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Biomolecules, Volume 15, Issue 11
November 2025 - 149 articles
Cover Story: Recent evidence shows that the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) contributes to retinal homeostasis by producing insulin locally. Under physiological conditions, daily phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments stimulates Ins2 expression and insulin release, supporting glucose uptake, oxidative metabolism, and photoreceptor renewal. During fasting, this local production remains active, providing protection when systemic insulin decreases. In diabetic or oxidative stress conditions, RPE insulin synthesis declines, reactive oxygen species rise, and metabolic coupling with photoreceptors is disrupted. As a result, outer segment turnover becomes defective and retinal dysfunction accelerates. These findings suggest that beyond pancreatic secretion, RPE-derived insulin may play a key role in regulating retinal metabolism and resilience. View this paper
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Biomolecules - ISSN 2218-273X