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Volume 13
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10.3390/app131810311
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Article

Extended High Frequency Thresholds and Their Relationship to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions, Hearing Acuity, Age, Gender, Presence of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions, and Side of Measurement

by
W. Wiktor Jedrzejczak
1,2,*,
Edyta Pilka
1,2,
Malgorzata Pastucha
1,2,
Krzysztof Kochanek
1,2 and
Henryk Skarzynski
1,2
1
Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Ul. Mochnackiego 10, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland
2
World Hearing Center, Ul. Mokra 17, 05-830 Kajetany, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10311; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810311
Submission received: 16 August 2023 / Revised: 11 September 2023 / Accepted: 12 September 2023 / Published: 14 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)
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Abstract

Hearing is normally evaluated up to 8 kHz, even though testing can easily be performed at higher frequencies (up to 16 or 20 kHz). The range beyond 8 kHz is often referred to as the extended high frequency (EHF) range. This study aimed to explore the relationship between EHF hearing thresholds (HTs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in adult subjects. Also of interest were the effects of the presence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), gender, ear side, and age. The main finding was that DPOAEs, both within the standard frequency (SF) range (0.125–8 kHz) and the EHF range (10–16 kHz), decrease as thresholds deteriorate. For both ranges, DPOAEs and HTs depend on age, even for those with normal hearing, although EHFs seem to be especially affected by age. The presence of SOAEs was the only other factor that significantly influenced DPOAE level. For both DPOAEs and HTs, only minor and non-significant effects were related to gender and ear side. It was concluded that DPOAEs in the EHF range appear to be good predictors of EHF HTs. Moreover, since DPOAEs and HTs in the EHF range both correlate with age, these two measures may be suitable markers for incipient presbycusis.
Keywords: otoacoustic emissions; distortion product otoacoustic emissions; DPOAE; pure tone audiometry; hearing threshold; extended high frequency; EHF; spontaneous otoacoustic emissions; SOAE; presbycusis otoacoustic emissions; distortion product otoacoustic emissions; DPOAE; pure tone audiometry; hearing threshold; extended high frequency; EHF; spontaneous otoacoustic emissions; SOAE; presbycusis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jedrzejczak, W.W.; Pilka, E.; Pastucha, M.; Kochanek, K.; Skarzynski, H. Extended High Frequency Thresholds and Their Relationship to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions, Hearing Acuity, Age, Gender, Presence of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions, and Side of Measurement. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10311. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810311

AMA Style

Jedrzejczak WW, Pilka E, Pastucha M, Kochanek K, Skarzynski H. Extended High Frequency Thresholds and Their Relationship to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions, Hearing Acuity, Age, Gender, Presence of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions, and Side of Measurement. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(18):10311. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810311

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jedrzejczak, W. Wiktor, Edyta Pilka, Malgorzata Pastucha, Krzysztof Kochanek, and Henryk Skarzynski. 2023. "Extended High Frequency Thresholds and Their Relationship to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions, Hearing Acuity, Age, Gender, Presence of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions, and Side of Measurement" Applied Sciences 13, no. 18: 10311. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810311

APA Style

Jedrzejczak, W. W., Pilka, E., Pastucha, M., Kochanek, K., & Skarzynski, H. (2023). Extended High Frequency Thresholds and Their Relationship to Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions, Hearing Acuity, Age, Gender, Presence of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions, and Side of Measurement. Applied Sciences, 13(18), 10311. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810311

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