Animals

33 pages, 2539 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Diversity and Origin of Quill Mites of the Subfamily Syringophilinae (Acariformes: Syringophilidae) Parasitising the True Finches (Passeriformes: Fringillidae)

by Maciej Skoracki, Markus Unsoeld, Roland R. Melzer, Stefan Friedrich and Bozena Sikora

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213227 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1246

Abstract

Mites associated with birds comprise representatives of numerous families and display a remarkable diversity of ecological strategies, ranging from commensalism, in which the mite benefits without causing measurable harm to its host, to parasitism, which can lead to direct damage through feeding on [...] Read more.

Mites associated with birds comprise representatives of numerous families and display a remarkable diversity of ecological strategies, ranging from commensalism, in which the mite benefits without causing measurable harm to its host, to parasitism, which can lead to direct damage through feeding on host tissues or resources [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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17 pages, 11119 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides on Dexameth-Asone-Induced Immune Injury in Goslings

by Huiying Wang, Guangquan Li, Xianze Wang, Shaoming Gong and Daqian He

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213226 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 453

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the role of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) in mitigating dexamethasone (DEX)-induced immune injury in goslings. Dexamethasone (DEX) is commonly used to establish an animal model of immune suppression, which mimics the immune injury caused by stress or certain [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the role of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) in mitigating dexamethasone (DEX)-induced immune injury in goslings. Dexamethasone (DEX) is commonly used to establish an animal model of immune suppression, which mimics the immune injury caused by stress or certain pathological conditions in poultry. A total of 180 one-day-old goslings were randomly assigned to three groups: control (Con), DEX, and DEX + GLP, with six replicates of 10 goslings each. The Con and DEX groups were fed a basal diet, whereas the DEX + GLP group received feed supplemented with 0.2% GLP. From days 14 to 21, the DEX and DEX + GLP groups were injected with 3.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of DEX, while the Con group received normal saline. Growth performance, immune organ indices, serum parameters, organ morphology, and intestinal microbiota were evaluated at 21 and 35 days. At day 21, the Con group exhibited significantly higher BW, average daily gain (ADG), spleen, thymus, and bursa indices, as well as serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), IL-6, IgA, and IgG compared to the DEX and DEX + GLP groups (p < 0.01). By day 35, the DEX + GLP group demonstrated greater ADG than the DEX group (p < 0.01) and showed improved TP, ALB, and immune organ indices relative to DEX alone (p < 0.05). Histological analysis indicated that DEX induced bursa plica disorder, spleen parenchyma loosening, and thymus lobule atrophy, all of which were alleviated by GLP supplementation. Regarding the gut microbiota, the Con group displayed higher α-diversity at day 21 than the DEX group (p < 0.05), while at day 35, β-diversity in the DEX group differed markedly from that in the Con and DEX + GLP groups. Furthermore, DEX + GLP was associated with an enrichment of Bacteroidetes, Flavobacterium, and Lactococcus as microbial biomarkers. Overall, GLP effectively mitigated DEX-induced immune injury and partially restored growth performance by improving immune organ morphology, modulating serum factors, and reshaping gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Precision Feeding and Management of Farm Animals, 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 1031 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Long-Term Production and Reproductive Outcomes in Dairy Calves Following Early-Life Ultrasonographic Lung Consolidation: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study

by Ali Sáadatnia, Gholamreza Mohammadi and Sébastien Buczinski

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213225 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 408

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease is a significant health concern in dairy calves, impacting short-term growth and potentially long-term productivity. While previous studies have linked early-life lung consolidation, often subclinical and diagnosed by lung ultrasonography, to reduced preweaning average daily gain, its extended effects on [...] Read more.

Bovine respiratory disease is a significant health concern in dairy calves, impacting short-term growth and potentially long-term productivity. While previous studies have linked early-life lung consolidation, often subclinical and diagnosed by lung ultrasonography, to reduced preweaning average daily gain, its extended effects on production and reproductive parameters remain less studied, particularly in specific geographical contexts. This study presents a follow-up analysis on a cohort of dairy calves originally monitored weekly from birth to weaning for lung consolidation via TUS in an Iranian dairy herd. Two years post-weaning, comprehensive production and reproduction data were collected and analyzed for these same animals. Our objective was to investigate the long-term associations between early-life lung consolidation and subsequent outcomes, including mature equivalent milk yield, corrected milk yield, culling risk before and during lactation, age at first breeding, age at first calving, and reproduction parameters such as services per conception and conception rate (the percentage of cows or heifers that become pregnant after a single insemination or breeding attempt). Data analysis, employing descriptive statistics, survival analysis, and non-parametric tests, revealed that while early-life lung consolidation (defined by ≥1 cm or ≥3 cm depth, and number of episodes) did not show significant associations with culling probability or mature equivalent milk yield, interesting numerical trends were observed. The study highlights the complexities of establishing clear long-term links, suggesting that while subclinical BRD can have immediate growth impacts, its chronic effects on later production and reproduction may be subtle and require larger cohorts or more targeted analysis to achieve statistical significance. The findings reinforce the need for cautious interpretation of p-values in the context of multiple comparisons and underscore the challenges in quantifying long-term economic consequences of early-life respiratory health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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26 pages, 2960 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Tissue-Specific Gene Expression of Digestive Tract Glands in Paroctopus digueti: Insights for Cephalopod Biology and Aquaculture

by María G. Martínez-Morales, Oscar E. Juárez, Dariel Tovar-Ramírez, Clara E. Galindo-Sánchez, Claudia Ventura-López, Carlos Rosas, Héctor Nolasco-Soria and Bertha Patricia Ceballos-Vázquez

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213224 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 829

Abstract

Pacific pygmy octopus Paroctopus digueti is a promising model for cephalopod research and aquaculture; its feeding and nutritional biology remain poorly understood. The anterior salivary glands (ASG), posterior salivary glands (PSG), and digestive gland (DG) are central to these processes, but molecular comparisons [...] Read more.

Pacific pygmy octopus Paroctopus digueti is a promising model for cephalopod research and aquaculture; its feeding and nutritional biology remain poorly understood. The anterior salivary glands (ASG), posterior salivary glands (PSG), and digestive gland (DG) are central to these processes, but molecular comparisons are lacking. To address this gap, we performed a transcriptomic study to explore the enzymatic repertoire and functional specialization of these tissues. Total RNA was extracted from ASG, PSG, and DG of three pre-adult individuals collected in La Paz Bay, Mexico. RNA-Seq libraries were sequenced, and a non-redundant multi-tissue transcriptome was assembled. The ASG displayed high expression of neuropeptides, playing a role in neuroendocrine regulation. The PSG showed elevated protease expression, supporting its function in extracellular digestion, alongside toxins that reinforce its role as a venom gland. The DG was enriched in proteins linked to biomolecule catabolism and antimicrobial peptides, alluding to metabolic specialization and immune defense. These results were validated by qPCR, and target genes were also amplified in Octopus maya and O. hubbsorum, showing some similarities in expression patterns. Overall, our findings suggest strong glandular specialization in P. digueti, providing insights into cephalopod digestive physiology and supporting its value as a model species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cephalopod Biology Research)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2167 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Innate Immunity in the Cottonmouth Watersnake (Agkistrodon piscivorus)

by Mark Merchant, Justin Epperson and Sarah Baker

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213223 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Despite their ecological importance and unique evolutionary history, reptiles remain underrepresented in immunological research. The innate immunity of the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), a semi-aquatic pit viper native to the southeastern United States, was characterized to provide insight into the molecular and [...] Read more.

Despite their ecological importance and unique evolutionary history, reptiles remain underrepresented in immunological research. The innate immunity of the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), a semi-aquatic pit viper native to the southeastern United States, was characterized to provide insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying its first line of defense against pathogens. Plasma collected from wild A. piscivorus exhibited strong antibacterial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, plasma from A. piscivorus showed potent hemolytic activities in unsensitized sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemolysis assays. This activity was concentration-, time-, and temperature-dependent. In addition, the hemolytic activity was inhibited by mild heat treatment (56 °C, 30 min) of plasma and proteases and also by EDTA, suggesting that the hemolytic activity was due to the presence of serum complement proteins. SDS-PAGE analysis of plasma proteins isolated from a mannan-agarose affinity column revealed the presence of a protein with a mass of 36 kDa, raising the strong possibility that the lectin pathway of complement activation is active. The EC₅₀ for hemolysis of SRBCs by plasma from A. piscivorus was approximately 10–100× lower than that of any other reptilian species described. This is the first study to characterize innate immunity in A. piscivorus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)

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19 pages, 441 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Operational Protocol for Animal Hoarding: A Conceptual Proposal Based on Multidisciplinary Field Experience

by Francesca Bellini, Alberto Cal, Alessia Liverini, Gianna Regoli and Giancarlo Ruffo

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213222 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 363

Abstract

Animal hoarding is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon that poses serious risks to animal welfare, public health, and environmental balance. Despite increasing attention, current interventions often remain fragmented and lack integration across medical, psychological, and social domains. Based on a critical review of [...] Read more.

Animal hoarding is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon that poses serious risks to animal welfare, public health, and environmental balance. Despite increasing attention, current interventions often remain fragmented and lack integration across medical, psychological, and social domains. Based on a critical review of existing tools and field experience in the Italian context, this study proposes a structured operational protocol to support multidisciplinary teams in the assessment and management of animal hoarding cases. The protocol integrates three complementary tools: a preliminary observational form, a clinical-relational interview, and a veterinary health form. Designed to be modular, replicable, and shareable among professionals from diverse backgrounds, the protocol aims to promote a One Welfare approach, recognizing the systemic interconnection between animal suffering, human psychological distress, and environmental degradation. While further experimental validation is required, this conceptual model provides a concrete operational basis for structured interventions and consistent data collection in support of research and public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Public Policy, Politics and Law)

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29 pages, 317 KB

Open AccessReview

The Constructional Approach to Zoo Animal Training: Enhancing Welfare Through Emerging Evidence-Based Behavioral Science

by Barbara Heidenreich and Annette Pedersen

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213221 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 2156

Abstract

Animal welfare has become a cornerstone of modern zoo and aquarium animal care practices. This paper introduces the constructional approach to animal training as an evidence-based framework that can enhance the welfare of zoo animals. Developed through decades of behavioral science research and [...] Read more.

Animal welfare has become a cornerstone of modern zoo and aquarium animal care practices. This paper introduces the constructional approach to animal training as an evidence-based framework that can enhance the welfare of zoo animals. Developed through decades of behavioral science research and practical applications, the constructional approach emphasizes building desirable behaviors rather than eliminating problematic ones, avoiding reduction-based techniques, utilizing comprehensive contingency analysis, incorporating genuine choice, and addressing emotional welfare through contingency management. This review systematically examines the foundational principles of the constructional approach, distinguishes it from traditional animal training methodologies, presents case examples of successful implementation in zoo settings, and provides practical recommendations for zoo professionals. Methods included a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, unpublished academic works, and documented applications in zoological settings. The results demonstrate that constructional programs offer notable advantages over commonly promoted hierarchical models of behavior change procedures, which often prescribe sequential application of techniques without adequate consideration of behavioral function. By adopting constructional programs, zoos can more effectively meet their overriding goals of providing optimal welfare, supporting conservation efforts, facilitating research, and enhancing educational experiences—all while prioritizing compassionate care that respects the agency and well-being of animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Best Practices for Zoo Animal Welfare Management)

13 pages, 1974 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lacerta agilis and Zootoca vivipara Lizards Infested with Ixodes ricinus Ticks Preferentially Maintain the Circulation of Borrelia lusitaniae and B. burgdorferi Sensu Stricto in Poland

by Magdalena Wieczorek, Renata Grochowalska, Bartłomiej Najbar, Bożena Sikora and Jerzy Michalik

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213220 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

This study was conducted to assess the involvement of two lizard species: the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) and the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), and their Ixodes ricinus ticks, in the circulation spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. complex. Lizards [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to assess the involvement of two lizard species: the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) and the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), and their Ixodes ricinus ticks, in the circulation spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. complex. Lizards were captured at three study sites in suburban areas of western Poland. Common lizards were less abundant and occurred only at one site. A total of 1129 ticks were collected from 167 sand lizards and 164 individuals from 42 common lizards. Biopsies of the distal part of the lizard tail were taken from 172 animals. All samples that tested positive by real-time PCR underwent subsequent nested PCR targeting the flaB gene, followed by sequencing. At least 6.3% of I. ricinus ticks (MIR) from L. agilis, and 6.1% from Z. vivipara, were infected. Borrelia lusitaniae was the most prevalent genospecies in L. agilis-derived ticks, accounting for 73.2% of all infected samples, followed by B. burgdorferi s.s. (23.0%). Conversely, this latter species prevailed (90%) over B. lusitaniae (10%) in tick samples from Z. vivipara. Therefore, we believe that sand lizards are competent reservoir hosts for B. lusitaniae, while the role of Z. vivipara for this species is unclear. The high prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.s. was also found in infected larval samples (40.7%) and biopsies (60%) of L. agilis. Thus, in our opinion, these two lizard species could be another group of reservoir hosts for this human pathogen, along with birds and rodents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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13 pages, 1157 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Total Eosinophil Counts, Serum Allergen-Specific IgE and Related Cytokines in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis

by Min-Joo Chae, Min-Hee Kang and Hee-Myung Park

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213219 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 513

Abstract

Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic allergic skin disease in which various immunological markers have been investigated. While peripheral eosinophil counts, serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), and cytokines have each been evaluated in allergic disorders, their simultaneous assessment in dogs with AD [...] Read more.

Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic allergic skin disease in which various immunological markers have been investigated. While peripheral eosinophil counts, serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), and cytokines have each been evaluated in allergic disorders, their simultaneous assessment in dogs with AD has rarely been reported in Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and clinical utility of these parameters in affected dogs. A total of 93 dogs were included between August 2019 and February 2020, comprising 65 dogs diagnosed with AD and 28 healthy controls. Clinical information, peripheral blood eosinophil counts and ratios, serum allergen-specific IgE using a multiple allergen panel (60 allergens), and cytokines related to T helper 2 (Th2) and T regulatory (Treg) cells (IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, TGF-β1) were analyzed. The mean age of AD dogs was 6.34 ± 3.99 years, with a predominance of small breeds and males. Eosinophil counts and ratios showed no significant difference between groups. In contrast, allergen-specific IgE levels were significantly elevated for several allergens, including Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, alder/birch, hazel, oak, cladosporium, and selected dietary antigens (pea, soybean, pumpkin, apple) (p < 0.05). Sensitization rates were also higher for Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, oak, and sheep sorrel (p < 0.05). Th2-related cytokines tended to increase and TGF-β1 tended to decrease in AD dogs, though without statistical significance. These findings indicate that peripheral eosinophil counts have limited diagnostic value, whereas allergen-specific IgE testing provides clinically useful information for the diagnosis and management of canine AD. Further research stratifying disease stages and assessing local tissue cytokine expression is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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15 pages, 567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Type of Extender and Equilibration Time as Factors Affecting Post-Thaw Quality Characteristics of Turkey Semen

by Sara Ataei-Nazari, Filip Benko, Tomáš Slanina, Jakub Vozaf, Michal Ďuračka, Tomáš Války, Peter Chrenek, Eva Tvrdá and Miroslava Kačániová

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213218 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 413

Abstract

Commercial turkey breeding relies almost entirely on artificial insemination, yet avian sperm are unusually vulnerable to cooling and freezing injury. As a result, extender chemistry and processing steps, especially low-temperature equilibration, are pivotal for post-thaw performance. We evaluated how extender choice, paired with [...] Read more.

Commercial turkey breeding relies almost entirely on artificial insemination, yet avian sperm are unusually vulnerable to cooling and freezing injury. As a result, extender chemistry and processing steps, especially low-temperature equilibration, are pivotal for post-thaw performance. We evaluated how extender choice, paired with equilibration time, shapes the post-thaw quality of turkey semen. Ejaculates were diluted in Beltsville, Sperm Motility Medium (SMM), Botucrio, or Kobidil⁺, then equilibrated for 20 or 40 min before freezing; samples were cryostored for one month and assessed immediately after thawing. The outcomes included motility/kinematics, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and membrane potential, apoptosis/necrosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA fragmentation, and bacteriological load. Overall, 20 min equilibration improved post-thaw motility and membrane integrity, and reduced DNA fragmentation and ROS. Among extenders, Beltsville delivered the best overall sperm quality. Considering the extender × time interaction, Beltsville, Botucrio, and Kobidil⁺ performed best at 20 min, whereas SMM performed best at 40 min. Thus, Beltsville and SMM provide strong, time-specific options for turkey semen cryopreservation—Beltsville at 20 min and SMM at 40 min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Poultry Breeding: Advancements in Hatchability, Semen Collection and Fertility Enhancement)

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24 pages, 2933 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Chronic State and Relationship to Humans Influence How Horses Decode Emotions in Human Voices: A Brain and Behavior Study

by Serenella d’Ingeo, Marcello Siniscalchi, Angelo Quaranta, Hugo Cousillas and Martine Hausberger

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3217; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213217 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 588

Abstract

Current research on acoustic encoding of emotional content suggests that there are universal cues, allowing for decoding within and across taxa. This is particularly important for human–animal relationships, wherein domestic animals are supposed to be particularly efficient in decoding human emotions. Here we [...] Read more.

Current research on acoustic encoding of emotional content suggests that there are universal cues, allowing for decoding within and across taxa. This is particularly important for human–animal relationships, wherein domestic animals are supposed to be particularly efficient in decoding human emotions. Here we investigated whether the decoding of the emotional content in human voices shared universal acoustic properties, or whether it could be influenced by experience. Emotional human voices were presented to two populations of horses, in which behavioral, cardiac, and brain responses were measured. The two populations differed in their living and working conditions: one population lived in naturalistic conditions (stable social groups in pastures) and were ridden occasionally for outdoor trail riding with one to a few different riders, while the other was kept in more restricted conditions (individual stalls) and participated in riding lessons involving many different riders. Assessment of the horses’ welfare state (animal-based measures) and their relationships with humans, performed independently of the playback experiments, revealed that the populations differed in both aspects. Whereas both populations appeared to react to the angry human voice, the population with the best welfare state and relationship with humans showed little differentiation between the different emotional voices and exhibited low behavioral reactions. On the contrary, the other population showed high behavioral and cardiac reactions to all negative voices. Brain responses also differed, with the first population showing higher responses (increased gamma, i.e., excitation) for the happy voice and the second for fear and anger (increased theta, i.e., alarm). Thus, animals’ affective state and past experiences appear very influential for their perception of (cross-taxa) acoustic emotional cues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in the 'Human–Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion' Section)

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18 pages, 3296 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Based Dietary Divergence in Plateau Pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) but Not Plateau Zokors (Eospalax baileyi)

by Feiyang Xue, Xidong Zhu, Le Qin, Yanjun Guo, Jian Sun, Zhengqian Dang, Limin Hua, Bin Chu and Rui Hua

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213216 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 358

Abstract

Quantifying sex-specific dietary differences in small mammals reveals the internal resource allocation mechanisms within a species and provides new insights for ecosystem management and conservation practices. The plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) and plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) are dominant small [...] Read more.

Quantifying sex-specific dietary differences in small mammals reveals the internal resource allocation mechanisms within a species and provides new insights for ecosystem management and conservation practices. The plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) and plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) are dominant small mammals that exhibit distinct lifestyles and social structures on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Despite the fact that the diets of both species have been extensively studied, sex-specific dietary differences have rarely been investigated. This study employed DNA metabarcoding combined with a self-constructed plant DNA barcode database to analyze the diet composition and trophic niche of male and female plateau pika and plateau zokor during the growing season. The results showed that male and female plateau pika consumed 39 and 37 plant species, respectively, and male and female plateau zokor consumed 38 and 39 plant species, respectively. With respect to the plateau pika, males showed a significantly higher intake of Phlomoides umbrosa than females (p < 0.05), whereas females consumed a significantly greater proportion of tuberous plants (p < 0.05). Females also exhibited a significantly greater dietary diversity and trophic niche breadth than males. But there was no significant difference in dietary diversity and trophic niche breadth between the sexes in the plateau zokor. In conclusion, our results show that dietary differences between males and females depend on each species’ lifestyle. Social, surface-living pikas show apparent sex-based differences, while solitary, underground-living zokors do not. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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16 pages, 2002 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Meal and Whole Larvae of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) on the Performance, Blood Lipid Profile, Slaughter Characteristics, Sensory Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) Muscles

by Grzegorz Rytlewski, Marian Flis and Eugeniusz R. Grela

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213215 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 385

Abstract

Insect meal can be a valuable component of poultry diets, both during rearing and fattening, as well as for laying hens. Regarding protein feeds, the most commonly used are oil meals from soy and/or rapeseed, along with certain animal-derived feeds like fish meal. [...] Read more.

Insect meal can be a valuable component of poultry diets, both during rearing and fattening, as well as for laying hens. Regarding protein feeds, the most commonly used are oil meals from soy and/or rapeseed, along with certain animal-derived feeds like fish meal. Recent years have seen considerable interest in the use of insect products in poultry nutrition. Insect meal has a high protein content with a favourable amino acid profile, similar to that of traditional animal-derived raw materials or soybean meal. The present study aimed to determine the effect of replacing 50% or 100% of soybean meal with black soldier fly (BSF) products, in the form of meal or whole dried larvae, on the performance and slaughter characteristics, blood lipid profile, sensory properties, and fatty acid composition of pheasant muscle, considering gender. The study showed that irrespective of the type of BSF products (e.g., meal or whole dried larvae), they can be successfully used to replace soybean meal, which is most commonly available commercially in the form containing GMOs. Further research is needed into optimising the proportion of BSF products in feed rations and their impact on the performance, as well as the quality of meat and eggs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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12 pages, 260 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Oral Administration of Bisphenol A and AF on Their Deposition in the Body Organs of Growing Pigs and the Relationship to Growth Rate

by Ivan Bahelka, Roman Stupka, Kateřina Zadinová, Michal Šprysl and Jaroslav Čítek

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213214 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 315

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues, such as bisphenol AF (BPAF), are widely used mainly in the plastic industry. These compounds can leach into the environment and negatively impact living organisms, including farm animals such as pigs. The aim of the study was [...] Read more.

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues, such as bisphenol AF (BPAF), are widely used mainly in the plastic industry. These compounds can leach into the environment and negatively impact living organisms, including farm animals such as pigs. The aim of the study was to evaluate concentrations of BPA and BPAF in plasma and tissues of pigs after oral administration at a lower—20 µg (10 µg BPA + 10 µg BPAF)/kg body weight (b.w.)/day—and higher dose—60 µg (30 µg BPA + 30 µg BPAF)/kg b.w./day—for 21 days. The concentrations of BPA and BPAF in plasma and liver were monitored immediately after finishing the bisphenols administration, as well as two and four weeks after that. Generally, pigs receiving higher doses of BPA/BPAF showed the highest levels across most parameters, followed by those with lower doses and the control group. Results showed that both bisphenols remained in the organs of experimental pigs for two and four weeks after the administration was completed, respectively. Results also showed that the growth rate did not have a significant effect on the accumulation of bisphenols in pig tissues. The results of the present study have shown that oral administration of bisphenols led to an increase in the concentration of BPA and BPAF in plasma and other tissues of young pigs. Moreover, the fact that both BPA and BPAF were also detected in control pigs suggests that the farm environment was contaminated with these substances. This may pose a risk not only to the health and performance of pigs but also to human health, through the consumption of pig organs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

12 pages, 5800 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Bile Duct Stenosis in a Free-Ranging Juvenile American Black Bear (Ursus americanus)

by Taylor Jurgens, Fern Nelson, Wesley Sheley, Alexis Johnson, Liandrie Swanepoel, Seth Wyckoff and Julie D. Sheldon

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213213 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 371

Abstract

A free-ranging 10-month-old male American black bear (Ursus americanus) was presented to a rehabilitation facility in eastern Tennessee for being orphaned and emaciated, and was diagnosed with bile duct stenosis, leading to euthanasia. On initial intake, liver values including gamma-glutamyl transferase, [...] Read more.

A free-ranging 10-month-old male American black bear (Ursus americanus) was presented to a rehabilitation facility in eastern Tennessee for being orphaned and emaciated, and was diagnosed with bile duct stenosis, leading to euthanasia. On initial intake, liver values including gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and serum bile acids were elevated. The cub was treated for intestinal parasites and discharged to a rehabilitation facility for monitoring. Three weeks later, all liver values markedly increased despite improvements in body condition, appetite, and overall energy level. Abdominal ultrasound and dual phase computed tomography confirmed stenosis of the biliary outflow tract with gallbladder dilation and bile ducts in two locations. Surgical treatment and release were not performed due to the lack of clinical follow-up, likelihood of a genetic anomaly, and risk of it being passed to offspring. Necropsy findings further confirmed the bile duct stenosis with chronic regionally extensive fibrosis. The cause of this lesion is hypothesized to be congenital; however, inflammation secondary to a previous infection was not able to be ruled out. This case report documents the presentation and multidisciplinary approach to diagnosing a juvenile bear with bile duct stenosis, not previously reported in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathology of Wildlife in the Americas)

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2 pages, 142 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Chen et al. Effects of Dietary Rumen-Protected Glucose and Rumen-Protected Taurine Levels on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indicators, and Liver Health in Yaks. Animals 2025, 15, 1152

by Yuanyuan Chen, Xiaolin Wang, Lianghao Lu, Bao Zhang, Huaming Yang, Shoupei Zhao, Zhisheng Wang, Lizhi Wang, Quanhui Peng and Bai Xue

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213212 - 5 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 205

Abstract

Text Correction [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

22 pages, 2859 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Preventive Administration of Propylene Glycol or Sucrose in Dairy Cows with Elevated Blood Non-Esterified Fatty Acids During the Close-Up Period

by Kyoko Chisato, Miki Ishizaka, Takumi Honjo, Yuta Watanabe, Rika Fukumori and Shin Oikawa

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213211 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of propylene glycol (PG) or sucrose (SC) in dairy cows with high levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) during the close-up period. From July 2021 to August 2022, blood samples were collected [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of propylene glycol (PG) or sucrose (SC) in dairy cows with high levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) during the close-up period. From July 2021 to August 2022, blood samples were collected from 193 cows between 14 and 7 days prior to the expected calving date in two farms, and 35 multiparous cows with serum NEFA ≥ 0.3 mEq/L were randomly assigned to PG (500 mL/day, n = 11), SC (1000 mL/day of 50% solution, n = 11), and untreated control (HC; n = 13) groups. Treatments were administered orally for 5 consecutive days. Compared with HC cows, the serum NEFA concentration tended to be lower in SC cows at 3 days in milk (DIM) and was significantly lower in PG cows at 14 DIM. Serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations tended to be lower in SC cows at 21 DIM. Blood glucose concentrations were higher in both treatment groups at 3 DIM, and the serum total bilirubin concentration remained lower until 14 DIM in PG cows and until 7 DIM in SC cows. At 7 DIM, PG cows showed significantly higher total very low-density lipoprotein levels and PG and SC cows had significantly or tendentially higher low-density lipoprotein triglyceride concentrations. Cows in both treatment groups had significantly reduced culling after calving. These results suggest that prophylactic administration of PG or SC improves energy metabolism by supporting liver function, thereby reducing postpartum culling, with the PG group showing a more consistent effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Health: Management, Challenges, and Veterinary Solutions)

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27 pages, 1786 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sequential Galacto- and Xylo-Oligosaccharide Feeding Transiently Modulates Gut Microbiota and Upregulates Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Weaning Piglets

by James S. Stanley, Stephen C. Mansbridge, Michael R. Bedford, Ian F. Connerton and Kenneth H. Mellits

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213210 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 526

Abstract

Improving growth and health at weaning remains a priority in pig production. This study investigates whether supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) followed by xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) improves performance and gut health of healthy 28-day old weaning piglets. Pigs received either a control basal (CON) diet, [...] Read more.

Improving growth and health at weaning remains a priority in pig production. This study investigates whether supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) followed by xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) improves performance and gut health of healthy 28-day old weaning piglets. Pigs received either a control basal (CON) diet, the CON diet containing 1% GOS for 7 days followed by the CON diet containing 0.017% XOS for 47 days (GXOS), or the CON diet for 7 days followed by the CON diet containing 0.017% XOS for 47 days (XOS). Body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio did not differ between diets from day 1 of weaning (d1) to d54. At d7, GXOS pigs showed increased jejunal and caecal α-diversity (Shannon, inverse Simpson), distinct ileal β-diversity (Yu and Clayton, Bray–Curtis, Jaccard), and greater short-chain fatty acid-producing Lactobacillus and Veillonella; no taxa remained differentially abundant by d22, and the XOS group showed no microbiota shifts throughout the study. Jejunal goblet cell density was lower in GXOS pigs at d7. Jejunal and caecal IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 gene expression was transiently greater at d7 in GXOS pigs, whereas by d22 cytokine/chemokine differences resolved, whilst intestinal alkaline phosphatase was upregulated in the ileum and caecum (XOS) and colon (GXOS and XOS). Sequential prebiotic switching and delayed XOS onset likely missed the immediate post-weaning window, during which the gut microbiota is most receptive to dietary modulation, consequently limiting potential performance gains; therefore, prebiotic timing, sequence, and duration are critical to achieving functional benefits at weaning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Prebiotics and Probiotics: Impact on Animal Growth, Development and Health)

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47 pages, 1674 KB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Different Light Spectra on Broiler Chicken Endocrine Systems and Productivity

by Lenuța Galan, Gheorghe Solcan and Carmen Solcan

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213209 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1040

Abstract

In birds, light can penetrate the cranial bones and reach deep brain regions, where non-visual photoreceptors, especially in the hypothalamus, detect spectral and photoperiodic cues. Alongside retinal photoreception, deep-brain light sensing contributes to circadian entrainment and regulates melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. [...] Read more.

In birds, light can penetrate the cranial bones and reach deep brain regions, where non-visual photoreceptors, especially in the hypothalamus, detect spectral and photoperiodic cues. Alongside retinal photoreception, deep-brain light sensing contributes to circadian entrainment and regulates melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. These light-driven pathways modulate endocrine activity, playing a key role in muscle development. This review explores how monochromatic light-emitting diode (LED) illumination, particularly green and blue wavelengths, affects the somatotropic axis (growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH]-growth hormone [GH]-insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]), the gonadal axis (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]-luteinizing hormone [LH]/follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]-sex steroids [testosterone, estrogen, progesterone]), the thyroid axis (thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH]-thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]-thyroxine [T₄]/triiodothyronine [T₃]), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH]-adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]-corticosterone). Green light enhances early-stage muscle growth via GHRH and IGF-1 upregulation, while blue light supports later myogenic activity and oxidative balance. Light schedules also influence melatonin dynamics, which in turn modulate endocrine axis responsiveness to photic cues. Furthermore, variations in photoperiod and exposure to artificial lights at night (ALAN) affect thyroid activity and HPA axis reactivity, influencing metabolism, thermoregulation, and stress resilience. Together, ocular and intracranial photoreception form a complex network that links environmental light to hormonal regulation and muscle growth. These insights support the strategic use of LED lighting to optimize broiler performance and welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Sustainable Poultry Production: Innovations in Management and Nutrition)

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14 pages, 1154 KB

Open AccessArticle

Birds as Environmental Bioindicators of Genotoxicity in Brazilian Cerrado Farmlands: An In Situ Approach

by Henrique Nazareth Souto, Edimar Olegário de Campos Júnior, Marcos Vinicius Bohrer Monteiro Siqueira, Carlos Fernando Campos, Cassio Resende Morais, Boscolli Barbosa Pereira and Sandra Morelli

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213208 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 457

Abstract

Birds have played a crucial role as environmental monitors throughout history, ranging from the use of canaries to detect methane and carbon monoxide in mines to the decline of raptors and seabirds during the DDT era due to widespread organochlorine pesticide contamination. Owing [...] Read more.

Birds have played a crucial role as environmental monitors throughout history, ranging from the use of canaries to detect methane and carbon monoxide in mines to the decline of raptors and seabirds during the DDT era due to widespread organochlorine pesticide contamination. Owing to their high diversity and capacity for bioaccumulation, birds are widely recognized as effective indicators of environmental change and pollutant exposure. Cytogenetic techniques have been increasingly applied over the past two decades to assess micronuclei formation resulting from interactions with clastogenic and aneugenic chemical compounds. The main goals of this study were (a) to evaluate a subset of the bird community in the southeastern Brazilian Cerrado as potential environmental indicators of pesticide exposure using the erythrocyte micronucleus test and (b) to investigate possible associations between bird morphometric traits and micronuclei frequency. Birds were sampled from three groups of coffee farms in the Brazilian Cerrado. Blood samples were collected from 152 individuals (122 on farms and 30 at the reference site) via the metatarsal vein, followed by slide preparation for micronucleus analysis. Two slides were prepared per bird; each slide was scored for 10,000 erythrocytes, and MN frequency was reported as the mean across slides. The species Leptotila rufaxilla, Volatinia jacarina, Galbula ruficauda, Gnorimopsar chopi, Molothrus bonariensis, Passer domesticus, Turdus leucomelas, and Turdus rufiventris exhibited six or more micronuclei per 10,000 erythrocytes, indicating the highest potential as bioindicators of environmental contamination. Micronuclei frequency in erythrocytes was positively correlated with the use of mixed pesticides, with variation depending on the size of the coffee farms. Although a slight negative biological trend was observed between micronuclei frequency and certain morphometric traits, particularly bill length, no statistically significant correlations were found. Similarly, birds from large farms exhibited a slight reduction in certain morphometric features, though these differences were also not statistically significant. These results highlight the utility of selected bird species as early-warning bioindicators for pesticide exposure in tropical agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ecology, Management and Conservation of Vertebrates: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 2358 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Nanobodies Targeting Sip Protein Against Streptococcus agalactiae Infection in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

by Zhishen Wang, Huiling Wu, Weihao He, Shunqiang Wei, Xuemin Wei, Chaoshuai Wei, Yinghui Wang and Aiguo Huang

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213207 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 429

Abstract

Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) has emerged as one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens causing severe economic losses in tilapia aquaculture due to its highly contagious and lethal nature. Nanobodies (Nbs), characterized by their small molecular size, enhanced tissue penetration, high tolerance, and exceptional [...] Read more.

Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) has emerged as one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens causing severe economic losses in tilapia aquaculture due to its highly contagious and lethal nature. Nanobodies (Nbs), characterized by their small molecular size, enhanced tissue penetration, high tolerance, and exceptional antigen-binding affinity, represent a promising green alternative to conventional antibiotics. In the present study, the objective was to explore the potential of specific Nbs in the treatment of tilapia GBS disease. We first screened specific Nbs targeting the surface immunogenic (Sip) protein of GBS from a naïve phage display library, and a novel nanobody Nb30 was obtained. Nb30 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using the Ni-NTA Agarose column. Indirect ELISA showed that Nb30 had a high affinity against Sip and GBS in vitro. Moreover, Nb30 significantly reduced GBS colonization in the liver, spleen, and brain of GBS-infected tilapia. The survival rate in the control groups was 53%, whereas it was increased to 86% after treatment with 100 mg/kg Nb30. Transcriptome profiling revealed that Nb30 could modulate critical biological processes, including antioxidant defense, immune regulation, amino acid/protein synthesis, and energy metabolism in the liver tissues of GBS-infection tilapia. Notably, the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes (cat and gpx) were significantly up-regulated, and the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathway-related genes (tlr5, myd88, irak4, traf6, Rela, and NF-κB2) were significantly down-regulated after treatment with Nb30. Collectively, these findings establish a novel therapeutic strategy for controlling GBS infection in tilapia and provide evidence supporting the application of nanobodies as sustainable alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Medicine and Pathology 2nd Edition: Host–Pathogen Interactions)

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13 pages, 2803 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Time Budgets in Domesticated Male Icelandic Horses on Pasture Turnout in Winter and Spring

by Daisy E. F. Taylor, Bryony E. Lancaster and Andrea D. Ellis

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213206 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 745

Abstract

There are few 24 h time budgets for horses, especially for domesticated horses kept at pasture. Most time budgets utilise short-term scan sampling, which can miss behaviours. This study aimed to assess the seasonal variation in continuous behaviour of domesticated Icelandic horses at [...] Read more.

There are few 24 h time budgets for horses, especially for domesticated horses kept at pasture. Most time budgets utilise short-term scan sampling, which can miss behaviours. This study aimed to assess the seasonal variation in continuous behaviour of domesticated Icelandic horses at pasture during winter and spring in fair weather. Eight Icelandic horses (11.25 ± 9.19 years; 7 geldings, 1 stallion) were observed in a 26 acre field. Herd location and individual behaviour were continuously observed during 3 h periods amounting to 3 × 24 h in winter and late spring, compiled over 43 days (~21 days per season). Seasonal variation in behaviour (ANOVA), body condition (RMANOVA), and age-group variation (independent t-test) were assessed, as well as associations between weather, time period, and habitat choice (chi-square). During spring, horses showed more foraging (+18%; p < 0.001), movement (+0.5%; p < 0.05), recumbency (+5.7%; p < 0.01) and less standing (−24.6%; p < 0.001) than in winter. Behavioural synchronicity occurred between adult and juvenile horses. Mean body condition reduced from 5.6 to 4.8 in the winter. Habitat preferences varied by daytime and season, and non-feeding periods lasted less than 2 h. The 24 h foraging activity (winter: 12.7 ± 0.4 h, spring: 17 ± 0.25 h) supported the current recommendation of 12 h/24 h for domesticated horses to meet ethological requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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16 pages, 527 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hock Lesions, Cow Hygiene, and Compost Quality in Compost-Bedded Pack Barns in Germany

by Phillip Andreas Guhl, Lisa Bachmann and Maike Heppelmann

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213205 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 379

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of hock lesions and cow hygiene as a cross-sectional study in dairy cows housed in compost-bedded pack barns (CBPs) in southern Germany. The effects of season, compost variables, and housing conditions on cow [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of hock lesions and cow hygiene as a cross-sectional study in dairy cows housed in compost-bedded pack barns (CBPs) in southern Germany. The effects of season, compost variables, and housing conditions on cow hygiene and hock lesion prevalences were also investigated. Eight farms that housed their cows in CBPs were visited once in the cold season and once in the warm season between January and December 2023. All cows (cold season n = 592; warm season n = 613) were scored for hygiene and hock lesions at each visit. Compost samples were collected for laboratory analysis, and the quality of the compost-bedded pack and condition of the lying surface and concrete walkways were assessed. The udder was the cleanest body zone in both seasons; poor udder hygiene (too dirty score) occurred in 15.0% of cows in the cold season and 7.5% in the warm season (p ≤ 0.05). Only 1% of the cows had a hairless area on a hock in the cold season compared with 3.8% in the warm season; 0.2% of the cows also had swelling of the hock in the warm season (p ≤ 0.05). The compost variables that impacted cow hygiene most frequently were dry matter and compost temperature. Based on our results, CBPs reduce the prevalence of hock lesions. Cow hygiene was affected by various factors, and therefore good management of CBPs is required for good cow hygiene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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26 pages, 4873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Effects of Managed Free-Roaming Cat Populations on Prey Through Stable Isotope Analysis: A Pilot Study from British Columbia, Canada

by Valentina Martinoia, Renee Ferguson, Peter J. Wolf, Mario Carić, Mario Novak and Shelly Roche

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213204 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 6081

Abstract

Free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus) present a major management challenge for animal welfare and biodiversity conservation. Trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs, which include sterilization and return of cats, are increasingly adopted to manage cat populations, often alongside routine food provisioning. However, their effectiveness [...] Read more.

Free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus) present a major management challenge for animal welfare and biodiversity conservation. Trap-neuter-return (TNR) programs, which include sterilization and return of cats, are increasingly adopted to manage cat populations, often alongside routine food provisioning. However, their effectiveness in reducing cats’ reliance on wild prey remains contested. In this study, we use stable isotope analysis (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ³⁴S) of cat fur to investigate dietary patterns before and after TNR implementation in the context of concurrent changes in food availability linked to the closure of nearby mink-farming operations. We analyzed samples from 122 cats in a large-scale TNR initiative on a rural property in British Columbia, Canada. These included indoor cats (control), free-roaming cats prior to TNR (Group 1), a subset of Group 1 re-sampled months after food provisioning began (Run 2), and newly sampled cats that had been fed regularly before trapping (Group 2). Local prey and food sources were also analyzed to provide a comparative isotopic baseline. Our results show clear dietary shifts following TNR. Group 1 cats exhibited high isotopic variability and elevated δ¹⁵N and δ³⁴S values, consistent with wild prey consumption. In contrast, post-TNR cats showed significantly lower and more homogeneous values, aligning closely with those of indoor, kibble-fed cats. These changes are consistent with a reduced dietary reliance on wildlife and raw mink feed following the combination of TNR with regular provisioning and the cessation of mink operations. These findings demonstrate that regular food provisioning in TNR-managed colonies, particularly when combined with broader environmental changes, can significantly alter cat diets and potentially reduce their dependence on wild prey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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15 pages, 1643 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Habitat Suitability for Amphioxus in the Changli Marine Reserve and Adjacent Coastal Waters, Hebei Province

by Yongfeng Zhang, Qiuzhen Wang, Quanying Wang, Qianqian Zhao, Weijie Shi, Yong Zhang, Yuan Yao and Jianle Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213203 - 3 Nov 2025

Viewed by 370

Abstract

Amphioxus, a key model organism in vertebrate evolution, is essential for understanding ecological balance and species diversity. This study examined the spatiotemporal distribution of Branchiostoma japonicum and assessed its habitat suitability in the Changli Golden Coast Nature Reserve and adjacent coastal waters from [...] Read more.

Amphioxus, a key model organism in vertebrate evolution, is essential for understanding ecological balance and species diversity. This study examined the spatiotemporal distribution of Branchiostoma japonicum and assessed its habitat suitability in the Changli Golden Coast Nature Reserve and adjacent coastal waters from 2008 to 2023 (excluding 2020). The maximum abundance showed marked fluctuations, with a sharp decline between 2008 and 2015 followed by recovery after 2016, reaching a peak of 345 ind./m² in 2022. The average abundance also increased, peaking at 34 ind./m² in 2022. Spatially, the higher abundances occurred in central stations, while peripheral sites were much lower, sometimes absent. Spearman’s correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified sediment grain size (1~0.25 mm), water depth and sediment sulfide as key environmental factors. A habitat suitability index (HSI), constructed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), showed higher values in central stations, indicating more favorable conditions. These findings highlight the importance of long-term monitoring, clarify the ecological requirements of amphioxus, and provide guidance for habitat conservation and management in regions affected by environmental change and human activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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18 pages, 1279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Multivariate Analysis of Milk Biomarkers, Productive Performance, and Animal Welfare Indicators in Dairy Cows

by Daniela Elena Babiciu, Florin Ioan Beteg, Mihai Cenariu, Anamaria Blaga Petrean, Sorin Marian Mârza, Eva Andrea Lazar and Silvana Popescu

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213202 - 3 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 497

Abstract

Animal welfare is increasingly recognised as a core component of sustainable dairy production, yet objective assessment at the herd level remains challenging. This study evaluated whether milk biomarkers can serve as non-invasive indicators of cow welfare. Thirty-seven dairy farms were assessed using the [...] Read more.

Animal welfare is increasingly recognised as a core component of sustainable dairy production, yet objective assessment at the herd level remains challenging. This study evaluated whether milk biomarkers can serve as non-invasive indicators of cow welfare. Thirty-seven dairy farms were assessed using the Welfare Quality^® protocol and various milk analysis parameters. As a first line of results, Spearman correlations revealed strong associations between milk biomarkers and welfare indicators. For example, a higher fat-to-protein ratio was linked to better feeding, lower prevalence of hunger, and improved human–animal relationships. In contrast, elevated somatic cell count and differential somatic cell count were associated with mastitis, lameness, dirtiness, and reduced emotional well-being. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), three dimensions were identified, health–hygiene, socio-behavioural, and metabolic stress, explaining 44.7% of variance. K-means clustering distinguished three herd profiles: feeding–metabolic balance, behavioural–comfort, and clinical–hygiene risk. These findings demonstrated that routine milk biomarkers provide integrated, non-invasive information on herd health, behaviour and, comfort. Incorporating routine milk analysis into welfare assessments can support the early detection of issues, facilitate evidence-based decision-making, and promote sustainable dairy management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Welfare in Extensive Production System)

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17 pages, 2442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Analysis of Gene Networks Associated with Adipose and Muscle Traits in Hanwoo Steers

by Suk Hwang, Taejoon Jeong, Junyoung Lee, Woncheoul Park, Sunsik Jang and Dajeong Lim

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213201 - 3 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This study aims to characterize tissue-specific expression patterns in Hanwoo steers by identifying co-expression modules, functional pathways, and hub genes related to fat and muscle traits using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network analysis (WGCNA). RNA-Seq data were generated from three muscle tissues (longissimus muscle, [...] Read more.

This study aims to characterize tissue-specific expression patterns in Hanwoo steers by identifying co-expression modules, functional pathways, and hub genes related to fat and muscle traits using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network analysis (WGCNA). RNA-Seq data were generated from three muscle tissues (longissimus muscle, tenderloin, and rump) and two fat tissues (back fat and abdominal fat) collected from six 30-month-old Hanwoo steers. Quality control of raw sequencing reads was performed using FastQC, and trimmed reads were aligned to the bovine reference genome (ARS-UCD1.3) using HISAT2. We also identified a gene co-expression network via WGCNA using normalized gene expression values. Modules were defined based on topological overlap and correlated with tissue-specific expression patterns. Modules with a significant association (p < 0.05) were used for functional enrichment based on Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways, as well as Protein–Protein Interaction Network analysis. A total of seven co-expression modules were identified by WGCNA and labeled in distinct colors (yellow, blue, red, brown, turquoise, green, black). Among them, the yellow and blue modules were positively associated with back fat, while the turquoise and green modules showed a negative correlation with abdominal fat. Additionally, the turquoise or green module was positively correlated with longissimus and rump tissues, indicating distinct gene expression patterns between fat and muscle. This study identified key co-expression modules and hub genes associated with muscle and fat metabolism. Notably, ARPC5 (blue module) was involved in lipid metabolism and energy storage, whereas AGPAT5 (turquoise module) was linked to maintaining muscle cell structure and function. These findings reveal biological mechanisms for tissue-specific gene regulation, providing targets for enhancing meat quality in Hanwoo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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16 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Growth Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Three Rabbit Lines Under Heat Stress Conditions

by Emanuele Pontalti, Zsolt Matics, Marco Cullere, Zsolt Szendrő, Zsolt Gerencsér, Bianca Palumbo and Antonella Dalle Zotte

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213200 - 3 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Given the yearly challenging environmental scenario with more and more frequent and intense heat waves, the livestock sector has to find affordable and sustainable solutions to face the expected increase in meat demand by 2050. Among livestock species, rabbits are particularly sensitive to [...] Read more.

Given the yearly challenging environmental scenario with more and more frequent and intense heat waves, the livestock sector has to find affordable and sustainable solutions to face the expected increase in meat demand by 2050. Among livestock species, rabbits are particularly sensitive to heat stress (HS) but, paradoxically, the scientific background on the response of different genetics to environmental stressors like HS is rather scarce. This is a significant gap, especially considering that most of the demographic growth, and meat demand, is expected in developing countries where rabbits play a key role in subsistence farming. Therefore, this research investigated the effects of environmental temperature (Control—20 °C; High—28 °C) on growth performance, slaughter traits and meat quality of three Hungarian rabbit genotypes (Pannon Large—PL; Pannon White—PW; Pannon Ka—PK). Animals (n = 360) were housed in wire-mesh cages (3 animals/cage) in two separate controlled-temperature rooms (60 rabbits/genotype/room), from 5 to 11 weeks of age, during which they received ad libitum feed and water. Even if the three genotypes were exposed to the same environmental challenge, they exhibited different responses. The PL line showed superior performance, with the highest carcass weight and yield (p < 0.001), and the greatest water-holding capacity (p < 0.01) in the loin muscle. The PW rabbits showed the largest reduction in overall weight gain (−24.7%; p < 0.001) and the lowest decrease in feed conversion ratio (−3.20%; p < 0.001). PK rabbits experienced the greatest reduction in total dissectible fat (−34.6%; p < 0.001) and hind leg lipid content (−20.3%; p < 0.01), with the highest proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.01), which fostered meat lipid oxidation (p < 0.05). As expected, these differences in performance and meat quality traits reflected the distinct selection criteria and genetic background of these genotypes: the PL is a paternal line, the PK is a maternal line, and the PW is a productive line. Regarding the temperature effect, PK and PW genotypes were the most impacted by chronic HS: PW rabbits suffered the largest performance depression, while PK rabbits showed the worst carcass and meat quality traits. Instead, PL rabbits demonstrated the best outcomes under chronic HS, showing the greatest productive efficiency and satisfactory meat quality traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Climate Change on Animal Welfare, Health, and/or Product Quality of Livestock Species)

18 pages, 4262 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Insights into the Impact of Fermented Wheat Bran-Soybean Meal-Broussonetia papyrifera Mixture Substance on the Gut Microbiota of Late Gestation Sows In Vitro

by Lele Fu, Yushi Chen, Yantao Li and Cheng Wang

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213199 - 3 Nov 2025

Viewed by 333

Abstract

Comprehensive maternal nutritional interventions, particularly during late gestation, enhance perinatal outcomes and support long-term maternal-offspring health by modulating the microbiota. Fermented diets are recommended for inclusion in dietary guidelines during gestation, yet the specific metabolites after fermentation and their specific regulatory effects on [...] Read more.

Comprehensive maternal nutritional interventions, particularly during late gestation, enhance perinatal outcomes and support long-term maternal-offspring health by modulating the microbiota. Fermented diets are recommended for inclusion in dietary guidelines during gestation, yet the specific metabolites after fermentation and their specific regulatory effects on gut microbiota during late gestation remain unclear. This study investigates the functional benefits of a fermented wheat bran–soybean meal–Broussonetia papyrifera mixed substrate (FMS) on the late-gestation gut microbiota using an in vitro fermentation model. The FMS was first fermented for 72 h with bacterial and enzymatic agents (2% v/v), then anaerobically incubated with fecal inocula from Jinhua pigs. Fermentation significantly enhanced nutritional profiles, increasing crude protein and amino acids while reducing fiber components (neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharide, p < 0.05). Metabolome analysis revealed a significant increase in the abundance of organic acids, amino acids, and short peptides in FMS, along with the enrichment of D-amino acid and sphingolipid pathways (p < 0.05). In addition, FMS significantly increased the abundance of Limosilactobacillus and Lactobacillus, as well as short-chain fatty acids production, compared to the unfermented group (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that fermentation pretreatment reduces fiber components, enhances flavor compounds and bioactive metabolites, thereby optimizing microbial utilization and increasing short-chain fatty acids production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection The Weaned Pig: Nutrition and Management)

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15 pages, 976 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Trends in Cardiac Troponin I Concentration and Creatine Kinase and Aspartate Aminotransferase Enzyme Activity in Relation to Myocardial Velocity Rates in Eventing Horses

by Insa Rump-Dierig, Johanna Giers, Charlotte Frenzel, Sabita Stöckle and Heidrun Gehlen

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3198; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213198 - 3 Nov 2025

Viewed by 337

Abstract

This study examines seasonal changes in muscle and heart parameters in eventing horses over the course of a competition season. Blood levels of the enzymes creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as the heart muscle-specific concentration of cardiac troponin I [...] Read more.

This study examines seasonal changes in muscle and heart parameters in eventing horses over the course of a competition season. Blood levels of the enzymes creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as the heart muscle-specific concentration of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured before (pre), 30 min (p30) and 24 h (p24) after competitions. Creatine kinase (CK: median pre-competition = 175 U/L, 30 min post = 221 U/L, 24 h post = 140 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST: pre = 319 U/L, p30 = 335 U/L, p24 = 333 U/L), and cardiac troponin I concentration (cTnI: pre = 0.006 ng/mL, p30 = 0.011 ng/mL, p24 = 0.007 ng/mL) exhibited partial normalization by 24 h post-exercise but at the same time demonstrated significant seasonal variation (p < 0.001). Echocardiographic assessments revealed sustained high-level myocardial velocities, with occasional modest seasonal declines. A significant correlation was identified between cTnI levels and early diastolic myocardial velocity (Em) (Spearman’s Rho: pre-exercise 0.323, Rho p30: 0.357), whereas a negative correlation was manifest at 24 h (Spearman’s Rho = −0.300). These findings suggest a heightened sensitivity of diastolic myocardial velocity to myocardial injury. Given that diastolic dysfunction frequently constitutes an early manifestation of myocardial compromise, our results underscore the utility of biomarkers alongside myocardial velocity measures as valuable tools for the early detection of subclinical fatigue in high-performance sport horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Internal Medicine in Equids)

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