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Laws, Volume 14, Issue 6

2025 December - 21 articles

Cover Story: Governments continue exploring ways to externalise their border controls to deter travel to their shores. States use such measures to reduce responsibility and avoid legal obligations through distance-creation, a form of ‘irresponsibilisation’. They argue that extraterritorial controls do not trigger obligations under international refugee or human rights law. If true, this would create accountability gaps, allowing states to evade duties by cooperating with others or offshoring processes. This paper disputes that view, introducing a ‘responsibility spectrum’ for externalised controls, especially offshore processing and returns. It shows that responsibility can arise for breaches of negative obligations, aiding another state, or violating positive duties, and that international law will still hold governments accountable for any breaches they facilitate. View this paper
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Articles (21)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,279 Views
33 Pages

Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Criminal Procedure Law and Practice in Kazakhstan

  • Gulzhan Nusupzhanovna Mukhamadieva,
  • Akynkozha Kalenovich Zhanibekov,
  • Nurdaulet Mukhamediyaruly Apsimet and
  • Yerbol Temirkhanovich Alimkulov

12 December 2025

Legal regulation and practical implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Kazakhstan’s criminal procedure are considered within the context of judicial digital transformation. Risks arise for fundamental procedural principles, including...

  • Article
  • Open Access
602 Views
22 Pages

10 December 2025

This article examines the persistent legal invisibility of the Kashmiri Pandits within international frameworks on indigenous rights and internal displacement. Despite meeting definitional criteria under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
991 Views
21 Pages

1 December 2025

As Albania aspires to join the EU by 2030, harmonisation of existing and future legislation and ensuring proper implementation remain the main priorities. Several working groups have been established to deal with harmonisation and enforcement. Althou...

  • Article
  • Open Access
604 Views
21 Pages

An Exploratory Study on Application of Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Guidelines in Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria

  • Osita Kingsley Odo,
  • Stephen Meyers,
  • Lilian Ebere Anazube,
  • Ijeoma J. Ogu and
  • Ijeoma Igwe

30 November 2025

Persons with disabilities (PWDs) face disproportionate risks during humanitarian crises, yet their inclusion in aid delivery remains limited. To address this, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) introduced the Guidelines on the Inclusion of Pe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,169 Views
20 Pages

Law Enforcement on Misuse of Social Assistance Funds: A Legal Sociology Perspective

  • Wiwie Heryani,
  • Ratnawati Ratnawati,
  • Maskun Maskun,
  • Amaliyah Amaliyah,
  • Andi Muhammad Aswin Anas,
  • Muhammad Hasrul,
  • Asmunandar Asmunandar,
  • Muhammad Surya Gemilang and
  • Wafiq Azizah

30 November 2025

Social assistance is one of the primary programs organized in developing countries in a bid to reduce poverty. In Indonesia, the government has allocated IDR 152 trillion toward poverty alleviation. However, the persistent misuse of social assistance...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,386 Views
24 Pages

28 November 2025

The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) sets target-based and actionable commitments for the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to facilitate its implementation. It is a strategic document that guides globa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,240 Views
40 Pages

27 November 2025

Article 43(2) of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions defines combatants but does not specify that they must be human. Bundle Theory, which views identity as a collection of rights and duties, suggests that legal personhood is unnecessary...

  • Article
  • Open Access
910 Views
29 Pages

26 November 2025

This article presents the first systematic, empirical mapping of explicit references to religion in Australian federal legislation. Drawing on a dataset of 288 statutes in force as of March 2024, the analysis employs a dictionary of 71 religious term...

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Laws - ISSN 2075-471X