supporting dependence. Participants acknowledged the prevalence of poor cardiovascular health among British South Asians, citing various types of dysfunction and possible causes; however, the effect of drinking specifically was not understood. Most participants would refer a young person struggling with dependence to a pharmacist and would be receptive to discussing drinking with one. However, few commented on any role outside of signposting to other services or healthcare providers. Conclusions: Greater cardiovascular health promotion is needed among South Asians, with an emphasis on the link between excess alcohol consumption and cardiovascular dysfunction. Furthermore, pharmacists must do more to promote greater awareness of the different ways in which alcohol dependence can be supported within the community to encourage young people seeking harm reduction to utilise those services as needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

11 pages, 959 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Knowledge and Confidence of Beta-Lactam Allergy Management Among Pharmacy Students on Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

by Jamie L. Wagner, David R. Oliver, Bruce M. Jones, Kayla R. Stover, Misha T. Watts, Wesley D. Kufel, Lena McDowell, Edoabasi U. McGee, T. Lynn Stevenson and Christopher M. Bland

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050135 - 18 Sep 2025

Viewed by 600

Abstract

Pharmacist engagement in allergy clarification has demonstrated increased appropriate antibiotic use. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and confidence of pharmacy students in their final professional year regarding beta-lactam (BL) allergies. Students from 5 schools of pharmacy participated in [...] Read more.

Pharmacist engagement in allergy clarification has demonstrated increased appropriate antibiotic use. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and confidence of pharmacy students in their final professional year regarding beta-lactam (BL) allergies. Students from 5 schools of pharmacy participated in a 22-question survey pertaining to experience with drug allergies, knowledge of BL allergies, and confidence regarding BL allergy management. Data were summarized among all respondents and further analyzed by infectious disease (ID) interest. A total of 160/521 students responded to the survey (31%). Most students (73%) had no course dedicated to drug allergies; however, 84% indicated the topic was taught within the curriculum. Students with an ID interest had a higher perceived knowledge regarding the details of penicillin skin testing (62% vs. 32%), clinical implications of penicillin skin test results (87% vs. 70%), and the principles behind a graded and direct penicillin challenge (64% vs. 41%). These students were more confident in educating patients about a perceived penicillin allergy (34% vs. 15%). Perceived knowledge and confidence of BL allergies were low, especially in high-level interventions. Targeted training in beta-lactam allergy recognition and management within the curriculum should be considered to improve upon these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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11 pages, 3593 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Revised Mixed-Approach Rubric for the Quality of Academic Posters

by Michael J. Peeters, Megan A. Kaun and Kimberly A. Schmude

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050134 - 17 Sep 2025

Viewed by 218

Abstract

The quality of posters at pharmacy conferences can vary. We created a mixed-approach rubric (MAR) for poster quality. Evidence from multiple sources (systematic review, further analysis of rater scores, verbal feedback from raters) showed the need to slightly modify that MAR, which we [...] Read more.

The quality of posters at pharmacy conferences can vary. We created a mixed-approach rubric (MAR) for poster quality. Evidence from multiple sources (systematic review, further analysis of rater scores, verbal feedback from raters) showed the need to slightly modify that MAR, which we accomplished. Our objectives here were to re-evaluate scoring using this revised MAR (rMAR) and to further examine the attributes of lower-quality versus higher-quality posters. Two faculty raters independently scored each poster using the rMAR for recent posters presented at a pharmacy education conference. The Rasch Measurement Model provided psychometric evidence and poster-quality measures. These measures were then linear-regressed with attributes of logical sequencing, QR-code presence/use, submission abstract presence, and wordiness. Moreover, Traditional vs. Contemporary poster formats were compared. Raters scored 642 posters (267 from 2023, 375 from 2024). The Rasch Measurement Model showed a distinct separation of posters into lower quality versus higher quality. The rMAR’s rating scale continued to function well (like the original MAR had) among multiple raters. Poster-quality measures were significantly positive when linearly regressed with logical sequencing, QR-code presence/use, absence of submission abstract, and decreased wordiness. Moreover, Contemporary poster formats (either Persky-style or Billboard-style) were higher quality on average than Traditional poster formats. This evidence-based rMAR showed a helpful validation of poster-quality scores. Regression confirmed findings from the initial MAR (before revision), and choice of poster format proved a notable decision affecting poster quality. Full article

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13 pages, 237 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing a Theoretically Informed Strategy to Enhance Pharmacist-Led Deprescribing in Care Homes for Older People

by Linda Birt, David Wright, David P. Alldred, Christine M. Bond, Richard Holland, Carmel Hughes and Sion Scott

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050133 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 290

Abstract

Polypharmacy is prevalent in older people residing in care homes. Deprescribing, reducing or stopping harmful or unnecessary medicines, leads to improvements in patient- and health-system-orientated outcomes. This study identified the barriers and enablers to pharmacists proactively deprescribing in United Kingdon care homes. It [...] Read more.

Polypharmacy is prevalent in older people residing in care homes. Deprescribing, reducing or stopping harmful or unnecessary medicines, leads to improvements in patient- and health-system-orientated outcomes. This study identified the barriers and enablers to pharmacists proactively deprescribing in United Kingdon care homes. It draws on methods from behavioural science. Twenty-nine participants who had previously taken part in a deprescribing randomised control trial (sixteen pharmacists, six primary care doctors, and seven care home managers) were interviewed. Data were mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework to understand pharmacists’ deprescribing behaviour. Barriers were deprescribing seen as risky and perceived resistance to deprescribing by residents, their families, and care home staff. Enablers were seeing benefits from deprescribing, part of a pharmacists’ role, and endorsement from a doctor. Ways to change pharmacist behaviour were identified from a suite of behaviour change techniques (BCT). Using a modified Nominal Group Technique, 15 staff (six pharmacists, five primary care doctors, and four care home managers) naïve to deprescribing interventions completed an online survey to assess the feasibility and acceptability of implementing the 27 BCTs. Seven BCTs achieved a more that 80% consensus on all implementation criteria. In a consensus workshop, the staff group discussed practical ways the BCTs might work in primary care practice. Fourteen UK policy and practice leaders worked with the researchers to develop recommendations from the consensus workshop into a policy briefing. In conclusion, this study provides detail on using a theory-informed approach to translate research into policy to inform deprescribing practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

10 pages, 206 KB

Open AccessArticle

Scaffolded Medication Therapy Management in a Pharmacy Skills Laboratory: A Structured Approach to Skill Development

by Kimberley J. Begley, Molly C. Goessling, Tara M. Eickhoff and Timothy P. Ivers

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050132 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 264

Abstract

Pharmacists are increasingly expected to deliver medication therapy management (MTM) services, yet many pharmacy students report insufficient confidence and preparedness in executing these complex tasks. This study evaluated a scaffolded MTM instructional series integrated into a second-year pharmacy skills laboratory, aiming to enhance [...] Read more.

Pharmacists are increasingly expected to deliver medication therapy management (MTM) services, yet many pharmacy students report insufficient confidence and preparedness in executing these complex tasks. This study evaluated a scaffolded MTM instructional series integrated into a second-year pharmacy skills laboratory, aiming to enhance student competence through progressive, structured learning. A mixed-methods design assessed changes in self-reported confidence, performance-based outcomes, and reflective insights among 154 students across three educational tracks. The 14-week intervention included sequential activities such as medication history interviews, drug-related problem (DRP) identification, care plan development, and comprehensive MTM simulations. Pre- and post-intervention surveys revealed statistically significant improvements in all 18 confidence domains, with the greatest gains in therapeutic recommendations and prescriber communication. Effect sizes ranged from small to very large (Cohen’s d 0.33–1.05), indicating gains that were both statistically reliable and educationally meaningful. Performance assessments showed consistent proficiency across MTM components, with average scores ranging from 90% to 96%. Qualitative reflections reinforced these findings, highlighting growth in communication, individualized patient care, and professional identity formation. The scaffolded approach aligns with accreditation standards and instructional design theory, offering a model for pharmacy curricula. Despite limitations such as lack of a comparator group and potential response bias, the study demonstrates that scaffolded MTM instruction effectively supports skill acquisition and confidence, preparing students for real-world clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

15 pages, 218 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacist Dispensing of Mifepristone: Evaluation of Knowledge and Support Before and After a Continuing Education Course

by Natalie Morris, Alexa Orosz, M. Antonia Biggs, Sally Rafie and Daniel Grossman

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050131 - 15 Sep 2025

Viewed by 337

Abstract

Medication abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol is a safe and effective method for ending a pregnancy. Pharmacy dispensing of mifepristone was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2023, but educational opportunities for pharmacists were nonexistent. We designed a 1 h [...] Read more.

Medication abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol is a safe and effective method for ending a pregnancy. Pharmacy dispensing of mifepristone was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2023, but educational opportunities for pharmacists were nonexistent. We designed a 1 h continuing education course on medication abortion for pharmacists, which was offered in a live-webinar or recorded-video format over 3 years. It included key medication abortion topics, including medications, patient counseling, relevant policies, and implementing pharmacy dispensing. Using a prepost design, we administered online surveys to participants prior to and after completing the course to assess changes in overall medication abortion knowledge score (six items, Cronbach’s alpha = 0.76) and support for pharmacist dispensing of medication abortion (one Likert-scaled item). During the study period, 279 students and pharmacists took the course, of which 148 completed both the pre- and post-course questionnaires. Adjusted regression analyses demonstrated significant increases in knowledge scores and support for pharmacist dispensing of medication abortion post-course; most thought dispensing mifepristone would be very (21.6%) or somewhat easy (38.5%) to implement, and 75% indicated a willingness to dispense mifepristone if allowed. These findings suggest that video-based education on medication abortion is an effective tool for enhancing pharmacists’ knowledge and support for medication abortion, which could increase access to reproductive health care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacy Practice for Women’s/Reproductive Health)

20 pages, 11681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacist-Led Prescribing in Austria: A Mixed-Methods Study on Clinical Readiness and Legal Frameworks

by Olaf Rose, Clarissa Egel, Johanna Pachmayr and Stephanie Clemens

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050130 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 507

Abstract

In Austria, community pharmacists may dispense prescription-only drugs in exceptional emergency cases. Hospital pharmacists are permitted to adapt or discontinue therapy with prior physician approval. This mixed-methods study explores how Austrian pharmacists interpret and apply these frameworks, their readiness for expanded roles, and [...] Read more.

In Austria, community pharmacists may dispense prescription-only drugs in exceptional emergency cases. Hospital pharmacists are permitted to adapt or discontinue therapy with prior physician approval. This mixed-methods study explores how Austrian pharmacists interpret and apply these frameworks, their readiness for expanded roles, and the systemic conditions required to support broader clinical engagement. A cross-sectional design was used with two online surveys targeting community and hospital pharmacists. Additionally, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted (ten community, five hospital pharmacists). Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively; qualitative data were examined using Mayring’s content analysis. Data integration followed a triangulation design via mixed-methods matrices. A total of 238 community and 53 hospital pharmacists responded. Findings show that community pharmacists frequently apply clinical judgment in urgent situations and navigate regulatory grey zones. Over 88% support expanded roles, particularly in continuing contraceptives, managing chronic diseases, and treating infections using point-of-care testing. Hospital pharmacists report limited implementation of their framework, hindered by institutional inertia, staffing shortages, and poor access to patient data. Confidence in clinical pharmacotherapy decisions was limited. Targeted training and policy support are essential. Full article

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12 pages, 286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Prescribing Patterns of Nonstatins as Add-on Therapy for Secondary Prevention in a Federally Qualified Health Center

by Sabrina Guerra, Kathryn P. Lin, Ahmed S. Kenawy, Chanhyun Park and Morgan P. Stewart

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050129 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 361

Abstract

Background: Lipid management is a key aspect of secondary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention. However, real-world studies show that ~72–88% of patients with ASCVD fail to meet their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target. Nonstatin agents are available as add-on therapies that can be [...] Read more.

Background: Lipid management is a key aspect of secondary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention. However, real-world studies show that ~72–88% of patients with ASCVD fail to meet their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target. Nonstatin agents are available as add-on therapies that can be utilized when maximally tolerated statins are insufficient to achieve LDL-C goals. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the current prescribing habits of nonstatins as add-on therapy to statins for secondary ASCVD prevention at a federally qualified health center (FQHC). Methods: Patients were included if they had a history of clinical ASCVD, ≥1 lipid panel obtained during the study period, and were prescribed any intensity statin. Results: Among 398 included participants, 11.1% were prescribed nonstatin therapy and 35.9% were meeting a LDL-C target of <70 mg/dL. There was a significant association between being prescribed ezetimibe based on the type of healthcare coverage (p = 0.04) and a higher number of ASCVD qualifying indications (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Overall, nonstatins were found to be underutilized for LDL-C management in this underserved population. Future initiatives should target ways to optimize nonstatin therapy to optimize secondary ASCVD prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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15 pages, 909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Semaglutide in the Real World: Attitudes of the Population

by Doris Rušić, Toni Durdov, Ivona Jadrijević, Ana Šešelja Perišin, Dario Leskur, Joško Božić, Mila Marie Klusmeier and Josipa Bukić

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050128 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 869

Abstract

Background: Clinical experience with semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus shows that its benefits extend far beyond glucose regulation. This study examines whether this drug is indeed popular among the Croatian population and explores whether factors such as gender or proximity [...] Read more.

Background: Clinical experience with semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus shows that its benefits extend far beyond glucose regulation. This study examines whether this drug is indeed popular among the Croatian population and explores whether factors such as gender or proximity to the healthcare sector influence its potential use, attitudes toward weight loss, and knowledge regarding its application and possible adverse effects. Methods: This was a cross-sectional population study. In this study we focused on the brand name Ozempic^® for semaglutide as it is the most commonly searched term for semaglutide. Results: The study included 290 participants, most of who were women (N = 243, 83.8%). As many as 214 (73.8%) people stated they had heard of Ozempic^®; however, there was no significant difference in whether people had heard of Ozempic^® if they had type 2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.415). In total, 23.4% of people stated they knew someone who took Ozempic^®. Women were significantly more likely to feel pressure about their appearance than men, with 51.1% of men reporting no pressure at all compared to only 39.9% of women (p = 0.015). A majority of participants agreed that social media strongly affects perception on the use of medications for weight loss (73.8%). Individuals with a family member in the healthcare field were significantly more informed about the possible adverse reactions of semaglutide compared to those without such a connection. Among participants without a healthcare professional in the family, 75.0% reported being unaware of potential adverse effects, compared to 47.9% of those with a family member in healthcare. Moreover, participants with a healthcare professional in the family were more likely to know the correct route of administration for Ozempic^® (68.1% vs. 54.6%, p = 0.025); Conclusions: The results of this study show that three-quarters of people had heard of Ozempic^®, regardless of whether they had an indication for its use or not. In addition, the results indicate that although both men and women share satisfaction with their bodies, women feel more pressured by societal expectations related to their appearance. Full article

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12 pages, 258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Medication: Attitudes and Behaviors Among Pharmacy and Medical Students

by George Jîtcă, Carmen-Maria Jîtcă, Mădălina-Georgiana Buț and Camil-Eugen Vari

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050127 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 692

Abstract

Self-medication is increasingly prevalent among healthcare students, raising concerns about the adequacy of current medical education in promoting safe medication practices. This study aimed to assess the frequency, motivations, and perceptions of self-medication among medical and pharmacy students and to identify educational gaps. [...] Read more.

Self-medication is increasingly prevalent among healthcare students, raising concerns about the adequacy of current medical education in promoting safe medication practices. This study aimed to assess the frequency, motivations, and perceptions of self-medication among medical and pharmacy students and to identify educational gaps. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured, anonymous questionnaire distributed to medical and pharmacy students at a single academic institution. The questionnaire assessed self-medication frequency, substances used, motivations, perceived risks, confidence in knowledge, sources of information, and attitudes toward curriculum improvements. Over 50% of participants reported practicing self-medication at least once a month. The most commonly used substances were analgesics and dietary supplements. Main motivations included recognition of symptoms, confidence in personal knowledge, and avoidance of waiting times. Despite receiving university instruction on self-medication risks, students continued to self-medicate, with many relying on the internet as a primary source of information. Only 8% felt very confident in counseling patients on self-medication. A majority (over 70%) expressed a strong interest in integrating dedicated educational modules into the curriculum. There is a clear need for improved, practice-oriented education on self-medication. Future interventions should focus on interdisciplinary teaching, digital literacy, and simulation-based training to foster safer medication practices. Full article

10 pages, 642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementing a Functional Group Analysis Activity to Support Student Learning in Medicinal Chemistry: A Three-Year Experience

by Ansel Belani and Jitendra D. Belani

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050126 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 400

Abstract

Many pharmacy students begin medicinal chemistry with limited experience in chemical structure interpretation and reactivity patterns, making it difficult to connect foundational concepts to real-world drug behavior. We introduced a low-stakes functional group analysis activity that included peer discussion and a follow-up quiz [...] Read more.

Many pharmacy students begin medicinal chemistry with limited experience in chemical structure interpretation and reactivity patterns, making it difficult to connect foundational concepts to real-world drug behavior. We introduced a low-stakes functional group analysis activity that included peer discussion and a follow-up quiz to improve learning and reduce student anxiety. We studied the impact of this activity by comparing Exam 1 scores across three cohorts: one before the activity (2022) and two after implementation (2023 and 2024). The average Exam 1 scores improved in the post-intervention years, and while the overall difference across cohorts did not reach statistical significance, post hoc analysis revealed a significant improvement between the 2022 and 2024 cohorts. The students who engaged more deeply, especially those who performed well on the quiz, consistently earned higher exam scores, with strong positive correlations observed in both years. These results suggest that simple, low-stakes activities that focus on core concepts can promote engagement and support student success, even in challenging, content-heavy courses like medicinal chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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11 pages, 404 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do PCSK9 Inhibitors Impair Memory? A Dual Approach Combining Real-World Data and Genetic Evidence

by Xuezhong Shi, Shijia Wang, Yongli Yang, Xudong Xia, Jingwen Fan, Jingjing Wang, Nana Wang and Xiaocan Jia

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050125 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 991

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggested a potential link between lipid-lowering therapies and neurocognitive effects, raising concerns regarding the possible adverse impact of PCSK9 inhibitors on memory loss. We extracted adverse events associated with memory loss for PCSK9 inhibitors from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence suggested a potential link between lipid-lowering therapies and neurocognitive effects, raising concerns regarding the possible adverse impact of PCSK9 inhibitors on memory loss. We extracted adverse events associated with memory loss for PCSK9 inhibitors from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), covering the period from the first quarter (Q1) of 2022 to Q1 of 2025. Reporting odds ratio (ROR), Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM), and information component (IC) were used for pharmacovigilance analysis. Drug target Mendelian randomization (MR) was utilized to assess the causal association between PCSK9 inhibitors and memory loss. A total of 389 occurrences of memory loss associated with PCSK9 inhibitors were recorded among 388 patients. In the pharmacovigilance analysis, memory loss did not show a significant signal for PCSK9 inhibitors in both the full dataset [ROR (95% CI): 0.79 (0.72, 0.88); PRR = 0.79, χ² = 20.64; EBGM05 = 0.73; IC025 = −2.00] and the lipid-lowering targets dataset [ROR (95%CI): 0.59 (0.53, 0.66); PRR = 0.59, χ² = 95.33; EBGM05 = 0.59; IC025 = −2.30]. The drug target MR revealed no causal association between PCSK9 inhibitors and memory loss (p < 0.05). The present study failed to establish a causal relationship between PCSK9 inhibitors and memory loss. By providing both real-world and genetic evidence, our findings might help alleviate concerns and support the notion that PCSK9 inhibitors were relatively safe regarding memory function. Full article

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24 pages, 973 KB

Open AccessReview

Empowering Pharmacists in Heartburn Management: Practical Insights for OTC Treatment and Self-Care

by Mary Barna Bridgeman, Ashok Hospattankar, Kamran Siddiqui and Nardine Nakhla

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050124 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 593

Abstract

Heartburn is a prevalent and frequently self-managed condition, with a myriad of over-the-counter (OTC) treatment options available for self-care. The potential for misinterpretation of drug labels and improper OTC medication selection may result in inadequate treatment, potential drug interactions, as well as medication [...] Read more.

Heartburn is a prevalent and frequently self-managed condition, with a myriad of over-the-counter (OTC) treatment options available for self-care. The potential for misinterpretation of drug labels and improper OTC medication selection may result in inadequate treatment, potential drug interactions, as well as medication overuse, misuse, or delay in seeking treatment for a more serious health condition. As highly accessible healthcare professionals, pharmacists play a crucial role in validating self-diagnoses, in guiding appropriate OTC medication selection and use, and in educating patients on both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management strategies for heartburn. It is essential for pharmacists to remain informed about the latest developments in disease management and treatment options. This narrative review provides an updated perspective on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations associated with heartburn while underscoring the expanding role of pharmacists in patient care. This review includes a structured assessment framework and clinical management algorithm designed to enhance pharmacists’ ability to identify red flag symptoms, optimize OTC medication use, and facilitate timely referrals when necessary. By incorporating evidence-based guidance with patient-centered counseling, pharmacists can enhance treatment outcomes, optimize, medication use, promote adherence, and ensure safer self-care practices. As self-medication trends and the role of pharmacists evolves, this review offers a comprehensive resource to equip pharmacists with the latest knowledge and practical tools for optimizing heartburn management and promoting patient safety. Full article

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10 pages, 544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Sensal Health MyAide^TM Smart Dock Medication Adherence Device

by David Wallace, Sourab Ganna and Rajender R. Aparasu

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050123 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 404

Abstract

Background: Electronic monitoring adherence devices (EAMDs) are increasingly being utilized in various healthcare settings to track medication adherence. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the Sensal Health MyAide™ Smart Doc in capturing dose removal from the vial, specifically the time of dose removal [...] Read more.

Background: Electronic monitoring adherence devices (EAMDs) are increasingly being utilized in various healthcare settings to track medication adherence. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the Sensal Health MyAide™ Smart Doc in capturing dose removal from the vial, specifically the time of dose removal and the number of pills removed for each actuation of the device. Methods: This validation study compares the device’s recording of dose withdrawals from a prescription vial by simulated patients against reference documentation reported using MS Forms by the participants. Three participants completed a 4-day study consisting of two non-consecutive 1 h sessions per day encompassing six actuations from the prescription vial to be captured by the Sensal Health MyAide™ Smart Dock after their informed consent was obtained. Statistical analysis included percent agreement and Cohen’s kappa assessing agreement between user-reported data and electronic measurement data recorded by the MyAide™ Smart Dock. Outcome measures included confirmation of the specific user, time of dose removal (±1 min), and the number of pills withdrawn. Results: Three subjects were recruited to provide data for a total of 144 actuations. The study found perfect 100% agreement across the number of pills withdrawn and specific users withdrawing the pills and 99% agreement for the time of administration. The Cohen’s kappa values for the outcome measures were 1.00 (95%CI [1.00, 1.00]) for the number of pills dispensed and specific user and 0.993 (95%CI [0.990, 0.996]) for the time of administration. Conclusions: This study found that the Sensal Health MyAide™ Smart Dock can accurately record the time of administration, the number of pills dispensed, and the identity of the user dispensing the pills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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16 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacy Students’ Experience of an Inaugural Lecture on Intercultural Competence

by Atta Abbas Naqvi, Merhawi Samsom, Lucy Watson and Hung Nguyen

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050122 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 478

Abstract

Background: Pharmacy schools in the United Kingdom (UK) are required by the regulator to train pharmacy students to be culturally competent. To meet this requirement, the Reading School of Pharmacy (RSoP) incorporated an inaugural, stand-alone, introductory session on intercultural competency. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Pharmacy schools in the United Kingdom (UK) are required by the regulator to train pharmacy students to be culturally competent. To meet this requirement, the Reading School of Pharmacy (RSoP) incorporated an inaugural, stand-alone, introductory session on intercultural competency. This study aimed to gather students’ experiences of the lecture. Methods: A qualitative study documented the experiences of students in Years 2 and 3 of the Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) at the RSoP from 15 September to 31 December 2023. Semi-structured interviews were conducted online via Microsoft Teams^®. A demographic form was prepared and sent as an online survey link on the Online Surveys^® platform. All eligible students were invited to participate in the study via student mailing lists. An interview guide was prepared. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes related to students’ awareness, the perceived importance of the subject in healthcare, and students’ preferred learning methods. The transcripts were coded, and similar codes were grouped to form sub-themes and themes. The study was approved by a research ethics committee. Results: A total of 11 students attended the interviews. Three major themes emerged: (1) awareness of and reflection on cultural competence, (2) understanding cultural competence and its importance, and (3) student-preferred pedagogy. The students suggested incorporating workshops and simulation-based assessments. Conclusions: MPharm pharmacy students at the RSoP appear to be receptive to new educational interventions aimed at enhancing cultural competence. They prefer practice-based learning and assessment methods when it comes to developing this skill. Full article

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12 pages, 897 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Pharmacy Costs of Intravenous Push Controlled Substance Waste in Hospital-Based Areas: A Multi-Site Study

by John Hertig, Les Louden, Blake Shay, Armando Soto, Thi Doan and Zach Gross

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050121 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 537

Abstract

Intravenous push (IVP) administration of controlled substances in hospital settings presents operational challenges related to medication waste, documentation, and diversion risk. This multi-site observational study aimed to quantify the pharmacy workforce time and associated costs linked to IVP waste management across a 16-hospital [...] Read more.

Intravenous push (IVP) administration of controlled substances in hospital settings presents operational challenges related to medication waste, documentation, and diversion risk. This multi-site observational study aimed to quantify the pharmacy workforce time and associated costs linked to IVP waste management across a 16-hospital health system in Southwest Florida. Data were collected from over 4400 controlled substance transactions involving fentanyl, midazolam, hydromorphone, morphine, ketamine, and lorazepam. Methods included automated transaction analysis, manual chart reviews, and software-based compliance case evaluations. Results indicated patterns of partial dose waste, particularly for midazolam (85.2%) and hydromorphone (78.8%), and identified opportunities where documentation efforts could be further optimized through automation. Manual review of 333 incidents required an average of 6 min and 43 s per case, extrapolating to over 496 h of quarterly pharmacy labor or nearly 1985 h annually. Software-based case reviews added another 32 h per quarter or 130 h annually. Additionally, waste receptacle systems incurred over USD 1.1 million in capital costs and USD 322,500 in annual maintenance, with technician labor contributing further operational burden. These findings underscore the resource demands of IVP waste management and support the need for standardized dosing, enhanced documentation workflows, and pharmacy-led interventions to improve efficiency and reduce diversion risk. Full article

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10 pages, 432 KB

Open AccessReview

Neuraxial Anesthesia and Cancer Recurrence Following Prostatectomy: Thinking Outside the Box

by Maria P. Ntalouka, Panagiotis J. Vlachostergios, Metaxia Bareka, Konstantinos Dimitropoulos, Anastasia Michou, Ioannis Zachos, Aikaterini Bouzia, Ecaterina Scarlatescu, Vassilios Tzortzis and Eleni M. Arnaoutoglou

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050120 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 487

Abstract

Radical prostatectomy is the standard of care for the treatment of early, clinically localized prostate cancer (PC). In addition to known clinical prognosticators, perioperative conditions and the type of anesthesia may affect clinical outcomes through several mechanisms that favor a tumor-propagating state, including [...] Read more.

Radical prostatectomy is the standard of care for the treatment of early, clinically localized prostate cancer (PC). In addition to known clinical prognosticators, perioperative conditions and the type of anesthesia may affect clinical outcomes through several mechanisms that favor a tumor-propagating state, including activation of the sympathetic system, increased opioid requirements, and inflammation. In this review, we provide an overview of the impact of the perioperative period on PC prognosis and patient outcomes. A non-systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the possible association between neuraxial anesthesia and outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer. The following keywords were used: “cancer recurrence” OR “cancer prognosis” OR “metastasis” AND “neuraxial anesthesia” AND “prostate cancer”. Eligible studies were summarized in the form of a narrative review. In the era of limited use of ERAS protocols, the implementation of neuraxial anesthesia was found to reduce mortality after RP for primary prostate cancer when compared to general anesthesia. Although there was no significant association between anesthetic technique and radiological or biochemical-free survival, regional anesthesia may have an impact on short-term survival in patients with severe comorbidities, involving pulmonary complications and thrombosis. The effect of anesthetic technique on PC patient outcomes remains elusive, although preliminary retrospective evidence suggests a possible positive effect of neuraxial anesthesia on patient outcomes. As the perioperative period is considered a vulnerable timeframe for these patients, the role of the leadership dyad of surgeon and onco-anesthesiologist is crucial. Full article

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12 pages, 332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Community Pharmacist-Led Intervention Program for Early Detection of Gastrointestinal Adverse Events of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: A Multicenter, Non-Randomized Comparative Study

by Ayana Funabashi, Hitoshi Ito, Mamoru Maeda, Yoshitaka Hasegawa, Ryota Tsukioka and Mitsuko Onda

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050119 - 28 Aug 2025

Viewed by 526

Abstract

In this multicenter, nonrandomised comparative study, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a program to promote the safe use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors led by community pharmacists. The program facilitated early detection of gastrointestinal adverse events (GIAEs) in patients newly prescribed DPP-4 [...] Read more.

In this multicenter, nonrandomised comparative study, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a program to promote the safe use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors led by community pharmacists. The program facilitated early detection of gastrointestinal adverse events (GIAEs) in patients newly prescribed DPP-4 inhibitors and facilitated timely communication with physicians. Community pharmacists reviewed patient conditions and provided relevant information to physicians as needed. GIAE monitoring based on the program was conducted in 35 patients at 10 pharmacies in Japan (intervention group) between March and August 2024. The proportion of pharmacist interventions was compared with that in 451 patients from March to August 2023, before program implementation (baseline cohort). The primary outcome, pharmacist intervention rate, was significantly higher in the intervention group (5 out of 35 patients, 14.3%) than in the baseline cohort (0 out of 451 patients, 0.0%) (p < 0.001). GIAEs were identified in 13 out of 35 patients (37.1%) in the intervention group; information for five patients (14.3%) was shared with physicians, resulting in discontinuation of the DPP-4 inhibitor in one patient and addition of supportive therapy in others. Most GIAEs occurred within the first 1–2 weeks of therapy, highlighting the need for early intervention. Thus, proactive involvement of community pharmacists may improve the care process in these cases and contribute to healthcare coordination and diabetes care quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimization of Drug Utilization and Medication Adherence)

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12 pages, 232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ethnography in Primary Health Care: Theoretical–Methodological Reflections on Pharmaceutical Services

by Samara Jamile Mendes, Silvana Nair Leite, Livia Maria de Souza Gonçalves, Marília Berlofa Visacri and Silvia Storpirtis

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050118 - 28 Aug 2025

Viewed by 507

Abstract

In pharmacy, theoretical and methodological approaches from anthropology and the social sciences have been increasingly used to understand the complexity of health–disease processes and their relationship with medicines and social practices. Ethnography offers a critical and in-depth lens for analyzing phenomena in Primary [...] Read more.

In pharmacy, theoretical and methodological approaches from anthropology and the social sciences have been increasingly used to understand the complexity of health–disease processes and their relationship with medicines and social practices. Ethnography offers a critical and in-depth lens for analyzing phenomena in Primary Health Care (PHC), bridging persistent gaps between theory and method in health research. This article presents the theoretical and methodological trajectory of an ethnographic study on pharmaceutical services in PHC, conducted through participant observation in three Units in São Paulo, totaling 166 h of fieldwork. Data were recorded in field diaries and analyzed using a thematic inductive approach, leading to the development of conceptual categories and an analytical framework. Reflections on the method enabled interpretive analyses based on assumptions that were confronted with national and international trends in pharmacy literature. Constructing the method in a non-isolated, context-sensitive way was essential to understanding how pharmacists actively shape their practices in PHC. The study reinforces the relevance of participant observation as both a methodological and interpretive strategy, revealing that pharmaceutical services are being constructed through culturally situated practices that respond to health needs with the pharmacist’s active involvement. Full article

14 pages, 966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Perceptions of Undergraduate Pharmacy Students’ Communication Skills to Facilitate Better Professional Decision-Making in the UK

by Aadesh Dave and Sukvinder Kaur Bhamra

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050117 - 28 Aug 2025

Viewed by 472

Abstract

Background: Pharmacy professionals have an important role in delivering patient-centred care, with effective communication skills forming the foundation of interactions with patients. This study aimed to explore how pharmacy students perceived their own communication skills; along with the communication skills education and [...] Read more.

Background: Pharmacy professionals have an important role in delivering patient-centred care, with effective communication skills forming the foundation of interactions with patients. This study aimed to explore how pharmacy students perceived their own communication skills; along with the communication skills education and training experiences in their undergraduate pharmacy degree in the UK. Methods: A 22-item questionnaire was designed and piloted before being distributed online. Snowball sampling was employed to recruit participants undertaking an undergraduate pharmacy degree. Quantitative statistical and qualitative thematic analysis was conducted. Results: A range of pharmacy schools were represented in the data set (n = 10) with 217 responses collected. Participants rated their communication skills highly (53.03%, n = 114), but stated they still required improvement (79.72%, n = 173). A proportion of participants stated that they could appropriately make professional decisions (52.08%, n = 100) and that their communication skills had facilitated their professional decision-making skills (57.89%, n = 110). Effective teaching methods reported included role play with peers (80%, n = 156) and small-group teaching sessions (64.10%, n = 125). Participants felt that interprofessional education and simulated patients could help improve their communication skills further. Conclusions: Communication education is a crucial element in developing future healthcare professionals. Thus, investment in resources is required to facilitate communication skills in the earlier stages of the undergraduate pharmacy degree. Full article

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16 pages, 359 KB

Open AccessReview

Interprofessional Educational Interventions to Improve Pharmacological Knowledge and Prescribing Competency in Medical Students and Trainees: A Scoping Review

by Alec Lai, Viki Lui, Weiwei Shi, Brett Vaughan and Louisa Ng

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050116 - 27 Aug 2025

Viewed by 527

Abstract

Introduction: Prescribing errors are the most common cause of preventable patient harm. In recent years, interprofessional education (IPE) has been increasingly utilised to improve knowledge and skills through promoting interprofessional collaboration. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of IPE interventions [...] Read more.

Introduction: Prescribing errors are the most common cause of preventable patient harm. In recent years, interprofessional education (IPE) has been increasingly utilised to improve knowledge and skills through promoting interprofessional collaboration. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of IPE interventions for pharmacological knowledge and prescribing skills in medical students and doctors-in-training. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC and Scopus were searched on 18 February 2025 for studies published since 2020. Keywords included interprofessional education, medical student, medical trainee, pharmacology and prescribing. Results: Of the 2254 citations identified, 42 studies were included. There were four main types of IPE interventions: case-based learning, work-integrated-learning, didactic, and simulation and role-plays. Outcomes were spread across pharmacological knowledge, prescribing skills and interprofessional attitudes, and all studies reported one or more positive findings at Kirkpatrick IPE level 1, 2a, 2b, 3 or 4b. No study reported outcomes at Kirkpatrick IPE 4a. Conclusions: IPE interventions targeting pharmacology and prescribing are positively viewed by medical learners. IPE is effective in improving interprofessional attitudes and collaboration, as well as pharmacological knowledge and prescribing competency. Logistical challenges can be barriers to larger-group IPE implementation; nonetheless, IPE work-integrated learning in authentic clinical settings may overcome these challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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16 pages, 563 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Does the Electronic Collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes Improve Patient Engagement in Pharmacy Encounters? A Multi-Method Study

by Bonyan Qudah, Sura AlMahasis and Betty Chewning

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050115 - 27 Aug 2025

Viewed by 442

Abstract

Routine collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) can enhance patient–pharmacist communication and identify medication-related concerns. This study aims to explore the influence of RxTalk™, an electronic PRO tool, on patients’ attributes and the dynamics of communication. Secondary aims include describing patients’ experiences with RxTalk™ [...] Read more.

Routine collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) can enhance patient–pharmacist communication and identify medication-related concerns. This study aims to explore the influence of RxTalk™, an electronic PRO tool, on patients’ attributes and the dynamics of communication. Secondary aims include describing patients’ experiences with RxTalk™ and identifying suggestions for improvements. This study is part of a pilot randomized controlled trial in which patients used RxTalk™ in the pharmacy while being observed before they spoke with the pharmacist. Patients’ interactions with pharmacists were tape-recorded and analyzed, and patients were interviewed within one week. We integrated data from RxTalk™, patient observations, taped encounters, and interviews to provide a thicker description of patients’ experiences with RxTalk™ and its impact on their communication. A total of 70% of patients found RxTalk™ easy to use, and 59% perceived RxTalk™ as very useful to extremely useful. Triangulated findings show that RxTalk™ met patients’ social and informational needs, improved their communication skills, and cultivated a sense of privacy to share concerns. Furthermore, RxTalk™ validated the appropriateness of reporting any health concerns, not simply medication concerns. As patients had a positive experience with RxTalk™, pharmacists should consider integrating PRO tools into their daily services to improve patient interactions and quality of care. Full article

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13 pages, 230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Educational Escape Room Reinforcement of Infection Prevention in Third-Year Student Pharmacists

by Benjamin Gal, Tony Le, Jiya Thomas and Crystal K. Hodge

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050114 - 26 Aug 2025

Viewed by 568

Abstract

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) competencies are essential to safe patient care across practice settings. This cross-sectional survey study aimed to describe the ability of an escape room to reinforce IPC concepts and knowledge retention rates for third-year student pharmacists. Methods: An [...] Read more.

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) competencies are essential to safe patient care across practice settings. This cross-sectional survey study aimed to describe the ability of an escape room to reinforce IPC concepts and knowledge retention rates for third-year student pharmacists. Methods: An IPC-themed escape room using a mixture of online and physical puzzles was incorporated into a third-year student pharmacist course. Students in the course took knowledge assessment and perception surveys before the escape room (T1), after the escape room (T2), and for retention at the end of the semester (T3). Results: Statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases in knowledge occurred on four out of five of the knowledge assessment questions between the pre- and post-assessments (T1, T2) as well as between the pre- and retention assessments (T1, T3). Student confidence in their ability to provide patient care compliant with IPC practices also demonstrated statistically significant improvement between pre, post, and retention assessments (T1, T2, T3). Conclusions: An IPC escape room is an effective tool to reinforce IPC concepts and increases student pharmacist knowledge and confidence in patient safety practices. Future study iterations should evaluate the role of an IPC IPE event for utility across multiple health professions curricula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

41 pages, 639 KB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Role of Pharmacists in the Care of Incarcerated People at Correctional Facilities: A Scoping Review

by Christian Eduardo Castro Silva, Beatriz Bernava Sarinho, Michelle Bonafé, Tácio de Mendonça Lima, Inajara Rotta, Samara Jamile Mendes, Patricia Melo Aguiar and Marília Berlofa Visacri

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050113 - 24 Aug 2025

Viewed by 619

Abstract

This study aimed to map the literature on the clinical role of pharmacists in the care of incarcerated people at correctional facilities and to identify gaps in this field. A scoping review was conducted on 30 July 2024, using the PubMed, Scopus, and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to map the literature on the clinical role of pharmacists in the care of incarcerated people at correctional facilities and to identify gaps in this field. A scoping review was conducted on 30 July 2024, using the PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS databases. Gray literature was searched via Google Scholar, and references of included studies were manually reviewed. Primary studies of any design reporting pharmacists’ clinical services and/or activities for incarcerated individuals were eligible. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers, with a third resolving disagreements. The search yielded 894 records, from which 27 studies were included. Most studies were conducted in the United States (n = 16; 59%) and France (n = 7; 26%). Eleven (41%) focused exclusively on male populations, and one (4%) on female inmates. Most studies addressed pharmacists’ clinical roles in mental health conditions and substance use disorders (n = 9; 33%), infectious diseases (n = 5; 19%), and diabetes (n = 4; 15%). Clinical services and/or activities related to direct patient care were the most frequently reported (n = 18; 67%). Process measures were reported in 18 studies (67%), and clinical outcomes were the most common type of outcome (n = 13; 48%). This review highlights the pharmacist’s clinical role in treating mental health conditions and substance abuse, infectious diseases, and diabetes in incarcerated care. It underscores the need for further research in low- and middle-income countries, on women’s health, and on other prevalent conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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