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Aerospace
Volume 13
Issue 3
10.3390/aerospace13030249
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Review

A Comprehensive Literature Review of Cybersecurity in Satellite Networks

by
Buhong Wang
*,
Jin Xiao
,
Ruochen Dong
,
Chengkai Piao
,
Yongjian Guan
,
Bofu Zhao
,
Yong Yang
,
Zhengyang Zhao
,
Siqi Li
and
Xiaofan Lyu
School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Aerospace 2026, 13(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13030249
Submission received: 12 December 2025 / Revised: 14 February 2026 / Accepted: 2 March 2026 / Published: 6 March 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)
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Abstract

Satellite networks are essential to global connectivity yet face severe multidimensional cybersecurity threats. This systematic review conducts a holistic analysis of threats across the physical, network, and user layers. We propose the Sat-ATT&CK knowledge matrix to model satellite-specific attack chains. Corresponding defense technologies are organized within the core functions (Protect, Detect, Respond) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework, establishing a structured threat–defense mapping. Furthermore, an exploratory case study on fine-tuning a large language model (SatSec) using the compiled literature corpus is presented. Finally, we identify key challenges and outline the future research directions toward a more resilient and intelligent security paradigm.
Keywords: satellite networks; threat modeling; network defense; Large Language Model (LLM); Artificial Intelligence (AI) satellite networks; threat modeling; network defense; Large Language Model (LLM); Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, B.; Xiao, J.; Dong, R.; Piao, C.; Guan, Y.; Zhao, B.; Yang, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Li, S.; Lyu, X. A Comprehensive Literature Review of Cybersecurity in Satellite Networks. Aerospace 2026, 13, 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13030249

AMA Style

Wang B, Xiao J, Dong R, Piao C, Guan Y, Zhao B, Yang Y, Zhao Z, Li S, Lyu X. A Comprehensive Literature Review of Cybersecurity in Satellite Networks. Aerospace. 2026; 13(3):249. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13030249

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Buhong, Jin Xiao, Ruochen Dong, Chengkai Piao, Yongjian Guan, Bofu Zhao, Yong Yang, Zhengyang Zhao, Siqi Li, and Xiaofan Lyu. 2026. "A Comprehensive Literature Review of Cybersecurity in Satellite Networks" Aerospace 13, no. 3: 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13030249

APA Style

Wang, B., Xiao, J., Dong, R., Piao, C., Guan, Y., Zhao, B., Yang, Y., Zhao, Z., Li, S., & Lyu, X. (2026). A Comprehensive Literature Review of Cybersecurity in Satellite Networks. Aerospace, 13(3), 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13030249

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