Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks

22 pages, 2565 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Robotic Technologies for Upper Limb Rehabilitation: Current Status and Future Directions

by Fabian Horacio Diaz, Carlos Borrás Pinilla and Cecilia E. García Cena

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2025, 14(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14030048 - 1 May 2025

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This paper explores the design, control, construction, and leading manufacturers of upper limb rehabilitation robots through a thorough literature review. Utilizing databases such as Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Springer Link, and the Clinical Trials database, the research adhered to a rigorous screening process in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. This included analyzing abstracts and conducting comprehensive reviews of full articles when necessary. A total of fourteen relevant papers were systematically selected for in-depth analysis. The study offers a detailed classification of robotic technologies along with their Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), discusses the primary challenges hindering their adoption, and proposes strategic research directions to address these issues. In conclusion, while upper limb robotic devices exhibit significant potential, persistent technological and design challenges must be addressed, underscoring the need for ongoing research and multidisciplinary collaboration to facilitate broader and more effective adoption. Full article

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23 pages, 3481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating QoS in Dynamic Virtual Machine Migration: A Multi-Class Queuing Model for Edge-Cloud Systems

by Anna Kushchazli, Kseniia Leonteva, Irina Kochetkova and Abdukodir Khakimov

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2025, 14(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14030047 - 25 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The efficient migration of virtual machines (VMs) is critical for optimizing resource management, ensuring service continuity, and enhancing resiliency in cloud and edge computing environments, particularly as 6G networks demand higher reliability and lower latency. This study addresses the challenges of dynamically balancing server loads while minimizing downtime and migration costs under stochastic task arrivals and variable processing times. We propose a queuing theory-based model employing continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs) to capture the interplay between VM migration decisions, server resource constraints, and task processing dynamics. The model incorporates two migration policies—one minimizing projected post-migration server utilization and another prioritizing current utilization—to evaluate their impact on system performance. The numerical results show that the blocking probability for the first VM for Policy 1 is 2.1% times lower than for Policy 2 and the same metric for the second VM is 4.7%. The average server’s resource utilization increased up to 11.96%. The framework’s adaptability to diverse server–VM configurations and stochastic demands demonstrates its applicability to real-world cloud systems. These results highlight predictive resource allocation’s role in dynamic environments. Furthermore, the study lays the groundwork for extending this framework to multi-access edge computing (MEC) environments, which are integral to 6G networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Communications and Networking)

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41 pages, 5573 KiB

Open AccessReview

Socio-Organisational Challenges and Impacts of IoT: A Review in Healthcare and Banking

by Tahera Kalsoom, Naeem Ramzan, Shehzad Ahmed, Nadeem Anjum, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar and Masood Ur Rehman

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2025, 14(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14030046 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 347

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming how organisations and individuals connect and interact with digital ecosystems, especially in sectors like healthcare and banking. While technological benefits have been widely discussed, the societal and organisational impacts of IoT adoption remain underexplored. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR) of 110 peer-reviewed publications from 2012 to 2024 across four major academic databases. The review identifies and categorises the key applications of IoT, its social and organisational drivers, and the challenges of its implementation within the healthcare and banking sectors. The analysis reveals that critical barriers to IoT adoption include security, privacy, interoperability, and legal compliance, alongside concerns around workforce displacement and trust. This study also introduces the 5Cs framework—connectivity, continuity, compliance, coexistence, and cybersecurity—as a practical lens for addressing these challenges. The findings highlight the need for responsible IoT integration that balances innovation with ethical, social, and organisational accountability. Implications of this research inform policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on how to design human-centric and socially sustainable IoT strategies in sensitive sectors. Full article

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J. Sens. Actuator Netw., Volume 14, Issue 3 (June 2025) – 3 articles

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