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Volume 11
Issue 4
10.3390/universe11040107
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Review

Some Questions and Challenges in Measurements of Solar Magnetic Fields

by
Hongqi Zhang
1,*,
Jiangtao Su
1,2,
Xiaofan Wang
1,
Xingming Bao
1,
Yu Liu
3,
Yingzi Sun
1 and
Mingyu Zhao
4
1
National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3
School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
4
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650215, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Universe 2025, 11(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11040107
Submission received: 30 December 2024 / Revised: 5 March 2025 / Accepted: 14 March 2025 / Published: 24 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurements, Observations and Theoretical Studies on the Solar Magnetic Field—Celebrating the 40th Anniversary of the Huairou Solar Observing Station)
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Abstract

Huairou Solar Observing Station of the National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences has been in operation since 1987. During its operation, successful observations of the solar vector magnetic field have been conducted. On the basis of the achievements at Huairou, we analyze the methods of observing the solar magnetic field, including discussions of the approximation of the transfer theory of the solar magnetic field in the atmosphere, wide field of view polarized observation, and some questions on the inversion of solar magnetic field data. We also present relevant challenges for further research.
Keywords: sun; magnetic field; observations sun; magnetic field; observations

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, H.; Su, J.; Wang, X.; Bao, X.; Liu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhao, M. Some Questions and Challenges in Measurements of Solar Magnetic Fields. Universe 2025, 11, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11040107

AMA Style

Zhang H, Su J, Wang X, Bao X, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhao M. Some Questions and Challenges in Measurements of Solar Magnetic Fields. Universe. 2025; 11(4):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11040107

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Hongqi, Jiangtao Su, Xiaofan Wang, Xingming Bao, Yu Liu, Yingzi Sun, and Mingyu Zhao. 2025. "Some Questions and Challenges in Measurements of Solar Magnetic Fields" Universe 11, no. 4: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11040107

APA Style

Zhang, H., Su, J., Wang, X., Bao, X., Liu, Y., Sun, Y., & Zhao, M. (2025). Some Questions and Challenges in Measurements of Solar Magnetic Fields. Universe, 11(4), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe11040107

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