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Article

COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults: Results from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022–2023

by
Damian Jeremia Damian
1,*,
Stephano G. Cosmas
2,
Alice Wang
1,
Magreth Kagashe
3,
Aisha Haji
4,
Jocelyn Rwehumbiza
2,
Fahima Issa
4,
Ahmed Khatib
5,
Emilian Karugendo
2,
Geofrey Mchau
1,
Samuel Sumba
3,
Rebecca Laws
6,
Mary Mayige
7,
Nicolas Schaad
1,
Jerome Kamwela
3,
Faki Faki
8,
Deogratias Morice Kakiziba
9,
Nyambura Moremi
10,
Mahesh Swaminathan
1,
Sarah E. Porter
1 and
Prosper Pendo
11add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 9123 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
2
National Bureau of Statistics, P.O. Box 2683 Dodoma, Tanzania
3
Tanzania Commission for AIDS, P.O. Box 2904 Dodoma, Tanzania
4
Office of the Chief Government Statistician, P.O. Box 2321 Zanzibar, Tanzania
5
Zanzibar AIDS Commission, P.O. Box 2820 Zanzibar, Tanzania
6
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA
7
National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
8
Zanzibar Integrated HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, P.O. Box 1300 Zanzibar, Tanzania
9
ICAP Tanzania, P.O. Box 80214 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
10
National Public Health Laboratory, P.O. Box 9083 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
11
National AIDS, STI, and Hepatitis Control Programme, P.O. Box 784 Dodoma, Tanzania
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121185
Submission received: 22 July 2025 / Revised: 8 September 2025 / Accepted: 8 September 2025 / Published: 24 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination)
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Abstract

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy was high in Tanzania. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included skepticism about vaccine safety and efficacy. Nonetheless, by March 2023, following concerted efforts, Tanzania reported reaching a national COVID-19 vaccination coverage of 52.5% among adults. We analyzed COVID-19 vaccination status and perceived vaccine safety among adults aged ≥ 18 years using data from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) 2022–2023. Methods: The THIS 2022–2023 was a nationally representative, cross-sectional household survey with a stratified two-stage cluster design. Descriptive analyses were conducted to determine the proportion of adults who self-reported receiving the COVID-19 vaccine andcompleting the primary vaccine series, and to assess vaccine safety perceptions. Analyses were weighted for non-response and accounted for complex survey design. Results: Of 32,777 adults, 20.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.9–21.1) reported receiving more than one COVID-19 vaccine dose. Of those, 82.9% (95% CI: 81.3–84.5) completed the primary vaccination series. The proportion of adults who reported vaccination increased with age from 12.5% among 18–24 year olds to 29.0% among those aged 55–64 years. Among adults living with HIV (ALHIV), 49.6% (95% CI: 47.1–52.1) were vaccinated, and vaccination rates increased with longer duration on antiretroviral therapy. Adults who perceived the vaccines as safe (27.9%, 95% CI: 26.4–29.3) were 10 times more likely to report being vaccinated than those who perceived the vaccines as “not at all safe” (2.7%, 95% CI: 2.0–3.6). Conclusions: The COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Tanzania among adults ≥ 18 years as measured through the THIS 2022–2023 was less than half the national COVID-19 vaccine coverage reported in March 2023. ALHIV were more likely than the general population to be vaccinated. The substantial difference in vaccination rates between those who perceived the vaccines as safe versus unsafe highlights the importance of safety perception for vaccine uptake.
Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; vaccination hesitancy; chronic conditions; Tanzania COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; vaccination hesitancy; chronic conditions; Tanzania

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Damian, D.J.; Cosmas, S.G.; Wang, A.; Kagashe, M.; Haji, A.; Rwehumbiza, J.; Issa, F.; Khatib, A.; Karugendo, E.; Mchau, G.; et al. COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults: Results from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022–2023. Vaccines 2025, 13, 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121185

AMA Style

Damian DJ, Cosmas SG, Wang A, Kagashe M, Haji A, Rwehumbiza J, Issa F, Khatib A, Karugendo E, Mchau G, et al. COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults: Results from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022–2023. Vaccines. 2025; 13(12):1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121185

Chicago/Turabian Style

Damian, Damian Jeremia, Stephano G. Cosmas, Alice Wang, Magreth Kagashe, Aisha Haji, Jocelyn Rwehumbiza, Fahima Issa, Ahmed Khatib, Emilian Karugendo, Geofrey Mchau, and et al. 2025. "COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults: Results from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022–2023" Vaccines 13, no. 12: 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121185

APA Style

Damian, D. J., Cosmas, S. G., Wang, A., Kagashe, M., Haji, A., Rwehumbiza, J., Issa, F., Khatib, A., Karugendo, E., Mchau, G., Sumba, S., Laws, R., Mayige, M., Schaad, N., Kamwela, J., Faki, F., Kakiziba, D. M., Moremi, N., Swaminathan, M., ... Pendo, P. (2025). COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults: Results from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022–2023. Vaccines, 13(12), 1185. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121185

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