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Buildings, Volume 12, Issue 6 (June 2022) – 167 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Seismic assessment of building complexes, especially interconnected masonry buildings in historic towns, still presents challenges and is the subject of current research. The present case study shows the results of the application of dynamic testing in conjunction with an experimental survey and a subsequent computational model. In the present experience, ambient vibration testing has allowed establishing mutual constraints between a wing and the main building of the complex, thus significantly simplifying the computational modeling effort. In this sense, this methodology is deemed promising, and it is hoped that it will be further applied and assessed. View this paper
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15 pages, 1642 KiB  
Article
Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Underground Plastic Recharge Chambers in Stormwater Management
by Lisa A. Peterson, Patricia M. Gallagher and Sabrina Spatari
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060867 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2526
Abstract
Life cycle assessment is used to systematically evaluate the environmental impact of underground plastic recharge chambers (RCs) used for stormwater management. Using cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment and a functional unit of 1 m3 stormwater capacity, different RC structure types, manufacturing processes and [...] Read more.
Life cycle assessment is used to systematically evaluate the environmental impact of underground plastic recharge chambers (RCs) used for stormwater management. Using cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment and a functional unit of 1 m3 stormwater capacity, different RC structure types, manufacturing processes and materials are considered. The inventory is based on various commercially available RCs, including injection-molded or extruded polypropylene and polyvinylchloride polymers and typical installation materials and methods. A new dataset is developed to estimate the manufacture and use of recycled polypropylene granulate. TRACI 2.1 is used to investigate the midpoint life cycle impact assessment metrics, acidification, eutrophication, global warming, and fossil fuel resources. Results indicate that plastic represents as much as 99% of the total cradle-to-gate impact, driven largely by the polymer processing method. Injection molding has on average a 50% higher impact per kg of material than extrusion. Processing and transport of backfill material to the project site is approximately 20% of the total cradle-to-gate impact. The transport distance is highly significant: long transport distances can cause the transportation impact to exceed the plastic impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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20 pages, 5902 KiB  
Article
Date Palm Surface Fibers for Green Thermal Insulation
by Mohsin Raza, Hyder Al Abdallah, Ayah Abdullah and Basim Abu-Jdayil
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060866 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5843
Abstract
Some of the major challenges of the twenty-first century include the continued increase in energy consumption and environmental pollution. One approach to overcoming these challenges is to increase the use of waste materials and environmentally friendly manufacturing methods. The high energy consumption in [...] Read more.
Some of the major challenges of the twenty-first century include the continued increase in energy consumption and environmental pollution. One approach to overcoming these challenges is to increase the use of waste materials and environmentally friendly manufacturing methods. The high energy consumption in the building sector contributes significantly to global climatic changes. Here, by using date palm surface fibers, a high-performance green insulation material was developed via a simple technique that did not rely on any toxic ingredients. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as a binding agent. Four insulation samples were made, each with a different density within the range of 203 to 254 kg/m3. Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity values for these four green insulators were 0.038–0.051 W/m·K and 0.137–0.147 mm2/s, respectively. Thermal transmittance (U-value) of the four insulation composites was between 3.8–5.1 W/m2·K, which was in good comparison to other insulators of similar thickness. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that insulating sample have excellent thermal stability, with an initial degradation temperature of 282 °C, at which just 6% of its original weight is lost. Activation energy (Ea) analysis revealed the fire-retardancy and weakened combustion characteristics for the prepared insulation composite. According to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, the insulating sample has a melting point of 225 °C, which is extremely close to the melting point of the binder. The fiber-based insulating material’s composition was confirmed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The ultimate tensile range of the insulation material is 6.9–10 MPa, being a reasonable range. Our study’s findings suggest that developing insulation materials from date palm waste is a promising technique for developing green and low-cost alternatives to petroleum-based high-cost and toxic insulating materials. These insulation composites can be installed in building envelopes during construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Building Energy and Environment)
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29 pages, 8790 KiB  
Article
Optimization of On-Street Parking in the Historical Heritage Part of Lviv (Ukraine) as a Prerequisite for Designing the IoT Smart Parking System
by Chengjun Zhou, Halyna Petryshyn, Roman Liubytskyi and Orest Kochan
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060865 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2698
Abstract
The city of Lviv faces a scarcity of parking lots, especially in its central zone. A comparison of the results of the in situ studies carried out in 2016 and 2021 in the city center showed the efficiency of the planning activities, due [...] Read more.
The city of Lviv faces a scarcity of parking lots, especially in its central zone. A comparison of the results of the in situ studies carried out in 2016 and 2021 in the city center showed the efficiency of the planning activities, due to which the number of on-street parking spaces increased by 72%, whereas the amount of on-street parking spaces in prohibited areas decreased by 32%. The extremely high demand shows that parking spaces in the city center should always be charged. It is reasonable to develop and implement a smart parking system compatible with the concept of the internet of things. In this case, drivers can get a real-time map of available parking spaces. The implementation of such a system should be preceded by a reasonable organization of the on-street parking zones. The high population density of Lviv and the development of urban subcenters require the expansion of the existing parking zones not only in the historic center but also in the remote areas of the city to balance the high demand for parking spaces and to ensure the sustainable development of the whole transport system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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13 pages, 4114 KiB  
Article
Properties Evolution of Some Hydraulic Mortars Incorporating Graphene Oxides
by Popa Dorin, Prodan Doina, Varvara Simona, Popa Maria, Cuc Stanca, Sarosi Codruta, Moldovan Marioara, Ivan Raluca and Ene Razvan
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060864 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2229
Abstract
In this experimental study, the mechanical and adhesion properties of several hydraulic lime mortars incorporating graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials were evaluated. Four different composite mortar samples were prepared by adding different percentages of GO-based powders (functionalized), i.e., 1 wt.% GO, 5 wt.% GO, [...] Read more.
In this experimental study, the mechanical and adhesion properties of several hydraulic lime mortars incorporating graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials were evaluated. Four different composite mortar samples were prepared by adding different percentages of GO-based powders (functionalized), i.e., 1 wt.% GO, 5 wt.% GO, 5wt.% GO-Ag-GO-Fly ash, and 5 wt.% GO-ZnO-GO-TiO2 into the reference mortar sample. The mortar specimens were analyzed through mechanical tests, FT-IR, and SEM. The behavior of selected mortars exposed to chemical attacks was also investigated. The results indicate that the addition of the functionalized GO-based powders leads to a significant improvement in the mortar’s adhesion to the brick substrate (up to 80%) compared to the reference sample, especially in the case of the hydraulic lime mortar incorporating the mixture of GO-Ag and GO-Fly ash, which also showed good resistance to chemical attacks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative Construction and Building Materials)
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21 pages, 4032 KiB  
Article
Choices of the Critical Frequency for φ in TL-φ Algorithms When Applied to Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems
by Yu Tang, Chao Luo and Bo Fu
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060863 - 20 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1994
Abstract
TL-φ algorithms are newly developed explicit structure-dependent integration algorithms utilized for solving the temporally discretized equations of motion. In contrast to the existing algorithms, the most significant improvement of TL-φ algorithms is in diminishing the amount of period errors by introducing [...] Read more.
TL-φ algorithms are newly developed explicit structure-dependent integration algorithms utilized for solving the temporally discretized equations of motion. In contrast to the existing algorithms, the most significant improvement of TL-φ algorithms is in diminishing the amount of period errors by introducing a precorrection coefficient φ into the integration parameters of TL-φ algorithms, which is related to the critical frequency of a system. In the previous work, the fundamental frequency of the system is deemed to be the critical frequency, so that φ is a constant scaling corresponding to the fundamental frequency for both single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) and multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems. However, for a MDOF system, the first mode may not contribute to the total response more than other ones under a given external excitation, calculating φ only by the fundamental frequency will underestimate the contribution of the higher-frequency modes to structural dynamics. In this paper, choices of the critical frequency for φ when applying TL-φ algorithms to MDOF systems are investigated thoroughly. By considering the initial structural properties of the system and the frequency characteristics of the external excitation simultaneously, a calculation criterion of φ for MDOF systems under specific external excitations is proposed. Four numerical examples with different initial structure properties and loading conditions are designed, and the results demonstrate that the proposed criterion can be potentially used to solve structural dynamic problems of MDOF systems with a more desirable numerical dispersion performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Statics and Dynamics of Structures)
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12 pages, 879 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Project Space Types, Optimize Energy Performance Credit, and Project Size in LEED-NC Version 4 (v4) Projects: A Case Study
by Svetlana Pushkar
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060862 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1808
Abstract
A previous study (Pushkar 2021) showed a significant non-parametric correlation between the Optimize Energy Performance credit from the energy and atmosphere category (EAc7) and project size in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for New Construction and Major Renovations version 4 (LEED-NC v4) [...] Read more.
A previous study (Pushkar 2021) showed a significant non-parametric correlation between the Optimize Energy Performance credit from the energy and atmosphere category (EAc7) and project size in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for New Construction and Major Renovations version 4 (LEED-NC v4) office space projects. However, in such an empirical analysis, there are at least two problems: the choice between parametric and non-parametric statistics, and the choice between the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (WMW) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) non-parametric tests. This study aims to evaluate EAc7 credit achievement for different types of spaces in LEED-NC v4 projects. We show that, in order to evaluate the differences between two LEED data groups, (1) a non-parametric procedure is preferable to a parametric one, and (2) if there is Spearman’s correlation between EAc7 credit achievement and project size for the same LEED-NC v4 project, then Quade’s ANCOVA is preferable to WMW. The results of these tests show that, in two out of three cases, office space projects had better EAc7 credit achievement than higher-education spaces at the gold certification level and public assembly spaces at the silver certification level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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16 pages, 4172 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Smart Colored Windows on Visual Performance of Buildings
by Negar Heidari Matin, Ali Eydgahi and Payam Matin
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060861 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3000
Abstract
The photochromic coating is a promising smart technology that provides different optical properties in response to daylight variations. The application of photochromic coatings with various colors/shades on window glass is one of the current research approaches for finding better energy saving techniques. The [...] Read more.
The photochromic coating is a promising smart technology that provides different optical properties in response to daylight variations. The application of photochromic coatings with various colors/shades on window glass is one of the current research approaches for finding better energy saving techniques. The aim of this study was to develop a series of photochromic coatings for window glass and measure the impact of such smart technologies on occupants’ visual comfort. This paper examines the visual performance of building facades that utilize windows with different photochromic-coated glass. The visual performance data of three window types coated with nine different photochromic color shades were considered and compared to determine the best photochromic shades and window types that provide optimum visual metrics for the inside of the building. The results show that compared to no-coating glass, both the Daylight Glare Probability and the Useful Daylight Illuminance could be improved by using multi-color coatings that contain equal or different color proportions for photochromic window glass. From an energy-saving point of view, the results indicate that the windows coated with photochromic materials provide a better alternative to the no-coating window products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Circular Building Design and Construction)
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14 pages, 9240 KiB  
Article
Study of the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Different Building Envelope Exterior Surfaces
by Xiaotong Xue, Shouxu Han, Dongjun Guo, Ziwei Zhao, Bin Zhou and Fei Li
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060860 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2901
Abstract
Convective heat transfer on the exterior surface of the building envelope is an important component for building energy consumption. The calculation of energy consumption depends on the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) of the exterior surface of the envelope. The existing research does [...] Read more.
Convective heat transfer on the exterior surface of the building envelope is an important component for building energy consumption. The calculation of energy consumption depends on the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) of the exterior surface of the envelope. The existing research does not fully consider the effects of the airflow field around the building on the CHTC of different envelope exterior surfaces. In this paper, the relationships between the CHTC and influence factors were investigated for the isolated building. Response surface methodology (RSM) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were integrated with the single building simulation to build the fitting formulas. Then, the fitting correlation between CHTC and different influencing factors was validated by the heating building simulation. The results showed that the CHTC of the building exterior surface was related to the wind velocity, wind direction and temperature difference. Additionally, the fitting formulas had good accuracy in calculating the CHTC under different conditions. The SVM algorithm (averaged error: 3.34%) performed slightly better than the RSM algorithm (averaged error: 4.84%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Green Building Planning and Design)
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18 pages, 833 KiB  
Article
Concomitant Impediments to the Social Acceptance of Sandbag Technology for Sustainable and Affordable Housing Delivery: The Case of South Africa
by Johnson Adetooto and Abimbola Windapo
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060859 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4455
Abstract
There is a high level of homelessness in South Africa. Sandbag building technologies (SBTs) have been offered as economical and sustainable alternative building materials capable of speeding housing provision in South Africa. However, their degree of adoption in South Africa remains relatively low. [...] Read more.
There is a high level of homelessness in South Africa. Sandbag building technologies (SBTs) have been offered as economical and sustainable alternative building materials capable of speeding housing provision in South Africa. However, their degree of adoption in South Africa remains relatively low. Furthermore, limited research has examined the low adoption and social acceptance of SBTs, requiring thorough research. Therefore, this research investigates the key social barriers to accepting SBTs in housing provision. The study adopted a mixed method research approach that employs a comprehensive literature review in identifying 18 social barriers to using SBTs and a questionnaire survey of 228 building experts based in South Africa to obtain empirical data. The study findings indicated that the significant impediments were related to the lack of understanding of the benefits of sandbags, a lack of sandbag courses and training, and a lack of professional knowledge and skills, among others. A comparative analysis of the perceptions of the diverse categories of survey participants was conducted and discussed. This study’s evaluation of significant barriers offers government agencies and construction partners a framework to make realistic and well-informed decisions toward more sustainable and affordable housing delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Construction: Techniques, Management and Life Cycle)
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15 pages, 1094 KiB  
Review
A Critical Review of Maturity Model Development in the Digitisation Era
by Samuel Adeniyi Adekunle, Clinton Aigbavboa, Obuks Ejohwomu, Matthew Ikuabe and Babatunde Ogunbayo
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060858 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4901
Abstract
Maturity models assess the prevailing capability level and proffer the necessary capabilities for effective adoption in a systematic roadmap. This is considered essential to achieve diffusion of the emerging technologies. The paper provides a guide to maturity model development in the digitisation era. [...] Read more.
Maturity models assess the prevailing capability level and proffer the necessary capabilities for effective adoption in a systematic roadmap. This is considered essential to achieve diffusion of the emerging technologies. The paper provides a guide to maturity model development in the digitisation era. This study adopted scientometrics and meta-synthesis to critically review and provide guidance on maturity model development. Firstly, bibliographic data was collected from the Scopus database and analysed using Scientometrics. Secondly, developed BIM maturity models were critically reviewed. The study identified areas of maturity model deployment and the industries of deployment. It also identified the present areas of deployment of maturity models. The second aspect critically reviewed selected BIM maturity models through stated parameters and outlined the necessary criteria for maturity model development. Maturity model is widely adopted to achieve optimisation and proper assessment in various industries. The study identified the industries where it is deployed and identified the areas of maturity model deployment in the digitisation era. In addition, it was observed that some existing BIM maturity models do not conform to the various requirements expected of a maturity model. The study is unique in the methods adopted to achieve its results. Also, it identified the areas of maturity model deployment. The study is helpful as it provides the criteria for maturity model development hereafter, while also helping BIM users choose among the existing BIM maturity models. The study is crucial for proper maturity model development in the digitisation era. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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13 pages, 3364 KiB  
Article
Computer Vision-Based Hazard Identification of Construction Site Using Visual Relationship Detection and Ontology
by Yange Li, Han Wei, Zheng Han, Nan Jiang, Weidong Wang and Jianling Huang
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060857 - 19 Jun 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4166
Abstract
Onsite systematic monitoring benefits hazard prevention immensely. Hazard identification is usually limited due to the semantic gap. Previous studies that integrate computer vision and ontology can address the semantic gap and detect the onsite hazards. However, extracting and encoding regulatory documents in a [...] Read more.
Onsite systematic monitoring benefits hazard prevention immensely. Hazard identification is usually limited due to the semantic gap. Previous studies that integrate computer vision and ontology can address the semantic gap and detect the onsite hazards. However, extracting and encoding regulatory documents in a computer-processable format often requires manual work which is costly and time-consuming. A novel and universally applicable framework is proposed that integrates computer vision, ontology, and natural language processing to improve systematic safety management, capable of hazard prevention and elimination. Visual relationship detection based on computer vision is used to detect and predict multiple interactions between objects in images, whose relationships are then coded in a three-tuple format because it has abundant expressiveness and is computer-accessible. Subsequently, the concepts of construction safety ontology are presented to address the semantic gap. The results are subsequently recorded into the SWI Prolog, a commonly used tool to run Prolog (programming of logic), as facts and compared with triplet rules extracted from using natural language processing to indicate the potential risks in the ongoing work. The high-performance results of Recall@100 demonstrated that the chosen method can precisely predict the interactions between objects and help to improve onsite hazard identification. Full article
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20 pages, 1480 KiB  
Review
Digital Twins for Intelligent Green Buildings
by Bin Yang, Zhihan Lv and Faming Wang
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060856 - 19 Jun 2022
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 12085
Abstract
At present, the integration of green building, the intelligent building industry and high-quality development are facing a series of new opportunities and challenges. This review aims to analyze the digital development of smart green buildings to make it easier to create contiguous ecological [...] Read more.
At present, the integration of green building, the intelligent building industry and high-quality development are facing a series of new opportunities and challenges. This review aims to analyze the digital development of smart green buildings to make it easier to create contiguous ecological development areas in green ecological cities. It sorts out the main contents of Intelligent Green Buildings (IGB) and summarizes the application and role of Digital Twins (DTs) in intelligent buildings. Firstly, the basic connotations and development direction of IGB are deeply discussed, and the current realization and applications of IGB are analyzed. Then, the advantages of DTs are further investigated in the context of IGB for DT smart cities. Finally, the development trends and challenges of IGB are analyzed. After a review and research, it is found that the realization and application of IGB have been implemented, but the application of DTs remains not quite integrated into the design of IGB. Therefore, a forward-looking design is required when designing the IGBs, such as prioritizing sustainable development, people’s livelihoods and green structures. At the same time, an IGB can only show its significance after the basic process of building the application layer is performed correctly. Therefore, this review contributes to the proper integration of IGB and urban development strategies, which are crucial to encouraging the long-term development of cities, thus providing a theoretical basis and practical experience for promoting the development of smart cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Smart Cities and Smart Villages)
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16 pages, 2584 KiB  
Article
A Novel Support-Vector-Machine-Based Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm for Structural Reliability Analysis
by Yutai Yang, Weizhe Sun and Guoshao Su
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060855 - 19 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2379
Abstract
Aiming at the characteristics of high computational cost, implicit expression and high nonlinearity of performance functions corresponding to large and complex structures, this paper proposes a support-vector-machine- (SVM) based grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) for structural reliability analysis. With this method, the reliability problem [...] Read more.
Aiming at the characteristics of high computational cost, implicit expression and high nonlinearity of performance functions corresponding to large and complex structures, this paper proposes a support-vector-machine- (SVM) based grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) for structural reliability analysis. With this method, the reliability problem is transformed into an optimization problem. On the basis of using the finite element method (FEM) to generate a small number of samples, the SVM model is used to construct a surrogate model of the performance function, and an explicit expression of the implicit nonlinear performance function under the condition of small samples is realized. Then, the GOA is used to search for the most probable point (MPP), and a reasonable iterative method is constructed. The MPP information of each iteration step is used to dynamically improve the reconstruction accuracy of the surrogate model in the region that contributes most to the failure probability. Finally, with the MPP after the iteration as the sampling center, the importance sampling method (ISM) is used to further infer the structural failure probability. The feasibility of the method is verified by four numerical cases. Then, the method is applied to a long-span bridge. The results show that the method has significant advantages in computational accuracy and computational efficiency and is suitable for solving structural reliability problems of complex engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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14 pages, 1023 KiB  
Article
An Exploratory Factor Analysis for Conflict Resolution Methods among Construction Professionals
by Benjamen Sunkanmi Adeyemi and Clinton Ohis Aigbavboa
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060854 - 19 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3607
Abstract
This paper aims to evaluate various methods of resolving conflict among construction professionals (CPs) in Nigeria. A quantitative research technique was utilised. This study used well-structured questionnaires which were forwarded to numerous CPs in the Southwest of Nigeria. A total of 150 questionnaires [...] Read more.
This paper aims to evaluate various methods of resolving conflict among construction professionals (CPs) in Nigeria. A quantitative research technique was utilised. This study used well-structured questionnaires which were forwarded to numerous CPs in the Southwest of Nigeria. A total of 150 questionnaires were sent out and 135 were received back from respondents. The research revealed some major approaches to conflict resolution among the CPs, such as collaborating, accommodating, negotiating, compromising, mediating, arbitrating, mediating-arbitrating, contending, obliging, early neutral evaluation and avoiding. This study is limited to construction professionals (CPs) that are members of Nigerian professional bodies and just 135 respondents took part in the survey. This study recommends that further studies should use other analysis methods to assess conflict resolution techniques among the CPs. The results from this study will enhance the knowledge of CPs in Nigeria of numerous methods of resolving conflict. Furthermore, the outcomes will help CPs make use of collaborating and accommodating in settling conflict within their individual professional bodies. Previous studies on conflict resolution methods only concentrated on contractors and consultants in construction projects but this present study contributes to the body of knowledge by assessing conflict resolution methods among CPs within their individual professional bodies. Additionally, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) utilised in this study is novel since previous studies have not employed this analysis method. Therefore, it is recommended that CPs should be collaborating with one another in order to solidify their relationship and enhance their performance within their professional bodies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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18 pages, 5842 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Flood Intrusion Process under Malfunction of Flood Retaining Facilities in Complex Subway Stations
by Zhiyu Lin, Shengbin Hu, Tianzhong Zhou, Youxin Zhong, Ye Zhu, Lei Shi and Hang Lin
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060853 - 19 Jun 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3251
Abstract
In recent years, heavy rain and waterlogging accidents in subway stations have occurred many times around the world. With the comprehensive development trend of underground space, the accidents caused by flood flow intruding complex subway stations and other underground complexes in extreme precipitation [...] Read more.
In recent years, heavy rain and waterlogging accidents in subway stations have occurred many times around the world. With the comprehensive development trend of underground space, the accidents caused by flood flow intruding complex subway stations and other underground complexes in extreme precipitation disasters will be lead to more serious casualties and property damage. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct numerical simulation of flood intrusion process under malfunction of flood retaining facilities in complex subway stations. In order to prevent floods from intruding subway stations and explore coping strategies, in this study, the simulation method was used to study the entire process of flood intrusion into complex subway stations when the flood retaining facilities fail in extreme rain and flood disasters that occur once-in-a-century. The three-dimensional numerical simulation model was constructed by taking a subway interchange station with a property development floor in Nanning as a prototype. Based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model method, the inundated area in the subway station during the process of flood intrusion from the beginning to the basic stability was simulated, and it was found that the property development floor has serious large-scale water accumulation under extreme rainfall conditions. Through the dynamic monitoring of the flood water level depth at important positions such as the entrances of the evacuation passages, and the analysis of the influence of the design structure and location distribution of different passages on the personnel evacuation plan, it was found that the deep water accumulation at the entrances of the narrow, long, and multi-run emergency safety passages are not conducive to the evacuation of personnel. Finally, the flow of flood water into the subway tunnel through the subway station was calculated. The research results provide certain reference and guidance for the safety design of subway stations under extreme rainfall climatic conditions. Full article
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25 pages, 5579 KiB  
Article
Linking BIM to Power BI and HoloLens 2 to Support Facility Management: A Case Study Approach
by Ashit Harode, Mahnaz Ensafi and Walid Thabet
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060852 - 18 Jun 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5137
Abstract
Facility lifecycle data captured in BIM during design and construction are very valuable for effective facility operations and maintenance. Traditionally, model authoring and analysis tools have been used to search and query model information. These tools are not well designed to search and [...] Read more.
Facility lifecycle data captured in BIM during design and construction are very valuable for effective facility operations and maintenance. Traditionally, model authoring and analysis tools have been used to search and query model information. These tools are not well designed to search and display needed data and they require a steep learning curve. In this paper, the authors propose the use of Power BI dashboards to facilitate easy access and display of lifecycle data embedded in the model. The implementation and use of dashboards for facility management are discussed using a case study. The effectiveness and usability of the dashboards are validated using a focus group of six industry experts that were first interviewed then asked to complete a questionnaire. Feedback from interviews indicated that customized dashboards are effective tools to view, analyze and draw insights on data from various sources and can improve facility operations and management. Numerical results from the PSSUQ using fourteen questions indicated positive responses overall with an average score of four or five from the majority of respondents. Finally, the authors tested integration of the Power BI dashboards with the HoloLens 2 to deliver relevant up-to-date facility lifecycle data in near real-time to field staff. Full article
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17 pages, 4614 KiB  
Article
Axial Load Enhancement of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LAC) Using Environmentally Sustainable Composites
by Suniti Suparp, Nazam Ali, Ahmed W. Al Zand, Krisada Chaiyasarn, Muhammad Usman Rashid, Ekkachai Yooprasertchai, Qudeer Hussain and Panuwat Joyklad
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060851 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2241
Abstract
Salient features of lightweight aggregate concrete (LAC) include noticeable fire resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, and low magnitude of dead loads. Further, LAC has a low cost, eases construction practices, and possesses an environment-friendly nature. On the downside, LAC has substandard mechanical properties in [...] Read more.
Salient features of lightweight aggregate concrete (LAC) include noticeable fire resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, and low magnitude of dead loads. Further, LAC has a low cost, eases construction practices, and possesses an environment-friendly nature. On the downside, LAC has substandard mechanical properties in comparison to normal aggregate concrete. Natural fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have shown their potential in ameliorating the mechanical properties of natural aggregate concrete. So far, no study has been conducted to assess the efficacy of hemp rope confinement to strengthen lightweight aggregate concrete especially comprising rectilinear sections. This study aimed to overcome the substandard nature of LAC. A low-cost, sustainable, and environmentally green solution in the form of natural hemp rope layers is proposed. Twenty-four square concrete specimens were tested in three groups depending upon the presence and quantity of lightweight aggregates. It was found that concrete constructed with lightweight aggregates demonstrated lower ultimate compressive strength and strain as compared to normal aggregate concrete. Hemp rope-confined LAC showed enhanced ultimate compressive strength and strain. This enhancement was found to increase with the number of hemp rope layers. Several existing ultimate stress models were assessed to predict the ultimate compressive strength of the hemp rope-confined specimens. Only a single model was able to predict the ultimate compressive strength of the hemp rope-confined specimens with reasonable accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength and Performance of Building Materials)
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26 pages, 13910 KiB  
Article
Modelling of Cyclic Load Behaviour of Smart Composite Steel-Concrete Shear Wall Using Finite Element Analysis
by Hadee Mohammed Najm, Amer M. Ibrahim, Mohanad Muayad Sabri, Amer Hassan, Samadhan Morkhade, Nuha S. Mashaan, Moutaz Mustafa A. Eldirderi and Khaled Mohamed Khedher
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060850 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2672
Abstract
In recent years, steel-concrete composite shear walls have been widely used in enormous high-rise buildings. Due to their high strength and ductility, enhanced stiffness, stable cycle characteristics and large energy absorption, such walls can be adopted in auxiliary buildings, surrounding the reactor containment [...] Read more.
In recent years, steel-concrete composite shear walls have been widely used in enormous high-rise buildings. Due to their high strength and ductility, enhanced stiffness, stable cycle characteristics and large energy absorption, such walls can be adopted in auxiliary buildings, surrounding the reactor containment structure of nuclear power plants to resist lateral forces induced by heavy winds and severe earthquakes. The current study aims to investigate the seismic behaviour of composite shear walls and evaluate their performance in comparison with traditional reinforced concrete (RC) walls when subjected to cyclic loading. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed using ANSYS by emphasising constitutive material modelling and element type to represent the real physical behaviour of complex shear wall structures. The analysis escalates with parametric variation in reinforcement ratio, compressive strength of the concrete wall, layout of shear stud and yield stress of infill steel plate. The modelling details of structural components, contact conditions between steel and concrete, associated boundary conditions and constitutive relationships for the cyclic loading are explained. The findings of this study showed that an up to 3.5% increase in the reinforcement ratio enhanced the ductility and energy absorption with a ratio of 37% and 38%, respectively. Moreover, increasing the concrete strength up to 55 MPa enhanced the ductility and energy absorption with ratios of 51% and 38%, respectively. Thus, this improves the contribution of concrete strength, while increasing the yield stress of steel plate (to 380 MPa) enhanced the ductility (by a ratio of 66%) compared with the reference model. The present numerical research shows that the compressive strength of the concrete wall, reinforcement ratio, layout of shear stud and yield stress of infill steel plate significantly affect ductility and energy absorption. Moreover, this offers a possibility for improving the shear wall’s capacity, which is more important. Full article
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14 pages, 636 KiB  
Article
Critical Factors Influencing the Performance of Highway Projects: An Empirical Evaluation
by Shumank Deep, Shankar Banerjee, Saurav Dixit and Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060849 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 4956
Abstract
Highway construction projects have always suffered from cost overruns due to extended project delivery, causing a loss of public funds. Since highways are the backbone of a nation, the purpose of this study is to measure the criticality of the factors that influence [...] Read more.
Highway construction projects have always suffered from cost overruns due to extended project delivery, causing a loss of public funds. Since highways are the backbone of a nation, the purpose of this study is to measure the criticality of the factors that influence the performance of highway projects. A survey instrument was prepared and distributed to 185 project managers. To achieve the aim of the study, exploratory factor analysis was used and the standard factor loading was the criteria to measure the criticality. From the analysis, it was identified that the factors were grouped under four categories: (a) Execution constraints (b) Operational factors, (c) Stakeholder and political constraints, (d) Design Constraints. Further, it was concluded that the complexity of the sub-contractor’s performance, frequent modification in alignment, project design, loopholes in safety, and ambiguities in specifications are the main factors that impact the performance of highway projects. Therefore, it was recommended to develop an efficient project planning methodology which is a continuum of project management skills and tacit knowledge of managing a site which operates efficiently. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Buildings, Infrastructure and SDGs 2030)
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12 pages, 3627 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Study on Rapid Evacuation Characteristics of Staircases in Campus Buildings
by Qian Zhang, Fei Yu, Shan Gao, Chen Chang and Xusheng Zhang
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060848 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2456
Abstract
In this work, we conducted downward evacuation experiments in four types of staircases under various smoke visibility conditions of the naked eye, wearing sunglass and wearing eyeshades. Ten male and ten female college students were recruited to conduct the evacuation as a single [...] Read more.
In this work, we conducted downward evacuation experiments in four types of staircases under various smoke visibility conditions of the naked eye, wearing sunglass and wearing eyeshades. Ten male and ten female college students were recruited to conduct the evacuation as a single male, single female, two males supporting one another, two females supporting one another and one male carrying another on his back. The evacuation time on each floor was recorded. The corresponding evacuation models were established by Pathfinder and verified against the test data. The effects of evacuation crowd density and response time considering gender factors on the evacuation time were simulated using the models. The results show that under the experimental condition of low visibility, the curve of evacuation time presents a stable state, whose change with the increase in the floors is not obvious. The increase in the evacuation time under different visibility indicates that males have better adaptability to the environment than females. The curves of SSP (straight running stairs with platform) and DSS (double split parallel stairs) are smoother than those of DPS (double running parallel stairs) and CS (corner stairs), indicating less pressure and less congestion during evacuation. During the emergency evacuation, the crowd pressure on the platform of the staircases is small. The front section of the flight and the corner part of the staircases are prone to congestion during evacuation. Under the influence of gender factors, since the response time of males is longer than that of females, the smaller the proportion of males, the smaller the time growth rate considering the reaction time. With the increase in crowd density, the effect of response time on total evacuation time becomes smaller. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Resiliency of Building Materials and Structures)
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24 pages, 19260 KiB  
Article
Design and Experimental Analysis of Connections for a Panelized Wood Frame Roof System
by Md Saiful Islam, Ying Hei Chui and Mohammed Sadiq Altaf
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060847 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3479
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the short-term mechanical performance of timber screw connections comprising two types of fasteners suitable for a novel panelized roof design process. Thirty-seven specimens of five different connection configurations were tested under quasi-static monotonic [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the short-term mechanical performance of timber screw connections comprising two types of fasteners suitable for a novel panelized roof design process. Thirty-seven specimens of five different connection configurations were tested under quasi-static monotonic loading. The main objective of this study is to provide a preliminary assessment of connection capacity that is key to the successful implementation of a proposed panelized roof design method. It also provides the basis to assist in the development of a numerical model of the novel roof assembly. Additionally, the experimental data are used to check the validity of existing analytical approaches for predicting the strengths of screwed connections comprising engineered wood members. The validation exercise shows that available analytical models can be used to predict the connection capacity of the novel panelized roof. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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25 pages, 4848 KiB  
Perspective
Position Paper Introducing a Sustainable, Universal Approach to Retrofitting Residential Buildings
by Małgorzata Fedorczak-Cisak, Mark Bomberg, David W. Yarbrough, Lowell E. Lingo and Anna Romanska-Zapala
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060846 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
Protests during the 2021 Climate Conference in Glasgow exemplified our dilemma. The establishment perpetuates old thinking, while young people demand a new approach to mitigate the impact of climate change. The authors agree with the young people, and as a solution we propose [...] Read more.
Protests during the 2021 Climate Conference in Glasgow exemplified our dilemma. The establishment perpetuates old thinking, while young people demand a new approach to mitigate the impact of climate change. The authors agree with the young people, and as a solution we propose to replace the current fragmentary approach with a new holistic one. The passive house approach that was conceptualized by the University of Illinois and built in Canada in 1977 showed us that energy consumption can be reduced about half of that used in the traditional design. Seventeen years later, a European passive house was built in Darmstadt. In 2008, a demonstration house in Syracuse, NY, showed that integrated passive measures produced energy use by about half of the NY state code for 2004. At the same time, some advanced houses in the USA showed total energy use of about 70 kWh/(m2∙y). In 2008, at the first Building Enclosure Science and Technology Conference, two equally important objectives for 2030 were proposed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: (1) a 90% reduction of energy use in new buildings and (2) 50% for the retrofitting of existing buildings, i.e., to the level achieved in the 1980s. The first objective has recently been achieved in small buildings while the large residential buildings remain on the level obtained in the 2000s. Yet, the retrofitting of existing buildings (the second objective) has been a dismal failure. This paper acknowledges progress in hydronic heating and cooling involving electric heat pumps and hybrid solar panels, building automatics used for operation of HVAC, and modification of air distribution systems that comes from experience with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Furthermore, it highlights that to accelerate energy efficiency and carbon emission reductions, there must be broad public-private educational programs with demonstrations of a new generation of retrofitting. Economically and ecologically retrofitted buildings will create a new approach to real estate investment. Full article
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28 pages, 5503 KiB  
Article
Seismic Resilience Assessment in Optimally Integrated Retrofitting of Existing School Buildings in Italy
by Wilson Wladimir Carofilis Gallo, Nicholas Clemett, Giammaria Gabbianelli, Gerard O’Reilly and Ricardo Monteiro
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060845 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4918
Abstract
Modern society requires that structures exhibit greater levels of resilience, especially under earthquakes. The seismic resilience of buildings is thus gaining increased attention as a particular, beyond-code approach. Seismically retrofitted buildings behave satisfactorily under expected earthquake scenarios; however, this does not guarantee operativity [...] Read more.
Modern society requires that structures exhibit greater levels of resilience, especially under earthquakes. The seismic resilience of buildings is thus gaining increased attention as a particular, beyond-code approach. Seismically retrofitted buildings behave satisfactorily under expected earthquake scenarios; however, this does not guarantee operativity after a seismic event. This study critically reviews several methods currently available in the literature that quantify the seismic resilience level of buildings from different perspectives. An existing reinforced concrete school building, retrofitted according to four distinct strategies, is first evaluated in terms of seismic resilience levels. The overview and critical analysis of available resilience assessment frameworks determine the most suitable parameters to measure the seismic resilience for buildings. Subsequently, this metric is incorporated as an additional decision variable into an integrated seismic and energy retrofitting set of strategies. A multicriteria decision-making analysis is performed to select the optimally combined seismic and energy retrofitting alternative under social, technical, environmental evaluation, and seismic resilience aspects. We show how resilience impacts the preference for integrated seismic and energy retrofitting strategies, especially when this metric is considered as an annualized expected value. Full article
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27 pages, 13428 KiB  
Article
Scientific Landscape of Embodied Experience in the Virtual Environment: A Bibliometric Analysis
by Sanghee Lee and Eun Joo Park
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060844 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3185
Abstract
The realm of architecture has been influenced by the expansion in virtual environments (VEs), along with Industry 4.0 technologies transforming human–VE interactions. Despite increasing scholarly interest in embodied experience-integrated VE, there have been few comprehensive literature reviews undertaken on VEs from a holistic [...] Read more.
The realm of architecture has been influenced by the expansion in virtual environments (VEs), along with Industry 4.0 technologies transforming human–VE interactions. Despite increasing scholarly interest in embodied experience-integrated VE, there have been few comprehensive literature reviews undertaken on VEs from a holistic experience perspective. Therefore, this article reviews the literature on the embodied experiential dimension of VEs that has become necessary to adapt theories and methodologies in a way that enhances the user experience in a VE. This study employs a bibliometric analysis to review research performance and undertake a science mapping of the literature. The 969 pieces of data retrieved from Web of Science were subjected to a performance analysis, and VOSviewer was used to visualize the intellectual structure and research themes. The results of this study emphasize the strength and growing interest in VEs from the embodied experience perspective. Another significant finding is that VE experience studies are mostly based on embodied technologies. In this paper, the results of analyses are discussed in terms of productivity, collaboration, and research themes for future. This study contributes to the literature by providing a significant theoretical reference for the potential of the embodied experience in VE research, which will mostly attract the interest of architectural design researchers. Full article
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37 pages, 11421 KiB  
Review
Application of Nondestructive Testing Technology in Quality Evaluation of Plain Concrete and RC Structures in Bridge Engineering: A Review
by Yuanxun Zheng, Shaoqiang Wang, Peng Zhang, Tongxin Xu and Jingbo Zhuo
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060843 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5243
Abstract
The development and application of nondestructive testing technology for prestressed reinforced concrete structures in the field of infrastructure construction were summarized in this study via the analysis of relevant literature worldwide. The detection methods, detection principles, and detection instruments in quality evaluation of [...] Read more.
The development and application of nondestructive testing technology for prestressed reinforced concrete structures in the field of infrastructure construction were summarized in this study via the analysis of relevant literature worldwide. The detection methods, detection principles, and detection instruments in quality evaluation of prestressed reinforced concrete structures were analyzed and compared, based on which, acoustic emission detection technology, impact echo detection technology, ultrasonic detection technology, infrared thermography detection technology, ground-penetrating radar detection technology, piezoelectric transducer detection technology, and X-ray detection technology were summarized. Additionally, the advantages, disadvantages, and application scope of each detection method were focused upon and analyzed comparatively. It is indicated that further improvement in the detection visualization, accuracy, and efficiency for most nondestructive testing technologies is available by optimizing the algorithm and combining artificial intelligence technology with neural network deep learning, precise positioning, and imaging analysis of the quality defects in prestressed reinforced concrete structures. The results of this study can provide technical reference for the further application and research of nondestructive testing technologies in the quality inspection of prestressed reinforced concrete structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in NDT: Theories, Techniques, and Engineering Applications)
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23 pages, 3974 KiB  
Article
Development of Exclusive Seismic Fragility Curves for Critical Infrastructure: An Oil Pumping Station Case Study
by Alon Urlainis and Igal M. Shohet
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060842 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2808
Abstract
Fragility curves are a common tool to appraise the expected damage to critical infrastructure (CI) after an earthquake event. Previous studies offer fragility curve parameters for CI that are suitable for a vast range of systems, without an in-depth examination of the system [...] Read more.
Fragility curves are a common tool to appraise the expected damage to critical infrastructure (CI) after an earthquake event. Previous studies offer fragility curve parameters for CI that are suitable for a vast range of systems, without an in-depth examination of the system architecture and subcomponents. These curves are applicable in cases where a thorough analysis is not required or when the information related to a single system is poor. This paper proposes an original approach and presents a comprehensive methodology for developing exclusive fragility curves for critical infrastructure systems. In the proposed methodology, the fragility curves are developed by a decomposition of the system into its main subcomponents and determination of the failure mechanisms. The derivation of the fragility parameters includes failure analysis for each damage state by a Fault Tree Analysis and approximation of the fragility parameters in accordance with the rate of exceedance. The implementation of the methodology is demonstrated by a case study with three alternatives of an oil pumping plant configuration. It was found that a change of a subcomponent has an effect on the derived values of the fragility parameters. Moreover, the variances in the fragility parameters have implications for the effectiveness of each alternative to resist different levels of severity. Full article
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28 pages, 6747 KiB  
Article
Predicting Construction Workers’ Intentions to Engage in Unsafe Behaviours Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Taxonomy of Personality
by Yifan Gao, Vicente A. González, Tak Wing Yiu, Guillermo Cabrera-Guerrero and Ruiqi Deng
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060841 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2744
Abstract
Dynamic environmental circumstances can sometimes be incompatible with proactive human intentions of being safe, leading individuals to take unintended risks. Behaviour predictions, as performed in previous studies, are found to involve environmental circumstances as predictors, which might thereby result in biased safety conclusions [...] Read more.
Dynamic environmental circumstances can sometimes be incompatible with proactive human intentions of being safe, leading individuals to take unintended risks. Behaviour predictions, as performed in previous studies, are found to involve environmental circumstances as predictors, which might thereby result in biased safety conclusions about individuals’ inner intentions to engage in unsafe behaviours. This research calls attention to relatively less-understood worker intentions and provides a machine learning (ML) approach to help understand workers’ intentions to engage in unsafe behaviours based on the workers’ inner drives, i.e., personality. Personality is consistent across circumstances and allows insight into one’s intentions. To mathematically develop the approach, data on personality and behavioural intentions was collected from 268 workers. Five ML architectures—backpropagation neural network (BP-NN), decision tree, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbours, and multivariate linear regression—were used to capture the predictive relationship. The results showed that BP-NN outperformed other algorithms, yielding minimal prediction loss, and was determined to be the best approach. The approach can generate quantifiable predictions to understand the extent of workers’ inner intentions to engage in unsafe behaviours. Such knowledge is useful for understanding undesirable aspects in different workers in order to recommend suitable preventive strategies for workers with different needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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12 pages, 4251 KiB  
Article
Experimental Evaluation of Brick Masonry Walls Strengthened with TRM (Textile Reinforced Mortar) Renders
by Ana Isabel Marques, João Gomes Ferreira, Paulo Candeias and Maria do Rosário Veiga
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060840 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2144
Abstract
Old masonry buildings, which are frequently part of the cities-built heritage, are vulnerable to seismic actions. Thus, it is important to conduct efficient seismic strengthening interventions that allow maintenance of the existing building to minimize the environmental and economic impact. The use of [...] Read more.
Old masonry buildings, which are frequently part of the cities-built heritage, are vulnerable to seismic actions. Thus, it is important to conduct efficient seismic strengthening interventions that allow maintenance of the existing building to minimize the environmental and economic impact. The use of reinforced renders is a simple and effective solution for seismic strengthening of this type of constructions. In this paper, several compositions of reinforced renders are analyzed, consisting of mortars with air lime, hydraulic lime, or cement binders, reinforced with steel mesh, fiberglass mesh and a natural fiber mesh. Additionally, the results of diagonal compression tests on three small wall specimens are presented, one of which is non-reinforced and the other two are strengthened with reinforced renders. The results of all tested walls are presented and compared, allowing us to evaluate the efficiency of the reinforced render on the wall shear strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Green and Sustainable Building Materials)
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22 pages, 628 KiB  
Article
What Are the Readability Issues in Sub-Contracting’s Tender Documents?
by Ahmed Yousry Akal
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060839 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2968
Abstract
Readability is an important aspect that each sub-contracting’s tender documentation should have in order to ensure commonality in the interpretation of its terms by the general contractor and sub-contractor. Otherwise, their contractual relationship is fueled by conflict. Previous studies indicated that the documents [...] Read more.
Readability is an important aspect that each sub-contracting’s tender documentation should have in order to ensure commonality in the interpretation of its terms by the general contractor and sub-contractor. Otherwise, their contractual relationship is fueled by conflict. Previous studies indicated that the documents provided to the sub-contractors in practice are often not easy to read; the reason behind this problem has not been explored yet. This paper bridges this gap by defining 14 readability issues, following a systematic content analysis of real documents of 34 tenders of the sub-contracting arrangement. Further, it introduces a framework of the anti-measures of the specified issues through examining the readability-associated literature. The research’s chief finding is that 8 out of the 14 readability issues are responsible for 73.1184% of the ease-of-reading problems in the sub-contracting’s tender documentation. These readability issues are as follows: poor presentation of the format of the tender documentation, sentences and clauses are too long and complicated, spelling and grammatical errors, abstractness or vagueness of words or sentences, using controversial phrases, repetition of provisions or clauses, poor illustration of procedure or process, and listing of irrelevant conditions to the tender scope. The study also, while discussing the readability issues, categorizes them into four pivots, including structural and presentation-related problems, lengthening and repetition-related problems, text-related problems, and terminology-related problems. To date, it is believed that such classification has not been realized in any of the prior literature. These results have implications that can benefit drafters by enabling them to know the possible dimensions of the readability problems and their countermeasures concerning the sub-contracting’s tender documents for up-skilling their drafting style when formulating such documentation in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Construction and Project Management)
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21 pages, 12349 KiB  
Article
Research on a Commercial Building Space Traffic Flow Design Based on Post-Occupancy Evaluation
by Yitong Zhu, Wenzhen Huang and Linhui Hu
Buildings 2022, 12(6), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060838 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7041
Abstract
The aim of traffic flow design in commercial building space planning is to create a comfortable, easily accessible, and identifiable spatial structure in a complex and changeable business environment. However, modern commercial building spaces often appear to be inconsistent with the usage requirements [...] Read more.
The aim of traffic flow design in commercial building space planning is to create a comfortable, easily accessible, and identifiable spatial structure in a complex and changeable business environment. However, modern commercial building spaces often appear to be inconsistent with the usage requirements after they are put into use. To understand the real experience evaluation of users, this study selects the commercial project “Guangzhou Nanpu Times Commercial Building Space” as its subject. Based on post-occupancy evaluation (POE), this study uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to construct an evaluation index system of commercial building space traffic flow. The weights and satisfaction scores of the indexes are calculated through expert interviews and questionnaires to analyze the evaluation and reasons for the commercial building space traffic flow design after using the facilities. We thereby obtain the design points of commercial building space traffic flow to provide a scientific, reasonable, and practical basis for the subsequent design of the same type of traffic flow to drive the prosperity and development of commerce. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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