Animals

11 pages, 371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Capsaicinoid Supplementation in Health and Performance of Broiler Chickens Subjected to Lipopolysaccharide Challenge

by Rayanne A. Nunes, Kelly M. M. Dias, Marcio S. Duarte, Claudson O. Brito, Ricardo V. Nunes, Tiago G. Petrolli, Samuel O. Borges, Larissa P. Castro, Beatriz G. Vale and Arele A. Calderano

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152203 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of dietary capsaicinoid (CAP) supplementation on broiler chickens subjected to an inflammatory challenge induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 144 Cobb500™ male broilers (Rivelli Alimentos SA, Matheus Leme, Brazil), raised from 1 to 21 days, were randomly [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of dietary capsaicinoid (CAP) supplementation on broiler chickens subjected to an inflammatory challenge induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 144 Cobb500™ male broilers (Rivelli Alimentos SA, Matheus Leme, Brazil), raised from 1 to 21 days, were randomly assigned to three treatments, with eight replicates of six birds. Treatments were a control diet (CON), a control diet with LPS administration (CON+LPS), and a control diet supplemented with 1 mg CAP/kg feed and LPS (CAP+LPS). LPS was administered intraperitoneally on days 14, 16, 18, and 20. Performance, intestinal morphometry, serum metabolites, and jejunal gene expression related to oxidative and inflammatory responses were evaluated. Slaughter was at 20 days. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means compared by Tukey’s test at 0.05 significance. CON broilers exhibited the highest feed intake and a better feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) compared to CON+LPS. CAP+LPS broilers showed higher body weight gain than CON+LPS but lower than CON broilers (p < 0.001). CON+LPS broilers had the highest crypt depth (p = 0.002). Higher mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase and catalase (p > 0.05) was observed in CON broilers. In conclusion, supplementation with a 1 mg CAP/kg diet improves the growth performance and intestinal morphometry of LPS-challenged broiler chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Extracts as Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition and Health)

23 pages, 852 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Does Foraging or the Avoidance of Predation Determine Habitat Selection by Selective Resident Grazers in the Serengeti Woodlands? A Mixed Strategy with Season

by Patrick Duncan and Anthony R. E. Sinclair

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152202 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Savanna systems are characterised by a community of large mammal herbivores with up to 30 species; coexistence is based on resource partitioning. In this paper we analyse the features of the landscape and plant structure which lead herbivores to use particular locations, a [...] Read more.

Savanna systems are characterised by a community of large mammal herbivores with up to 30 species; coexistence is based on resource partitioning. In this paper we analyse the features of the landscape and plant structure which lead herbivores to use particular locations, a key to resource partitioning. The processes involved, top-down versus bottom-up, are well known for large species and small ones but not for medium-sized ones. We use two resident, medium-sized species, topi (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) and kongoni, (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei) in the central woodlands of the Serengeti; selection of habitat by the residents is important for predator-prey interactions and for interactions among the grazers. Using Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Regression we develop highly predictive models which show that resource availability is the critical determinant of habitat selection in the dry season; and reduction in predation risk appears to be important in the wet season. These results show for the first time that habitat selection by the medium-sized herbivores is driven by different strategies in the two seasons. This contributes to understanding the processes involved in the dynamics of this globally important savanna system, a necessary foundation for management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Broad Wildlife Survey of Influenza A Virus in the Orinoco Flooded Savannas from Colombia: New Reports and Perspectives

by Astrid Katerine Cárdenas Parra, Juan Pablo Barón Vera, Iván Fernando Calixto-Botía, Nubia E. Matta, Oscar Andrés Rodríguez-Fandiño and Lady Johana Correa-Higuera

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2201; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152201 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant threat to animal and public health due to its wide host range and potential for interspecies transmission. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive survey of IAV in a wide range of wildlife in the Orinoco [...] Read more.

Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant threat to animal and public health due to its wide host range and potential for interspecies transmission. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive survey of IAV in a wide range of wildlife in the Orinoco flooded savannas of Colombia, a region of high biodiversity and a strategic location for monitoring viral transmission. Sampling was conducted during both dry and rainy seasons in two localities. ELISA and qPCR targeted 2028 individuals from 173 bird, mammal, and reptile species, 124 of them without previously published reports. There were positive results for 54 species, with 34 representing first-time world reports. Of the qPCR, 13.4% were positive from birds, and 2.9% were from mammals. Seropositivity was identified in 5.7% of birds, 2.7% of mammals, and 1.3% of reptiles. These findings underscore the potential role of these diverse species as reservoirs or incidental hosts in the transmission cycle of IAV, emphasizing the need for expanded research on less-studied taxa and their ecological interactions. The results also contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of IAV in the Neotropics and can inform future surveillance and mitigation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife: A Threat for Biodiversity and Global Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Variation Patterns in Oecomys catherinae (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae): Craniodental Morphometric Analysis and Its Relationship with Latitudinal Variation in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado Biomes

by Paola Santos da Mata, Thiago dos Santos Cardoso, Cibele Rodrigues Bonvicino and Roberto do Val Vilela

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152200 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

The arboreal rodent Oecomys catherinae, which has a wide geographic distribution across Brazilian biomes, provides a model for investigating environmental influences on morphological variation. We assessed craniodental differences between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, as well as along latitudinal gradients, using [...] Read more.

The arboreal rodent Oecomys catherinae, which has a wide geographic distribution across Brazilian biomes, provides a model for investigating environmental influences on morphological variation. We assessed craniodental differences between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes, as well as along latitudinal gradients, using 45 specimens from 18 localities. Linear morphometric analyses (21 measurements) revealed no significant sexual dimorphism, allowing for pooled analyses. Principal Component Discriminant Analysis (DAPC) confirmed significant morphological divergence between biomes (72% accuracy, p < 0.01). We identified bony palate length (BPL) as the most discriminating variable, with higher values in the Atlantic Forest, suggesting a possible dietary adaptation in response to ecological pressures. Latitudinal effects were modest (adjusted R² = 0.05) although significant (F_1,43 = 3.63; p = 0.03), with southern populations exhibiting larger cranial dimensions than northern ones. We conclude that biome type and latitude played important roles in shaping cranial morphology in O. catherinae populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1236 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Natural Product-Induced Modulation of Androstenone Metabolism in Porcine Hepatocytes

by Christine Bone and E. James Squires

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152199 (registering DOI) - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

The nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulate the hepatic metabolism of androstenone, a testicular steroid that accumulates in the fat of intact male pigs and causes boar taint. This study evaluated natural product-derived [...] Read more.

The nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulate the hepatic metabolism of androstenone, a testicular steroid that accumulates in the fat of intact male pigs and causes boar taint. This study evaluated natural product-derived compounds and conventional agonists targeting these nuclear receptors for their effects on androstenone metabolism in primary hepatocytes from slaughter-weight boars, to assess their potential as treatments for boar taint. Cells were incubated with natural products, conventional agonists, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; control), then being treated with androstenone. Culture media and cells were analyzed to assess changes in androstenone metabolism and gene expression. UGT1A6 was upregulated by treatments targeting both PXR and CAR and downregulated by FXR agonists. Additionally, PGC1α and NR2F1 were downregulated by compounds targeting PXR/CAR, while FXR and NR0B2 were upregulated and HNF4α downregulated by treatments acting on FXR. The natural products diallyl sulfide (DAS) and (Z)-guggulsterone (GUG) increased overall androstenone metabolism (DAS, GUG) and the production of Phase I androstenol metabolites (DAS), but only in hepatocyte culture replicates that responded positively to these treatments. Although gene expression was similar between positive-response and negative/non-responsive replicates following treatments, negative/non-responsive replicates for several treatments had higher basal expression of UGT2B31, UGT2A1, and SIRT1 and lower basal expression of FXR, PXR, and NR0B1 compared to positive-response replicates. These findings suggest that DAS and GUG may be promising treatments for boar taint, specifically in animals with lower basal rates of androstenone metabolism and higher expression of key nuclear receptors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Genetics and Feeding on Growth Performance of Pigs)

15 pages, 1054 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Thermal Niche of the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Spatial Dynamics of Home Range and Microclimate

by Dalene Adam, Carla L. Archibald, Benjamin J. Barth, Sean I. FitzGibbon, Alistair Melzer, Amber K. Gillett, Stephen D. Johnston, Lyn Beard and William A. Ellis

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2198; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152198 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is recognised as threatened across two thirds of its distribution and identified as particularly susceptible to climate change. The aim of this study was to assess the spatio-temporal variation in microclimate across koala home ranges and determine [...] Read more.

The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is recognised as threatened across two thirds of its distribution and identified as particularly susceptible to climate change. The aim of this study was to assess the spatio-temporal variation in microclimate across koala home ranges and determine any tendency for koalas to exploit this variability. Temperature data loggers were set out in a grid pattern across the study site on St Bees Island, Queensland. Resident koalas were collared with GPS units recording location at night or during the day. Our results revealed that temperature variation across the landscape was greatest on the hottest days (~10 °C). During the day, koalas were found in areas of the landscape that recorded lower daytime temperatures, and during the night, they were found in areas that recorded the highest daytime temperatures. We postulate that koalas avoided the hottest areas of their range during summer days and were more likely to use cooler non-fodder trees but utilised them at night because these areas corresponded with the location of fodder trees. From our results, we suggest that the microclimate of non-fodder trees both (a) explains their selection by koalas during the day and (b) highlights their importance to koala persistence, in addition to the known fodder species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Koalas Management: Ecology and Conservation)

12 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Targeted Advisory Interventions in Enhancing Welfare on Dairy Farms

by Susy Creatini, Cristina Roncoroni, Federica Salari, Iolanda Altomonte, Giovanni Brajon and Mina Martini

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152197 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Animal welfare assessments have raised farmers’ awareness of their management practices, contributing to measurable improvements. However, these protocols often highlight critical points without providing clear guidance on the prioritization of corrective actions. To address this gap, qualified advisory support may play a pivotal [...] Read more.

Animal welfare assessments have raised farmers’ awareness of their management practices, contributing to measurable improvements. However, these protocols often highlight critical points without providing clear guidance on the prioritization of corrective actions. To address this gap, qualified advisory support may play a pivotal role in translating assessments into effective and sustainable interventions. This study evaluates the impact of direct and continuous expert support on improving animal welfare in dairy farms. Data were collected from 21 dairy farms in southeastern Tuscany (Italy) using the Classyfarm (CReNBA) protocol. Each farm underwent two assessments at a three-month interval (T0 and T1), during which tailored support was provided to address specific criticalities. At T0, over 60% of the farms obtained only marginally acceptable welfare scores (mean 67.48 ± 4.75), with major deficiencies in farm management practices, particularly regarding hygiene and space management. At T1, all farms showed substantial improvements, with an average increase of 22% in total welfare scores (mean 82.05 ± 5.71) and a mean of nine improved parameters per farm. These findings underscore the effectiveness of structured, continuous consultancy in not only resolving critical issues but also in fostering more informed, proactive, and sustainable farm management. The direct involvement of experts appears to be a key driver in enhancing both animal welfare and operational outcomes in dairy farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

15 pages, 6637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxic Effects of Povidone-Iodine on Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Concentration-Dependent Responses in Oxidative Stress, Immunosuppression, and Recovery Potential

by Tianhui Jiao, Yakun Wang, Jie Wei, Sikai Xu, Qiaoyan Zhou, Xidong Mu and Lingyun Yu

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152196 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), a widely used aquaculture disinfectant, remains poorly understood in terms of sublethal toxicity and damage reversibility. This study employed Macrobrachium rosenbergii as the model organism to evaluate the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of PVP-I through a 4-day exposure experiment followed [...] Read more.

Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), a widely used aquaculture disinfectant, remains poorly understood in terms of sublethal toxicity and damage reversibility. This study employed Macrobrachium rosenbergii as the model organism to evaluate the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of PVP-I through a 4-day exposure experiment followed by a 7-day depuration period. Acute toxicity tests enabled the determination of 24–96 h median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀), with the 96 h LC₅₀ being 5.67 mg/L and the safe concentration (SC) being 1.37 mg/L. Based on this, three sublethal concentrations (1.14, 1.89, and 2.84 mg/L) were tested over a 4-day exposure followed by a 7-day depuration period. Investigated endpoints included gill ultrastructure, apoptosis, and antioxidant and immune-related gene expression. Subacute exposure at 1.89 and 2.84 mg/L induced mitochondrial vacuolization, upregulated apoptosis-related genes (Cyt-c, Caspase-3, Bok), and downregulated antioxidant gene expression (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px). The high-concentration group also showed sustained Toll-like receptor (Toll) gene overexpression and acid phosphatase (ACP) gene suppression. After depuration, antioxidant gene expression normalized; however, apoptotic markers in gill tissue remained impaired. Overall, high PVP-I concentrations cause irreversible gill damage via mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations (≤1.14 mg/L) allow for greater recovery. These results offer crucial toxicodynamic insights for safer PVP-I use and risk assessment in M. rosenbergii aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicology in Aquatic Animals: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Genetic Diversity on Health Status and Parasitological Traits in a Wild Fish Population Inhabiting a Coastal Lagoon

by Alejandra Cruz, Esther Lantero, Carla Llinares, Laura Ortega-Díaz, Gema Castillo-García, Mar Torralva, Francisco J. Oliva-Paterna, David H. Fletcher and David Almeida

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152195 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Host genetic variability is relevant to understanding how parasites modulate natural selection in wild fish populations. Coastal lagoons are transitional ecosystems where knowledge lacks on relationships between genotypic diversity with parasitism. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of genetic [...] Read more.

Host genetic variability is relevant to understanding how parasites modulate natural selection in wild fish populations. Coastal lagoons are transitional ecosystems where knowledge lacks on relationships between genotypic diversity with parasitism. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of genetic diversity on host health and parasitological traits in fish inhabiting a Mediterranean lagoon. Black-striped pipefish Syngnathus abaster were collected in August 2023 and 2024 from the Mar Menor (Iberian lagoon, SE Spain). Genetic diversity was measured as Internal Relatedness (IR: a homozygosity index from microsatellite markers). Population frequency was lower for the medium IR level. For this same category, both health indices (external body condition and internal organs) indicated a worse status. Parasite prevalence, abundance and an index of life-cycle complexity (heteroxenous species) were greater for the medium level of genetic diversity. Such results are explained under a scenario of parasite-mediated disruptive selection: a higher disease pressure against the phenotypically intermediate individuals. Two contrasting strategies were detected to better control parasitism at the host genotypic level: (1) high homozygosity, and (2) high heterozygosity, which probably reflects better immuno-competence as a phenotypic trait. From an evolutionary perspective, parasites play a crucial role in shaping genetic diversity within host populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

17 pages, 3847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Dietary Glycerol Fatty Acid Esters on the Production Performance, Serum Biochemistry, and Rumen Microbial Community of Crossbred Simmental Bulls

by Lei Yang, Shijun Tian, Yongchang Luo, Zhanhong Qiao, Chao Chen, Xiaokang Lv and Jinling Hua

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2194; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152194 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Glycerol fatty acid esters (GFAEs) are recognized for their potential to improve lipid metabolism, energy utilization, and gut health due to their excellent emulsifying and antimicrobial properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of dietary GFAE supplementation on production [...] Read more.

Glycerol fatty acid esters (GFAEs) are recognized for their potential to improve lipid metabolism, energy utilization, and gut health due to their excellent emulsifying and antimicrobial properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of dietary GFAE supplementation on production performance, serum biochemical profiles, and rumen fermentation in beef cattle. Thirty crossbred Simmental bulls, averaging 507.42 ± 9.59 kg in body weight, were assigned to three distinct cohorts, with 10 animals in each cohort. The CON cohort was fed a basal diet devoid of GFAE, whereas the treatment cohorts (GFAE1 and GFAE2) received GFAE supplements at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% of the dietary dry matter, respectively. Compared with the control group, supplementation with 0.1% GFAE significantly increased the ADG of beef cattle by 12.14% (p < 0.05); compared with the GFAE2 group, ADG was 7.86% higher (p > 0.05). The digestibility of NDF and ADF was significantly enhanced in the GFAE1 group relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Dietary GFAE supplementation significantly elevated rumen acetate, propionate, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in both the GFAE1 and GFAE2 groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast to the control group, there was a notable rise in serum levels of T-AOC, UREA, and TG in both GFAE1 and GFAE2 groups (p < 0.05). Conversely, the concentration of HDL-C was significantly decreased in the GFAE2 group. Additionally, at the phylum level, the abundance of Fibrobacterota was significantly higher in the GFAE1 group than in both the control and GFAE2 groups (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the proportions of Bacteroides and Fibrobacter were significantly higher in the GFAE1 group compared to both the control and GFAE2 groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the addition of 0.1% GFAE to beef cattle diets significantly enhances the digestibility of ADF and NDF nutrients, increases serum total antioxidant capacity, urea, and triglycerides, optimizes rumen fermentation parameters and microbial community structure, and ultimately improves production performance. As a result of the findings from this research, it is suggested that 0.1% GFAE be incorporated into the diet for beef cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Knowledge of UK Residents About Importing Puppies from EU Countries

by Zoe Belshaw and Rowena M. A. Packer

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2193; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152193 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

The number of puppies imported to the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) is increasing, as are concerns about the legality, welfare and potential disease risks associated with their trade. This study aimed to use an online survey to collect questionnaire [...] Read more.

The number of puppies imported to the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) is increasing, as are concerns about the legality, welfare and potential disease risks associated with their trade. This study aimed to use an online survey to collect questionnaire data from UK residents about their awareness and knowledge of EU Pet Passports, illegal puppy importation, and dog-borne exotic diseases and the risks they might pose to UK-resident dogs and people. Valid responses were collected from n = 7184 UK residents, mainly current dog owners. We identified substantial knowledge gaps relating to EU Pet Passports, how puppies might be moved across Europe, and the legal age of importation. Awareness of exotic diseases was poor; knowledge about the risks they posed was even poorer, particularly in relation to dog–human transmission. With some respondents not even being confident that they had heard of rabies, there is substantial work to do to ensure that the UK canine and human populations remain safe in the face of significant welfare and exotic disease threats. These knowledge deficits may facilitate the burgeoning illegal trade in puppies across the EU. Legal change may be required to prevent consumers from unintentionally supporting poor welfare sources of puppies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

18 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

“A Dog Brings Benefits No Matter Where It’s from”: UK Residents’ Understanding of the Benefits and Risks of Importing Puppies from Romania to the UK

by Zoe Belshaw, Elizabeth Youens, Michelle Lord and Rowena M. A. Packer

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152192 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

The United Kingdom (UK) is a key market for puppy importation from the European Union (EU), as demand for puppies exceeds domestic supply. Many are illegally imported. Potential welfare risks to the puppies and negative impacts of these on their prospective owners are [...] Read more.

The United Kingdom (UK) is a key market for puppy importation from the European Union (EU), as demand for puppies exceeds domestic supply. Many are illegally imported. Potential welfare risks to the puppies and negative impacts of these on their prospective owners are well documented, but UK residents’ perspectives on the trade are not. This study aimed to use an online survey to capture UK residents’ understanding of the benefits and risks to imported puppies of being imported from Romania for sale in the UK, and the benefits and risks of buying an imported puppy for their prospective owners. Eligible responses were collected from n = 7184 participants; 4000 randomly selected free-text comments underwent content analysis. Respondents displayed a limited understanding of the nature and range of risks potentially associated with puppy importation. Worryingly, many viewed an EU-born puppy as equivalent to one bred in the UK; others considered them as “rescued”. Synonyms used for non-endemic diseases that might be carried by the puppies varied widely, suggesting substantial confusion may exist on this topic. The UK public may underestimate the potential risks associated with buying a puppy bred in the EU, which plays into the hands of illegal puppy traders. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feline Testicular Biometry and Gonadosomatic Index: Associations Among Conventional Measurements, Mathematical Estimates, and Seminal Parameters

by Mónica Madrigal-Valverde, Rodrigo F. Bittencourt, Antonio Lisboa Ribeiro Filho, Thereza Cristina Calmon de Bittencourt, Isabella de Matos Brandão Carneiro, Luiz Di Paolo Maggitti, Jr., Gabriel Felipe Oliveira de Menezes, Carmo Emanuel de Almeida Biscarde, Gleice Mendes Xavier, Paola Pereira das Neves Snoeck and Larissa Pires Barbosa

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152191 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

The development of biometric techniques in domestic animals has greatly advanced scientific practices in wildlife research. The association between seminal characteristics and body and testicular biometry enables the selection of suitable breeders, though appropriate measurement techniques are required. The present study assessed differences [...] Read more.

The development of biometric techniques in domestic animals has greatly advanced scientific practices in wildlife research. The association between seminal characteristics and body and testicular biometry enables the selection of suitable breeders, though appropriate measurement techniques are required. The present study assessed differences among conventional methods and formulas for estimating testicular parameters. Testicular length, width, and thickness were measured using three methods in 13 adult male domestic cats. Testicular area, volume, and weight were estimated, from which the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated. Sperm were collected using an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist and urethral catheterization, and characterized in terms of volume, vigor, total motility, progressive motility, concentration, plasma membrane integrity, and morphology. The three methods were consistent in terms of testicular area, volume, weight, and GSI. Moderate positive correlations were observed for testicular weight (r = 0.61, p < 0.05) and GSI (r = 0.58, p < 0.05). Testicular parameters showed strong positive correlations among each other (r > 0.80, p < 0.05). We observed a moderate positive correlation between head length and progressive motility (r = 0.65, p < 0.05). In conclusion, all testicular measurement and estimation techniques showed comparable performance. Therefore, testicular biometry is useful for selecting breeding males in feline conservation programs, wherein larger body biometrics are related to improved seminal and reproductive parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 6326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Cases of Feather Dystrophy in Free-Living Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus fulvus) Associated with Viral-like Inclusion Bodies

by Stefano Pesaro, Donatella Volpatti, Alice Baggio, Ranieri Verin, Fulvio Genero, Luca Sicuro, Livio Galosi, Lucia Biagini, Isabella Perlin, Patrizia Robino, Barbara Colitti, Daniele Avanzato and Giacomo Rossi

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152190 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

The griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus fulvus) is a scavenger species that plays a vital ecological role in carrion removal. Successful survival and reproduction in captive and wildlife conditions require optimal physical status and plumage integrity. Nutritional and environmental factors, systemic diseases, [...] Read more.

The griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus fulvus) is a scavenger species that plays a vital ecological role in carrion removal. Successful survival and reproduction in captive and wildlife conditions require optimal physical status and plumage integrity. Nutritional and environmental factors, systemic diseases, and various etiological agents can influence feather alterations. Although frequently documented in captive psittacine species, feather abnormalities are extremely rare in wild birds. Since 2020, two free-living griffon vultures in northeastern Italy have been found in poor physical condition, unable to fly due to partial feather loss and malformation of remiges and rectrices. Histopathologic examination of follicles and peri-follicular tissue revealed atrophy, keratin replacement, vasculitis, and calamus dystrophy with lymphohistiocytic perivasculitis. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis identified the presence of virus-like particles in epithelial and inflammatory cells. Although virome analysis did not confirm the presence of this virus in pooled affected samples, this study provides the first report of an emerging plumage disorder in free-ranging griffon vultures, which requires further characterization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Birds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Heat Stress on Gene Expression in the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Axis of Hu Sheep

by Jianwei Zou, Lili Wei, Yishan Liang, Juhong Zou, Pengfei Cheng, Zhihua Mo, Wenyue Sun, Yirong Wei, Jun Lu, Wenman Li, Yulong Shen, Xiaoyan Deng, Yanna Huang and Qinyang Jiang

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2189; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152189 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental factor negatively impacting the reproductive performance of livestock. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of heat stress on the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis in Hu sheep. A heat-stressed animal model was established, and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) [...] Read more.

Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental factor negatively impacting the reproductive performance of livestock. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of heat stress on the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis in Hu sheep. A heat-stressed animal model was established, and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to analyze gene expression in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovarian tissues of both control and heat-stressed groups. The results revealed significant changes in estrus behavior, hormone secretion, and reproductive health in heat-stressed sheep, with a shortened estrus duration, prolonged estrous cycles, and decreased levels of FSH, LH, E₂, and P4. A total of 520, 649, and 482 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary, respectively. The DEGs were enriched in pathways related to hormone secretion, neurotransmission, cell proliferation, and immune response, with significant involvement of the p53 and cAMP signaling pathways. Tissue-specific responses to heat stress were observed, with distinct regulatory roles in each organ, including GPCR activity and cytokine signaling in the hypothalamus, calcium-regulated exocytosis in the pituitary, and cilium assembly and ATP binding in the ovary. Key genes such as SYN3, RPH3A, and IGFBP2 were identified as central to the coordinated regulation of the HPO axis. These findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of heat stress-induced impairments in reproductive function—manifested by altered estrous behavior, reduced hormone secretion (FSH, LH, E₂, and P4), and disrupted gene expression in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis—and offer potential targets for improving heat tolerance and reproductive regulation in sheep. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Heat Stress on Animal Reproduction and Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Olive Cake and Linseed Dietary Supplementation on the Performance, Carcass Traits, and Oxidative Stability of Beef from Young Podolian Bulls

by Paolo De Caria, Luigi Chies, Giulia Francesca Cifuni, Manuel Scerra, Francesco Foti, Caterina Cilione, Paolo Fortugno, Miriam Arianna Boninsegna, Corinne Giacondino, Salvatore Claps and Pasquale Caparra

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152188 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

To evaluate animal performance and meat quality, stoned olive cake and linseed were used in an experimental test conducted on thirty-six young Podolian bulls, divided into four groups: the control group (CON), OC group (with olive cake containing a 30% as-fed basis of [...] Read more.

To evaluate animal performance and meat quality, stoned olive cake and linseed were used in an experimental test conducted on thirty-six young Podolian bulls, divided into four groups: the control group (CON), OC group (with olive cake containing a 30% as-fed basis of stoned olive cake), EL group (with linseed containing a 15% as-fed basis of extruded linseed), and OCEL group (with olive cake + linseed containing 20% stoned olive cake and 10% extruded linseed). The results show that olive cake supplementation did not influence performance in vita or the post-slaughter animal measurements (final body weight, DMI, FCR, ADG, carcass weight, dressing percentage, and pH) (p > 0.05); this was not true of the TBARS and color measurements, for which the meat samples showed excellent values (p < 0.001), especially in diets supplemented with olive cake. In conclusion, incorporating olive cake and linseed into the diet of fattening cattle may be a way to utilize a by-product of the olive industry and naturally increase the nutritional value of meat and meat-based products in Mediterranean regions. This would reduce environmental impacts and promote the valorization of this local feed source in alignment with the principles of the circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 23270 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Identifying Infectious Agents in Snakes (Boidae and Pythonidae) with and Without Respiratory Disease

by Marline M. Faulhaber, Florence Tardy, Anne V. Gautier-Bouchardon, Sabine Öfner, Sebastiaan Theuns, Sieglinde Coppens, Elisabeth Müller, Michael Pees and Rachel E. Marschang

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2187; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152187 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Mycoplasmas are known respiratory pathogens in tortoises, but few studies exist in snakes. To better understand the correlation with clinical signs and co-infections, samples from mycoplasma-positive snakes with and without clinical respiratory disease were analyzed. Oral swabs from 15 snakes (pythons n = [...] Read more.

Mycoplasmas are known respiratory pathogens in tortoises, but few studies exist in snakes. To better understand the correlation with clinical signs and co-infections, samples from mycoplasma-positive snakes with and without clinical respiratory disease were analyzed. Oral swabs from 15 snakes (pythons n = 12, boas n = 3) were examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and third-generation sequencing (TGS). Additionally, mycoplasma isolation assays were performed. Pathogens detected by PCR included Mycoplasmas (15/15, 100%), serpentoviruses (9/15, 60%), and Chlamydia sp. (2/15, 13%); those detected by TGS included Mycoplasmas (14/15, 93%), serpentoviruses (10/15, 67%), Chlamydia sp. (1/15, 7%), and 15 different bacterial species. Sequencing of the mycoplasma PCR products revealed a close genetic relationship to Mycoplasmopsis agassizii. TGS identified genetically distinct mycoplasmas and three different serpentoviruses. While mycoplasmas could not be successfully propagated, Brucella intermedia comb. nov. was identified in eight cultures. Respiratory disease in snakes is often multifactorial, involving various pathogens and environmental influences. This study demonstrates that comprehensive diagnostics are essential for understanding disease processes in snakes and improving the detection of diverse pathogens. Further research is needed to improve laboratory diagnostics for infectious diseases in reptiles and to better understand the roles of various pathogens in respiratory diseases in snakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Reptile and Amphibian Infectious Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is the Mineral Content of Muscle Tissue (Longissimus Lumborum) in Cattle Finished During the Rainy Season in the Eastern Amazon Influenced by Different Farming Systems?

by Ana Paula Damasceno Ferreira, Jamile Andréa Rodrigues da Silva, Miguel Pedro Mourato, José António Mestre Prates, Thomaz Cyro Guimarães de Carvalho Rodrigues, André Guimarães Maciel e Silva, Andrea Viana da Cruz, Adriny dos Santos Miranda Lobato, Welligton Conceição da Silva, Elton Alex Corrêa da Silva, Antônio Marcos Quadros Cunha, Vanessa Vieira Lourenço-Costa, Éder Bruno Rebelo da Silva, Tatiane Silva Belo and José de Brito Lourenço-Júnior

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152186 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

The scientific literature currently lacks studies that evaluate the nutritional composition of the tissues of cattle raised in different systems, so that the nutritional effects can be known and used to enhance consumption and use in the diet. The aim was therefore to [...] Read more.

The scientific literature currently lacks studies that evaluate the nutritional composition of the tissues of cattle raised in different systems, so that the nutritional effects can be known and used to enhance consumption and use in the diet. The aim was therefore to assess whether the mineral content of muscle tissue (longissimus lumborum) in cattle finished during the rainy season in the Eastern Amazon is influenced by different farming systems. The treatments consisted of four systems (three pasture production systems and one feedlot system). 1. native wetland pasture in Santa Cruz do Arari (Mesoregion of Marajó); 2. native wetland pasture in Monte Alegre (Mesoregion of Baixo Amazonas); 3. cultivated dryland pasture in São Miguel do Guamá (Mesoregion of Nordeste Paraense); and 4. Confinement in Santa Izabel do Pará (Metropolitan Region of Belém). The analyses were carried out on samples of the longissimus lumborum muscle tissue of 48 male, castrated, crossbred Nelore cattle, twelve per breeding system, from commercial farms, destined for meat production, finished during the rainiest period of the year (between January and June). In systems 1 and 2, the animals were slaughtered in licensed slaughterhouses; the animals in systems 3 and 4 were slaughtered in commercial slaughterhouses. Food sampling and chemical analysis, soil sample collection and analysis, longissimus lumborum muscle tissue collection, sample preparation and digestion, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized in a linear model with four rearing systems and one period (rainy). The data was compared using the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) program. All analyses were carried out considering a significance level of 0.05. Samples of the diets offered (pasture and concentrate) were also collected. The Amazon systems influenced the macro- and micromineral content in the muscles of cattle (p < 0.05). The interaction between pasture systems vs. confinement showed differences in the minerals calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) (p < 0.05). However, there was no difference in the values of sodium (Na), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) between the rearing systems (p > 0.05). By contrast, the cultivated pasture system vs. extensive pasture showed differences in all the elements evaluated (p < 0.05). The rearing systems of the Eastern Amazon influenced the mineral content of beef, which continues to be an excellent source of macro- and microminerals and can compose the human diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 319 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Oncology and the Potential Use of Cannabis Derivatives for Cancer Management in Companion Animals

by Giorgia della Rocca, Alessandra Di Salvo, Erica Salucci, Michela Amadori, Giovanni Re and Cristina Vercelli

Animals 2025, 15(15), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152185 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

The last decades of research have shown that the endocannabinoid system may be a promising therapeutic target for the pharmacological treatment of cancer in human medicine and possibly in veterinary medicine as well. Compared with the original cells, the expression of gene encoding [...] Read more.

The last decades of research have shown that the endocannabinoid system may be a promising therapeutic target for the pharmacological treatment of cancer in human medicine and possibly in veterinary medicine as well. Compared with the original cells, the expression of gene encoding for receptors and enzymes belonging to the endocannabinoid system has been found to be altered in several tumor types; it has been hypothesized that this aberrant expression may be related to the course of the neoplasm as well as to the patient’s prognosis. Several studies, conducted both in vitro and in vivo, suggest that both endo- and phytocannabinoids can modulate signaling pathways, controlling cell proliferation and survival. In the complex process of carcinogenesis, cannabinoids seem to intervene at different levels by stimulating cell death, inhibiting the processes of angiogenesis and metastasis, and regulating antitumor immunity. Although the molecular mechanisms by which cannabinoids act are not always clear and defined, their synergistic activity with the most used antineoplastic drugs in clinical oncology is showing promising results, thus providing veterinary medicine with alternative therapeutic targets in disease control. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the potential role of the endocannabinoid system and exogenous cannabinoids in oncology, with specific reference to the molecular mechanisms by which cannabinoids may exert antitumor activity. Additionally, it explores the potential synergy between cannabinoids and conventional anticancer drugs and considers their application in veterinary oncology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Pharmacology: Improving Treatment Modalities for Animal Pathology)

Journal Description

Animals

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI