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Article

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Admitted in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit with Cardiogenic Shock: A Single-Center Study

by
Konstantinos C. Siaravas
1,
Aidonis Rammos
2,
Aris Bechlioulis
2,
Christos D. Floros
2,
Eftychia Papaioannou
2,
Ioanna Samara
3,
Ilektra Stamou
2,
Petros Kalogeras
2,
Spyridon Athanasios Sioros
2,
Vasilis Bouratzis
2,
Lampros Lakkas
4,
Christos S. Katsouras
1,
Katerina K. Naka
2,* and
Lampros K. Michalis
2
1
First Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
2
Second Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
3
Service de Cardiologie, Hopitaux du Pays du Mont Blanc, 74700 Sallanches, France
4
Department of Physiology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diseases 2025, 13(9), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090302
Submission received: 8 July 2025 / Revised: 29 August 2025 / Accepted: 10 September 2025 / Published: 13 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in Hypertension)
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Abstract

Background: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a life threatening condition marked by inadequate tissue perfusion due to impaired cardiac output. Despite advances in diagnosis and management, mortality remains unacceptably high. Objective: This prospective, single-center observational study aimed to characterize the clinical profile, management strategies, and short- and long-term outcomes of patients with CS. Methods: Seventy patients (SCAI stages B–E) admitted to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) of a tertiary university hospital over a 24-month period were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and biochemical data were collected. The primary outcomes were in-hospital, 1-month, and 1-year mortality. Secondary outcomes included the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS), mechanical ventilation (MV), and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Results: Acute myocardial infarction-related CS (AMI-CS) and heart failure-related CS (HF-CS) accounted for 64% of cases. The overall in-hospital mortality was 49%. SCAI stage C was independently associated with higher mortality at all time points compared with stage B. Key predictors of mortality included higher SCAI stage, elevated lactate and creatinine levels, and reduced cardiac output. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use was more frequent in AMI-CS. Conclusions: CS continues to be associated with poor prognosis, particularly in patients with higher SCAI stages. Standardized clinical pathways and national registries are urgently needed to guide evidence-based and resource-appropriate care.
Keywords: cardiogenic shock; acute myocardial infarction; heart failure; intra-aortic balloon pump; mechanical circulatory support; mortality cardiogenic shock; acute myocardial infarction; heart failure; intra-aortic balloon pump; mechanical circulatory support; mortality

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MDPI and ACS Style

Siaravas, K.C.; Rammos, A.; Bechlioulis, A.; Floros, C.D.; Papaioannou, E.; Samara, I.; Stamou, I.; Kalogeras, P.; Sioros, S.A.; Bouratzis, V.; et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Admitted in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit with Cardiogenic Shock: A Single-Center Study. Diseases 2025, 13, 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090302

AMA Style

Siaravas KC, Rammos A, Bechlioulis A, Floros CD, Papaioannou E, Samara I, Stamou I, Kalogeras P, Sioros SA, Bouratzis V, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Admitted in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit with Cardiogenic Shock: A Single-Center Study. Diseases. 2025; 13(9):302. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090302

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siaravas, Konstantinos C., Aidonis Rammos, Aris Bechlioulis, Christos D. Floros, Eftychia Papaioannou, Ioanna Samara, Ilektra Stamou, Petros Kalogeras, Spyridon Athanasios Sioros, Vasilis Bouratzis, and et al. 2025. "Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Admitted in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit with Cardiogenic Shock: A Single-Center Study" Diseases 13, no. 9: 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090302

APA Style

Siaravas, K. C., Rammos, A., Bechlioulis, A., Floros, C. D., Papaioannou, E., Samara, I., Stamou, I., Kalogeras, P., Sioros, S. A., Bouratzis, V., Lakkas, L., Katsouras, C. S., Naka, K. K., & Michalis, L. K. (2025). Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Admitted in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit with Cardiogenic Shock: A Single-Center Study. Diseases, 13(9), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13090302

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