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Nanomaterials
Volume 11
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10.3390/nano11081943
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Article

Titanium Dioxide Induces Apoptosis under UVA Irradiation via the Generation of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species in HaCat Cells

by
In Young Kim
1,
Tae Geol Lee
1,
Vytas Reipa
2,* and
Min Beom Heo
1,*
1
Nano-Safety Team, Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea
2
Materials Measurement Laboratory, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(8), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081943
Submission received: 29 June 2021 / Revised: 19 July 2021 / Accepted: 23 July 2021 / Published: 28 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Toxicological Studies of Nanoparticles)
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Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have wide commercial applications, owing to their small size; however, the biosafety of TiO2 NPs should be evaluated further. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of TiO2 NPs in the presence and absence of ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. TiO2 NPs did not significantly affect cell viability in the absence of UVA irradiation. Nonetheless, UVA-irradiated TiO2 NPs induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of HaCaT cells. Exposure of HaCaT cells to TiO2 NPs and UVA resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP); both effects were not observed in the absence of UVA irradiation. An analysis of the relationship between LMP and ROS, using CA-074 as a cathepsin inhibitor or NAC as an antioxidant, showed that LMP stimulates ROS generation under these conditions. These results imply that LMP-dependent oxidative stress plays a critical role in the UVA phototoxicity of TiO2 NPs in HaCaT cells.
Keywords: titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs); ultraviolet A (UVA); phototoxicity; lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP); reactive oxygen species (ROS) titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs); ultraviolet A (UVA); phototoxicity; lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP); reactive oxygen species (ROS)
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MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, I.Y.; Lee, T.G.; Reipa, V.; Heo, M.B. Titanium Dioxide Induces Apoptosis under UVA Irradiation via the Generation of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species in HaCat Cells. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081943

AMA Style

Kim IY, Lee TG, Reipa V, Heo MB. Titanium Dioxide Induces Apoptosis under UVA Irradiation via the Generation of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species in HaCat Cells. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(8):1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081943

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, In Young, Tae Geol Lee, Vytas Reipa, and Min Beom Heo. 2021. "Titanium Dioxide Induces Apoptosis under UVA Irradiation via the Generation of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species in HaCat Cells" Nanomaterials 11, no. 8: 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081943

APA Style

Kim, I. Y., Lee, T. G., Reipa, V., & Heo, M. B. (2021). Titanium Dioxide Induces Apoptosis under UVA Irradiation via the Generation of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species in HaCat Cells. Nanomaterials, 11(8), 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081943

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