Blockchain for the eHealth Sector —A Survey and Implementation

Blockchain is one important building blocks of the Internet of the future, called Web3. The Blockchain technology supports a wide range of applications, spanning from Smart Cities and automotive industries, from agriculture to energy. The healthcare sector, in particular, has experienced a profound impact from blockchain-based technologies, paving the way for the development of true digital healthcare systems. By enabling secure and immutable data storage, and facilitating the sharing of this information among all nodes possessing a local copy of the distributed ledger, blockchain plays a vital role in the analysis of healthcare data. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the main blockchain platforms utilized in the digital healthcare, integrated with a comparative analysis. In addition, the implementation of Innovative permissioned Blockchain for eHealth (IBEH) is presented and discussed in detail. IBEH addresses key challenges in digital health data management, including secure and controlled access to sensitive health information, ensuring data integrity and traceability, and secure sharing between different healthcare institutions and organizations. This is made possible by decoupling the application and blockchain layers and by a flexible, customizable, and easily deployable infrastructure. IBEH integrates the application-oriented and embedded layer with that of a blockchain network built with the MultiChain platform, which uses smart contracts with permissions, REST APIs, and RPC calls. The main features and its associated smart contracts within the healthcare domain are discussed. Finally, the analysis of performance is provided.