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Volume 16
Issue 4
10.3390/app16041737
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Review

Very High Cycle Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth of Steels: A Review

by
Monisha Manjunatha
*,
Yevgen Gorash
*,
Tugrul Comlekci
,
Lewis Milne
and
Donald Mackenzie
Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041737
Submission received: 30 December 2025 / Revised: 30 January 2026 / Accepted: 31 January 2026 / Published: 10 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Fracture Mechanics in Structures)
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Abstract

This review presents a comprehensive examination of the total fatigue life behaviour of high-strength steels (HSS) with particular emphasis on fatigue crack initiation in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime and crack propagation based on fracture mechanics. The discussion draws on recent advances in experimental techniques, microstructural characterisation, and analytical approaches by reviewing studies conducted over the past few years. Key factors influencing fatigue performance, including loading frequency, specimen geometry, microstructure, and environmental conditions, are critically evaluated. The review concludes by highlighting existing knowledge gaps and outlining directions for future research aimed at improving the understanding and optimisation of fatigue performance in current and next-generation HSS.
Keywords: fatigue life; crack initiation; very high cycle fatigue; crack growth; steels; ultrasonic fatigue testing fatigue life; crack initiation; very high cycle fatigue; crack growth; steels; ultrasonic fatigue testing

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MDPI and ACS Style

Manjunatha, M.; Gorash, Y.; Comlekci, T.; Milne, L.; Mackenzie, D. Very High Cycle Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth of Steels: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041737

AMA Style

Manjunatha M, Gorash Y, Comlekci T, Milne L, Mackenzie D. Very High Cycle Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth of Steels: A Review. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(4):1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041737

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manjunatha, Monisha, Yevgen Gorash, Tugrul Comlekci, Lewis Milne, and Donald Mackenzie. 2026. "Very High Cycle Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth of Steels: A Review" Applied Sciences 16, no. 4: 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041737

APA Style

Manjunatha, M., Gorash, Y., Comlekci, T., Milne, L., & Mackenzie, D. (2026). Very High Cycle Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth of Steels: A Review. Applied Sciences, 16(4), 1737. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041737

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