Pharmacy

20 pages, 11681 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacist-Led Prescribing in Austria: A Mixed-Methods Study on Clinical Readiness and Legal Frameworks

by Olaf Rose, Clarissa Egel, Johanna Pachmayr and Stephanie Clemens

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050130 - 8 Sep 2025

Viewed by 69

In Austria, community pharmacists may dispense prescription-only drugs in exceptional emergency cases. Hospital pharmacists are permitted to adapt or discontinue therapy with prior physician approval. This mixed-methods study explores how Austrian pharmacists interpret and apply these frameworks, their readiness for expanded roles, and [...] Read more.

In Austria, community pharmacists may dispense prescription-only drugs in exceptional emergency cases. Hospital pharmacists are permitted to adapt or discontinue therapy with prior physician approval. This mixed-methods study explores how Austrian pharmacists interpret and apply these frameworks, their readiness for expanded roles, and the systemic conditions required to support broader clinical engagement. A cross-sectional design was used with two online surveys targeting community and hospital pharmacists. Additionally, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted (ten community, five hospital pharmacists). Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively; qualitative data were examined using Mayring’s content analysis. Data integration followed a triangulation design via mixed-methods matrices. A total of 238 community and 53 hospital pharmacists responded. Findings show that community pharmacists frequently apply clinical judgment in urgent situations and navigate regulatory grey zones. Over 88% support expanded roles, particularly in continuing contraceptives, managing chronic diseases, and treating infections using point-of-care testing. Hospital pharmacists report limited implementation of their framework, hindered by institutional inertia, staffing shortages, and poor access to patient data. Confidence in clinical pharmacotherapy decisions was limited. Targeted training and policy support are essential. Full article

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12 pages, 286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Prescribing Patterns of Nonstatins as Add-on Therapy for Secondary Prevention in a Federally Qualified Health Center

by Sabrina Guerra, Kathryn P. Lin, Ahmed S. Kenawy, Chanhyun Park and Morgan P. Stewart

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050129 - 6 Sep 2025

Viewed by 179

Abstract

Background: Lipid management is a key aspect of secondary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention. However, real-world studies show that ~72–88% of patients with ASCVD fail to meet their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target. Nonstatin agents are available as add-on therapies that can be [...] Read more.

Background: Lipid management is a key aspect of secondary atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) prevention. However, real-world studies show that ~72–88% of patients with ASCVD fail to meet their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target. Nonstatin agents are available as add-on therapies that can be utilized when maximally tolerated statins are insufficient to achieve LDL-C goals. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the current prescribing habits of nonstatins as add-on therapy to statins for secondary ASCVD prevention at a federally qualified health center (FQHC). Methods: Patients were included if they had a history of clinical ASCVD, ≥1 lipid panel obtained during the study period, and were prescribed any intensity statin. Results: Among 398 included participants, 11.1% were prescribed nonstatin therapy and 35.9% were meeting a LDL-C target of <70 mg/dL. There was a significant association between being prescribed ezetimibe based on the type of healthcare coverage (p = 0.04) and a higher number of ASCVD qualifying indications (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Overall, nonstatins were found to be underutilized for LDL-C management in this underserved population. Future initiatives should target ways to optimize nonstatin therapy to optimize secondary ASCVD prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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15 pages, 909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Semaglutide in the Real World: Attitudes of the Population

by Doris Rušić, Toni Durdov, Ivona Jadrijević, Ana Šešelja Perišin, Dario Leskur, Joško Božić, Mila Marie Klusmeier and Josipa Bukić

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050128 - 4 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Background: Clinical experience with semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus shows that its benefits extend far beyond glucose regulation. This study examines whether this drug is indeed popular among the Croatian population and explores whether factors such as gender or proximity [...] Read more.

Background: Clinical experience with semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus shows that its benefits extend far beyond glucose regulation. This study examines whether this drug is indeed popular among the Croatian population and explores whether factors such as gender or proximity to the healthcare sector influence its potential use, attitudes toward weight loss, and knowledge regarding its application and possible adverse effects. Methods: This was a cross-sectional population study. In this study we focused on the brand name Ozempic^® for semaglutide as it is the most commonly searched term for semaglutide. Results: The study included 290 participants, most of who were women (N = 243, 83.8%). As many as 214 (73.8%) people stated they had heard of Ozempic^®; however, there was no significant difference in whether people had heard of Ozempic^® if they had type 2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.415). In total, 23.4% of people stated they knew someone who took Ozempic^®. Women were significantly more likely to feel pressure about their appearance than men, with 51.1% of men reporting no pressure at all compared to only 39.9% of women (p = 0.015). A majority of participants agreed that social media strongly affects perception on the use of medications for weight loss (73.8%). Individuals with a family member in the healthcare field were significantly more informed about the possible adverse reactions of semaglutide compared to those without such a connection. Among participants without a healthcare professional in the family, 75.0% reported being unaware of potential adverse effects, compared to 47.9% of those with a family member in healthcare. Moreover, participants with a healthcare professional in the family were more likely to know the correct route of administration for Ozempic^® (68.1% vs. 54.6%, p = 0.025); Conclusions: The results of this study show that three-quarters of people had heard of Ozempic^®, regardless of whether they had an indication for its use or not. In addition, the results indicate that although both men and women share satisfaction with their bodies, women feel more pressured by societal expectations related to their appearance. Full article

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12 pages, 258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Medication: Attitudes and Behaviors Among Pharmacy and Medical Students

by George Jîtcă, Carmen-Maria Jîtcă, Mădălina-Georgiana Buț and Camil-Eugen Vari

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050127 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 281

Abstract

Self-medication is increasingly prevalent among healthcare students, raising concerns about the adequacy of current medical education in promoting safe medication practices. This study aimed to assess the frequency, motivations, and perceptions of self-medication among medical and pharmacy students and to identify educational gaps. [...] Read more.

Self-medication is increasingly prevalent among healthcare students, raising concerns about the adequacy of current medical education in promoting safe medication practices. This study aimed to assess the frequency, motivations, and perceptions of self-medication among medical and pharmacy students and to identify educational gaps. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured, anonymous questionnaire distributed to medical and pharmacy students at a single academic institution. The questionnaire assessed self-medication frequency, substances used, motivations, perceived risks, confidence in knowledge, sources of information, and attitudes toward curriculum improvements. Over 50% of participants reported practicing self-medication at least once a month. The most commonly used substances were analgesics and dietary supplements. Main motivations included recognition of symptoms, confidence in personal knowledge, and avoidance of waiting times. Despite receiving university instruction on self-medication risks, students continued to self-medicate, with many relying on the internet as a primary source of information. Only 8% felt very confident in counseling patients on self-medication. A majority (over 70%) expressed a strong interest in integrating dedicated educational modules into the curriculum. There is a clear need for improved, practice-oriented education on self-medication. Future interventions should focus on interdisciplinary teaching, digital literacy, and simulation-based training to foster safer medication practices. Full article

10 pages, 642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementing a Functional Group Analysis Activity to Support Student Learning in Medicinal Chemistry: A Three-Year Experience

by Ansel Belani and Jitendra D. Belani

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050126 - 4 Sep 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

Many pharmacy students begin medicinal chemistry with limited experience in chemical structure interpretation and reactivity patterns, making it difficult to connect foundational concepts to real-world drug behavior. We introduced a low-stakes functional group analysis activity that included peer discussion and a follow-up quiz [...] Read more.

Many pharmacy students begin medicinal chemistry with limited experience in chemical structure interpretation and reactivity patterns, making it difficult to connect foundational concepts to real-world drug behavior. We introduced a low-stakes functional group analysis activity that included peer discussion and a follow-up quiz to improve learning and reduce student anxiety. We studied the impact of this activity by comparing Exam 1 scores across three cohorts: one before the activity (2022) and two after implementation (2023 and 2024). The average Exam 1 scores improved in the post-intervention years, and while the overall difference across cohorts did not reach statistical significance, post hoc analysis revealed a significant improvement between the 2022 and 2024 cohorts. The students who engaged more deeply, especially those who performed well on the quiz, consistently earned higher exam scores, with strong positive correlations observed in both years. These results suggest that simple, low-stakes activities that focus on core concepts can promote engagement and support student success, even in challenging, content-heavy courses like medicinal chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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11 pages, 404 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do PCSK9 Inhibitors Impair Memory? A Dual Approach Combining Real-World Data and Genetic Evidence

by Xuezhong Shi, Shijia Wang, Yongli Yang, Xudong Xia, Jingwen Fan, Jingjing Wang, Nana Wang and Xiaocan Jia

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050125 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggested a potential link between lipid-lowering therapies and neurocognitive effects, raising concerns regarding the possible adverse impact of PCSK9 inhibitors on memory loss. We extracted adverse events associated with memory loss for PCSK9 inhibitors from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence suggested a potential link between lipid-lowering therapies and neurocognitive effects, raising concerns regarding the possible adverse impact of PCSK9 inhibitors on memory loss. We extracted adverse events associated with memory loss for PCSK9 inhibitors from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), covering the period from the first quarter (Q1) of 2022 to Q1 of 2025. Reporting odds ratio (ROR), Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM), and information component (IC) were used for pharmacovigilance analysis. Drug target Mendelian randomization (MR) was utilized to assess the causal association between PCSK9 inhibitors and memory loss. A total of 389 occurrences of memory loss associated with PCSK9 inhibitors were recorded among 388 patients. In the pharmacovigilance analysis, memory loss did not show a significant signal for PCSK9 inhibitors in both the full dataset [ROR (95% CI): 0.79 (0.72, 0.88); PRR = 0.79, χ² = 20.64; EBGM05 = 0.73; IC025 = −2.00] and the lipid-lowering targets dataset [ROR (95%CI): 0.59 (0.53, 0.66); PRR = 0.59, χ² = 95.33; EBGM05 = 0.59; IC025 = −2.30]. The drug target MR revealed no causal association between PCSK9 inhibitors and memory loss (p < 0.05). The present study failed to establish a causal relationship between PCSK9 inhibitors and memory loss. By providing both real-world and genetic evidence, our findings might help alleviate concerns and support the notion that PCSK9 inhibitors were relatively safe regarding memory function. Full article

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24 pages, 973 KB

Open AccessReview

Empowering Pharmacists in Heartburn Management: Practical Insights for OTC Treatment and Self-Care

by Mary Barna Bridgeman, Ashok Hospattankar, Kamran Siddiqui and Nardine Nakhla

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050124 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 326

Abstract

Heartburn is a prevalent and frequently self-managed condition, with a myriad of over-the-counter (OTC) treatment options available for self-care. The potential for misinterpretation of drug labels and improper OTC medication selection may result in inadequate treatment, potential drug interactions, as well as medication [...] Read more.

Heartburn is a prevalent and frequently self-managed condition, with a myriad of over-the-counter (OTC) treatment options available for self-care. The potential for misinterpretation of drug labels and improper OTC medication selection may result in inadequate treatment, potential drug interactions, as well as medication overuse, misuse, or delay in seeking treatment for a more serious health condition. As highly accessible healthcare professionals, pharmacists play a crucial role in validating self-diagnoses, in guiding appropriate OTC medication selection and use, and in educating patients on both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management strategies for heartburn. It is essential for pharmacists to remain informed about the latest developments in disease management and treatment options. This narrative review provides an updated perspective on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations associated with heartburn while underscoring the expanding role of pharmacists in patient care. This review includes a structured assessment framework and clinical management algorithm designed to enhance pharmacists’ ability to identify red flag symptoms, optimize OTC medication use, and facilitate timely referrals when necessary. By incorporating evidence-based guidance with patient-centered counseling, pharmacists can enhance treatment outcomes, optimize, medication use, promote adherence, and ensure safer self-care practices. As self-medication trends and the role of pharmacists evolves, this review offers a comprehensive resource to equip pharmacists with the latest knowledge and practical tools for optimizing heartburn management and promoting patient safety. Full article

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10 pages, 544 KB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Sensal Health MyAide^TM Smart Dock Medication Adherence Device

by David Wallace, Sourab Ganna and Rajender R. Aparasu

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050123 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 242

Abstract

Background: Electronic monitoring adherence devices (EAMDs) are increasingly being utilized in various healthcare settings to track medication adherence. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the Sensal Health MyAide™ Smart Doc in capturing dose removal from the vial, specifically the time of dose removal [...] Read more.

Background: Electronic monitoring adherence devices (EAMDs) are increasingly being utilized in various healthcare settings to track medication adherence. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the Sensal Health MyAide™ Smart Doc in capturing dose removal from the vial, specifically the time of dose removal and the number of pills removed for each actuation of the device. Methods: This validation study compares the device’s recording of dose withdrawals from a prescription vial by simulated patients against reference documentation reported using MS Forms by the participants. Three participants completed a 4-day study consisting of two non-consecutive 1 h sessions per day encompassing six actuations from the prescription vial to be captured by the Sensal Health MyAide™ Smart Dock after their informed consent was obtained. Statistical analysis included percent agreement and Cohen’s kappa assessing agreement between user-reported data and electronic measurement data recorded by the MyAide™ Smart Dock. Outcome measures included confirmation of the specific user, time of dose removal (±1 min), and the number of pills withdrawn. Results: Three subjects were recruited to provide data for a total of 144 actuations. The study found perfect 100% agreement across the number of pills withdrawn and specific users withdrawing the pills and 99% agreement for the time of administration. The Cohen’s kappa values for the outcome measures were 1.00 (95%CI [1.00, 1.00]) for the number of pills dispensed and specific user and 0.993 (95%CI [0.990, 0.996]) for the time of administration. Conclusions: This study found that the Sensal Health MyAide™ Smart Dock can accurately record the time of administration, the number of pills dispensed, and the identity of the user dispensing the pills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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16 pages, 519 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacy Students’ Experience of an Inaugural Lecture on Intercultural Competence

by Atta Abbas Naqvi, Merhawi Samsom, Lucy Watson and Hung Nguyen

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050122 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 369

Abstract

Background: Pharmacy schools in the United Kingdom (UK) are required by the regulator to train pharmacy students to be culturally competent. To meet this requirement, the Reading School of Pharmacy (RSoP) incorporated an inaugural, stand-alone, introductory session on intercultural competency. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Pharmacy schools in the United Kingdom (UK) are required by the regulator to train pharmacy students to be culturally competent. To meet this requirement, the Reading School of Pharmacy (RSoP) incorporated an inaugural, stand-alone, introductory session on intercultural competency. This study aimed to gather students’ experiences of the lecture. Methods: A qualitative study documented the experiences of students in Years 2 and 3 of the Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) at the RSoP from 15 September to 31 December 2023. Semi-structured interviews were conducted online via Microsoft Teams^®. A demographic form was prepared and sent as an online survey link on the Online Surveys^® platform. All eligible students were invited to participate in the study via student mailing lists. An interview guide was prepared. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes related to students’ awareness, the perceived importance of the subject in healthcare, and students’ preferred learning methods. The transcripts were coded, and similar codes were grouped to form sub-themes and themes. The study was approved by a research ethics committee. Results: A total of 11 students attended the interviews. Three major themes emerged: (1) awareness of and reflection on cultural competence, (2) understanding cultural competence and its importance, and (3) student-preferred pedagogy. The students suggested incorporating workshops and simulation-based assessments. Conclusions: MPharm pharmacy students at the RSoP appear to be receptive to new educational interventions aimed at enhancing cultural competence. They prefer practice-based learning and assessment methods when it comes to developing this skill. Full article

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12 pages, 897 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Pharmacy Costs of Intravenous Push Controlled Substance Waste in Hospital-Based Areas: A Multi-Site Study

by John Hertig, Les Louden, Blake Shay, Armando Soto, Thi Doan and Zach Gross

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050121 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 378

Abstract

Intravenous push (IVP) administration of controlled substances in hospital settings presents operational challenges related to medication waste, documentation, and diversion risk. This multi-site observational study aimed to quantify the pharmacy workforce time and associated costs linked to IVP waste management across a 16-hospital [...] Read more.

Intravenous push (IVP) administration of controlled substances in hospital settings presents operational challenges related to medication waste, documentation, and diversion risk. This multi-site observational study aimed to quantify the pharmacy workforce time and associated costs linked to IVP waste management across a 16-hospital health system in Southwest Florida. Data were collected from over 4400 controlled substance transactions involving fentanyl, midazolam, hydromorphone, morphine, ketamine, and lorazepam. Methods included automated transaction analysis, manual chart reviews, and software-based compliance case evaluations. Results indicated patterns of partial dose waste, particularly for midazolam (85.2%) and hydromorphone (78.8%), and identified opportunities where documentation efforts could be further optimized through automation. Manual review of 333 incidents required an average of 6 min and 43 s per case, extrapolating to over 496 h of quarterly pharmacy labor or nearly 1985 h annually. Software-based case reviews added another 32 h per quarter or 130 h annually. Additionally, waste receptacle systems incurred over USD 1.1 million in capital costs and USD 322,500 in annual maintenance, with technician labor contributing further operational burden. These findings underscore the resource demands of IVP waste management and support the need for standardized dosing, enhanced documentation workflows, and pharmacy-led interventions to improve efficiency and reduce diversion risk. Full article

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10 pages, 432 KB

Open AccessReview

Neuraxial Anesthesia and Cancer Recurrence Following Prostatectomy: Thinking Outside the Box

by Maria P. Ntalouka, Panagiotis J. Vlachostergios, Metaxia Bareka, Konstantinos Dimitropoulos, Anastasia Michou, Ioannis Zachos, Aikaterini Bouzia, Ecaterina Scarlatescu, Vassilios Tzortzis and Eleni M. Arnaoutoglou

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050120 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 343

Abstract

Radical prostatectomy is the standard of care for the treatment of early, clinically localized prostate cancer (PC). In addition to known clinical prognosticators, perioperative conditions and the type of anesthesia may affect clinical outcomes through several mechanisms that favor a tumor-propagating state, including [...] Read more.

Radical prostatectomy is the standard of care for the treatment of early, clinically localized prostate cancer (PC). In addition to known clinical prognosticators, perioperative conditions and the type of anesthesia may affect clinical outcomes through several mechanisms that favor a tumor-propagating state, including activation of the sympathetic system, increased opioid requirements, and inflammation. In this review, we provide an overview of the impact of the perioperative period on PC prognosis and patient outcomes. A non-systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the possible association between neuraxial anesthesia and outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer. The following keywords were used: “cancer recurrence” OR “cancer prognosis” OR “metastasis” AND “neuraxial anesthesia” AND “prostate cancer”. Eligible studies were summarized in the form of a narrative review. In the era of limited use of ERAS protocols, the implementation of neuraxial anesthesia was found to reduce mortality after RP for primary prostate cancer when compared to general anesthesia. Although there was no significant association between anesthetic technique and radiological or biochemical-free survival, regional anesthesia may have an impact on short-term survival in patients with severe comorbidities, involving pulmonary complications and thrombosis. The effect of anesthetic technique on PC patient outcomes remains elusive, although preliminary retrospective evidence suggests a possible positive effect of neuraxial anesthesia on patient outcomes. As the perioperative period is considered a vulnerable timeframe for these patients, the role of the leadership dyad of surgeon and onco-anesthesiologist is crucial. Full article

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12 pages, 332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Community Pharmacist-Led Intervention Program for Early Detection of Gastrointestinal Adverse Events of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: A Multicenter, Non-Randomized Comparative Study

by Ayana Funabashi, Hitoshi Ito, Mamoru Maeda, Yoshitaka Hasegawa, Ryota Tsukioka and Mitsuko Onda

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050119 - 28 Aug 2025

Viewed by 380

Abstract

In this multicenter, nonrandomised comparative study, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a program to promote the safe use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors led by community pharmacists. The program facilitated early detection of gastrointestinal adverse events (GIAEs) in patients newly prescribed DPP-4 [...] Read more.

In this multicenter, nonrandomised comparative study, we evaluated the potential effectiveness of a program to promote the safe use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors led by community pharmacists. The program facilitated early detection of gastrointestinal adverse events (GIAEs) in patients newly prescribed DPP-4 inhibitors and facilitated timely communication with physicians. Community pharmacists reviewed patient conditions and provided relevant information to physicians as needed. GIAE monitoring based on the program was conducted in 35 patients at 10 pharmacies in Japan (intervention group) between March and August 2024. The proportion of pharmacist interventions was compared with that in 451 patients from March to August 2023, before program implementation (baseline cohort). The primary outcome, pharmacist intervention rate, was significantly higher in the intervention group (5 out of 35 patients, 14.3%) than in the baseline cohort (0 out of 451 patients, 0.0%) (p < 0.001). GIAEs were identified in 13 out of 35 patients (37.1%) in the intervention group; information for five patients (14.3%) was shared with physicians, resulting in discontinuation of the DPP-4 inhibitor in one patient and addition of supportive therapy in others. Most GIAEs occurred within the first 1–2 weeks of therapy, highlighting the need for early intervention. Thus, proactive involvement of community pharmacists may improve the care process in these cases and contribute to healthcare coordination and diabetes care quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimization of Drug Utilization and Medication Adherence)

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12 pages, 232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ethnography in Primary Health Care: Theoretical–Methodological Reflections on Pharmaceutical Services

by Samara Jamile Mendes, Silvana Nair Leite, Livia Maria de Souza Gonçalves, Marília Berlofa Visacri and Silvia Storpirtis

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050118 - 28 Aug 2025

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Abstract

In pharmacy, theoretical and methodological approaches from anthropology and the social sciences have been increasingly used to understand the complexity of health–disease processes and their relationship with medicines and social practices. Ethnography offers a critical and in-depth lens for analyzing phenomena in Primary [...] Read more.

In pharmacy, theoretical and methodological approaches from anthropology and the social sciences have been increasingly used to understand the complexity of health–disease processes and their relationship with medicines and social practices. Ethnography offers a critical and in-depth lens for analyzing phenomena in Primary Health Care (PHC), bridging persistent gaps between theory and method in health research. This article presents the theoretical and methodological trajectory of an ethnographic study on pharmaceutical services in PHC, conducted through participant observation in three Units in São Paulo, totaling 166 h of fieldwork. Data were recorded in field diaries and analyzed using a thematic inductive approach, leading to the development of conceptual categories and an analytical framework. Reflections on the method enabled interpretive analyses based on assumptions that were confronted with national and international trends in pharmacy literature. Constructing the method in a non-isolated, context-sensitive way was essential to understanding how pharmacists actively shape their practices in PHC. The study reinforces the relevance of participant observation as both a methodological and interpretive strategy, revealing that pharmaceutical services are being constructed through culturally situated practices that respond to health needs with the pharmacist’s active involvement. Full article

14 pages, 966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Perceptions of Undergraduate Pharmacy Students’ Communication Skills to Facilitate Better Professional Decision-Making in the UK

by Aadesh Dave and Sukvinder Kaur Bhamra

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050117 - 28 Aug 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Background: Pharmacy professionals have an important role in delivering patient-centred care, with effective communication skills forming the foundation of interactions with patients. This study aimed to explore how pharmacy students perceived their own communication skills; along with the communication skills education and [...] Read more.

Background: Pharmacy professionals have an important role in delivering patient-centred care, with effective communication skills forming the foundation of interactions with patients. This study aimed to explore how pharmacy students perceived their own communication skills; along with the communication skills education and training experiences in their undergraduate pharmacy degree in the UK. Methods: A 22-item questionnaire was designed and piloted before being distributed online. Snowball sampling was employed to recruit participants undertaking an undergraduate pharmacy degree. Quantitative statistical and qualitative thematic analysis was conducted. Results: A range of pharmacy schools were represented in the data set (n = 10) with 217 responses collected. Participants rated their communication skills highly (53.03%, n = 114), but stated they still required improvement (79.72%, n = 173). A proportion of participants stated that they could appropriately make professional decisions (52.08%, n = 100) and that their communication skills had facilitated their professional decision-making skills (57.89%, n = 110). Effective teaching methods reported included role play with peers (80%, n = 156) and small-group teaching sessions (64.10%, n = 125). Participants felt that interprofessional education and simulated patients could help improve their communication skills further. Conclusions: Communication education is a crucial element in developing future healthcare professionals. Thus, investment in resources is required to facilitate communication skills in the earlier stages of the undergraduate pharmacy degree. Full article

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16 pages, 359 KB

Open AccessReview

Interprofessional Educational Interventions to Improve Pharmacological Knowledge and Prescribing Competency in Medical Students and Trainees: A Scoping Review

by Alec Lai, Viki Lui, Weiwei Shi, Brett Vaughan and Louisa Ng

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050116 - 27 Aug 2025

Viewed by 352

Abstract

Introduction: Prescribing errors are the most common cause of preventable patient harm. In recent years, interprofessional education (IPE) has been increasingly utilised to improve knowledge and skills through promoting interprofessional collaboration. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of IPE interventions [...] Read more.

Introduction: Prescribing errors are the most common cause of preventable patient harm. In recent years, interprofessional education (IPE) has been increasingly utilised to improve knowledge and skills through promoting interprofessional collaboration. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of IPE interventions for pharmacological knowledge and prescribing skills in medical students and doctors-in-training. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC and Scopus were searched on 18 February 2025 for studies published since 2020. Keywords included interprofessional education, medical student, medical trainee, pharmacology and prescribing. Results: Of the 2254 citations identified, 42 studies were included. There were four main types of IPE interventions: case-based learning, work-integrated-learning, didactic, and simulation and role-plays. Outcomes were spread across pharmacological knowledge, prescribing skills and interprofessional attitudes, and all studies reported one or more positive findings at Kirkpatrick IPE level 1, 2a, 2b, 3 or 4b. No study reported outcomes at Kirkpatrick IPE 4a. Conclusions: IPE interventions targeting pharmacology and prescribing are positively viewed by medical learners. IPE is effective in improving interprofessional attitudes and collaboration, as well as pharmacological knowledge and prescribing competency. Logistical challenges can be barriers to larger-group IPE implementation; nonetheless, IPE work-integrated learning in authentic clinical settings may overcome these challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

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16 pages, 563 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Does the Electronic Collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes Improve Patient Engagement in Pharmacy Encounters? A Multi-Method Study

by Bonyan Qudah, Sura AlMahasis and Betty Chewning

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050115 - 27 Aug 2025

Viewed by 330

Abstract

Routine collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) can enhance patient–pharmacist communication and identify medication-related concerns. This study aims to explore the influence of RxTalk™, an electronic PRO tool, on patients’ attributes and the dynamics of communication. Secondary aims include describing patients’ experiences with RxTalk™ [...] Read more.

Routine collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) can enhance patient–pharmacist communication and identify medication-related concerns. This study aims to explore the influence of RxTalk™, an electronic PRO tool, on patients’ attributes and the dynamics of communication. Secondary aims include describing patients’ experiences with RxTalk™ and identifying suggestions for improvements. This study is part of a pilot randomized controlled trial in which patients used RxTalk™ in the pharmacy while being observed before they spoke with the pharmacist. Patients’ interactions with pharmacists were tape-recorded and analyzed, and patients were interviewed within one week. We integrated data from RxTalk™, patient observations, taped encounters, and interviews to provide a thicker description of patients’ experiences with RxTalk™ and its impact on their communication. A total of 70% of patients found RxTalk™ easy to use, and 59% perceived RxTalk™ as very useful to extremely useful. Triangulated findings show that RxTalk™ met patients’ social and informational needs, improved their communication skills, and cultivated a sense of privacy to share concerns. Furthermore, RxTalk™ validated the appropriateness of reporting any health concerns, not simply medication concerns. As patients had a positive experience with RxTalk™, pharmacists should consider integrating PRO tools into their daily services to improve patient interactions and quality of care. Full article

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13 pages, 230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Educational Escape Room Reinforcement of Infection Prevention in Third-Year Student Pharmacists

by Benjamin Gal, Tony Le, Jiya Thomas and Crystal K. Hodge

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050114 - 26 Aug 2025

Viewed by 480

Abstract

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) competencies are essential to safe patient care across practice settings. This cross-sectional survey study aimed to describe the ability of an escape room to reinforce IPC concepts and knowledge retention rates for third-year student pharmacists. Methods: An [...] Read more.

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) competencies are essential to safe patient care across practice settings. This cross-sectional survey study aimed to describe the ability of an escape room to reinforce IPC concepts and knowledge retention rates for third-year student pharmacists. Methods: An IPC-themed escape room using a mixture of online and physical puzzles was incorporated into a third-year student pharmacist course. Students in the course took knowledge assessment and perception surveys before the escape room (T1), after the escape room (T2), and for retention at the end of the semester (T3). Results: Statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases in knowledge occurred on four out of five of the knowledge assessment questions between the pre- and post-assessments (T1, T2) as well as between the pre- and retention assessments (T1, T3). Student confidence in their ability to provide patient care compliant with IPC practices also demonstrated statistically significant improvement between pre, post, and retention assessments (T1, T2, T3). Conclusions: An IPC escape room is an effective tool to reinforce IPC concepts and increases student pharmacist knowledge and confidence in patient safety practices. Future study iterations should evaluate the role of an IPC IPE event for utility across multiple health professions curricula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Education and Student/Practitioner Training)

41 pages, 639 KB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Role of Pharmacists in the Care of Incarcerated People at Correctional Facilities: A Scoping Review

by Christian Eduardo Castro Silva, Beatriz Bernava Sarinho, Michelle Bonafé, Tácio de Mendonça Lima, Inajara Rotta, Samara Jamile Mendes, Patricia Melo Aguiar and Marília Berlofa Visacri

Pharmacy 2025, 13(5), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13050113 - 24 Aug 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to map the literature on the clinical role of pharmacists in the care of incarcerated people at correctional facilities and to identify gaps in this field. A scoping review was conducted on 30 July 2024, using the PubMed, Scopus, and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to map the literature on the clinical role of pharmacists in the care of incarcerated people at correctional facilities and to identify gaps in this field. A scoping review was conducted on 30 July 2024, using the PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS databases. Gray literature was searched via Google Scholar, and references of included studies were manually reviewed. Primary studies of any design reporting pharmacists’ clinical services and/or activities for incarcerated individuals were eligible. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers, with a third resolving disagreements. The search yielded 894 records, from which 27 studies were included. Most studies were conducted in the United States (n = 16; 59%) and France (n = 7; 26%). Eleven (41%) focused exclusively on male populations, and one (4%) on female inmates. Most studies addressed pharmacists’ clinical roles in mental health conditions and substance use disorders (n = 9; 33%), infectious diseases (n = 5; 19%), and diabetes (n = 4; 15%). Clinical services and/or activities related to direct patient care were the most frequently reported (n = 18; 67%). Process measures were reported in 18 studies (67%), and clinical outcomes were the most common type of outcome (n = 13; 48%). This review highlights the pharmacist’s clinical role in treating mental health conditions and substance abuse, infectious diseases, and diabetes in incarcerated care. It underscores the need for further research in low- and middle-income countries, on women’s health, and on other prevalent conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacy Practice and Practice-Based Research)

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Pharmacy, Volume 13, Issue 5 (October 2025) – 18 articles

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