Sports

17 pages, 1844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuromuscular Responses to 5 K Time Trial Load Carried by Spanish Army Marines

by Beltrán Cáceres-Diego, Pedro E. Alcaraz and Cristian Marín-Pagán

Sports 2025, 13(4), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040129 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 190

One of the physical requirements for marines involves covering a specific distance while carrying individual combat gear, supplies, or other military equipment across challenging terrain. Training for this physically and mentally demanding task is a routine component of their preparation. However, further research [...] Read more.

One of the physical requirements for marines involves covering a specific distance while carrying individual combat gear, supplies, or other military equipment across challenging terrain. Training for this physically and mentally demanding task is a routine component of their preparation. However, further research is needed to better understand the neuromuscular impact of such demanding efforts, strenuous maneuvers, and the recovery process in the subsequent days. Twenty-nine marines completed a 5 km time trial while carrying 24 kg of combat gear, undergoing evaluations at four time points: pre exercise, immediately post exercise, 24 h post exercise, and 48 h post exercise. Repeated measures ANOVA, paired samples t-test, and effect size (ES) analysis were conducted, presenting the results as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Several variables and their corresponding p-values demonstrated changes over time, including the following: the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (p = 0.001); countermovement jump height (VJ CMJ) (p ≤ 0.001); rating of fatigue scale (ROF) (p ≤ 0.001); blood lactate (BL) levels (p ≤ 0.001); maximum pull-ups (PUmax) (p ≤ 0.001); body mass (BM) (p ≤ 0.001); dominant hand grip strength (DHGS) (p = 0.406); and non-dominant hand grip strength (NDHGS) (p = 0.805). Incident reports and perceived effort (IRPE) revealed a progressive and significant increase between the first and last kilometer of the test, specifically in perceived variables of fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, excessive sweating, and muscle tremors (all p ≤ 0.001). These findings may contribute to optimizing training programs to better align with operational demands, thereby improving task performance and overall mission effectiveness. In conclusion, the military test had a significant neuromuscular impact on the body, initially resulting in the potentiation of absolute global isometric strength and lower-limb power. However, these values declined below the baseline levels at 24 and 48 h post test. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure A1

15 pages, 1578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Perception of Effort as a Basis for Improving Physical Efficacy and Efficiency in Italian Military School Students

by Gabriele Signorini, Raffaele Scurati, Andrea Bosio, Maurizio Pizzoli, Angelo Pagano, Gaetano Raiola and Pietro Luigi Invernizzi

Sports 2025, 13(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040128 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 166

Abstract

Military schools primarily aim to prepare young people for the admission procedures of military academies. In this specific environment, the high overall load can generate burnout in cadets and the consequent failure to achieve scholastic and military objectives. The present study investigated how [...] Read more.

Military schools primarily aim to prepare young people for the admission procedures of military academies. In this specific environment, the high overall load can generate burnout in cadets and the consequent failure to achieve scholastic and military objectives. The present study investigated how a training protocol based entirely on internal load and a reflective approach in a military-type school context affects participants’ physical efficacy, efficiency, and psychological outcomes. For this study, 63 cadets who were 17 years old from an Italian military school were recruited. Twenty-two of them were allocated into a control group (CG), twenty-one were allocated into a group exercising based on external load (EG), and twenty we allocated into a group exercising based on internal load (IG). All groups performed tests of physical efficacy (maximal tests) and physical efficiency (self-perception-based submaximal test) and answered psychological questionnaires to assess motivation, self-efficacy, and enjoyment. Group participants attended eight weeks of interventions in which physical education lessons were led as follows: the EG performed a circuit training at 50% of maximal repetitions, the IG performed a circuit training at value six on Borg’s scale, and the CG attended curricular physical education lessons. Tests were then repeated. The IG increased physical efficacy more than the EG and CG, while only the IG increased physical efficiency. The IG and EG improved in psychological variables more than the CG. Education in self-perception and self-regulation could help cadets better manage their psychophysical status, allowing them to reach the physical demands for academic admission. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peer Violence in Youth Sport: Do Age, Year of Training, and Type of Sport Affect Outcomes?

by Brigita Banjac, Ivana M. Milovanovic, Radenko M. Matic, Stevo Popovic, Zeljka Bojanic, Emanuele Isidori and Patrik Drid

Sports 2025, 13(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040127 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 220

Abstract

Background: In sports and physical activities, destructive behaviors such as aggression and violence are not uncommon. Although sports and physical activities have many benefits, they can also have negative consequences. This study aimed to investigate the factors that can contribute to the manifestation [...] Read more.

Background: In sports and physical activities, destructive behaviors such as aggression and violence are not uncommon. Although sports and physical activities have many benefits, they can also have negative consequences. This study aimed to investigate the factors that can contribute to the manifestation of aggression and interpersonal violence (IV). The variables incorporated were the athletes’ age, sports experience (training years), and type of sport. Methods: This study included n = 2091 youth athletes (aged between 11 and 18 years) from Serbia, with a cross-sectional study design. The data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-square and Mann–Whitney U tests in IBM SPSS. Results: The athletes’ ages and the types of sports (collective and contact) in which they participated are associated with aggression and IV manifestation. In addition, physical violence tends to be more common among older athletes in collective and contact sports, while psychological violence is more prevalent among older athletes who train for five or more years and participate in collective and non-contact sports. Conclusions: Identifying some of the correlated factors in aggression and IV manifestation among youth athletes could help in the development of strategies to reduce these destructive behaviors in youth sports. Full article

20 pages, 750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Training Considerations for Futsal Players According to Strength and Conditioning Coaches: A Qualitative Study

by Rafael Albalad-Aiguabella, David Navarrete-Villanueva, Elena Mainer-Pardos, Oscar Villanueva-Guerrero, Borja Muniz-Pardos and Germán Vicente-Rodríguez

Sports 2025, 13(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040126 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 344

Abstract

The professionalization of futsal requires greater physical demands on players, requiring strength and conditioning coaches to manage loads, optimize performance, and prevent injuries. This study aimed to describe the current practices of high-level strength and conditioning coaches and determine the elements needed to [...] Read more.

The professionalization of futsal requires greater physical demands on players, requiring strength and conditioning coaches to manage loads, optimize performance, and prevent injuries. This study aimed to describe the current practices of high-level strength and conditioning coaches and determine the elements needed to optimize their performance. Two video-recorded focus groups consisting of eight strength and conditioning coaches from the Spanish futsal league’s first and second divisions were transcribed, translated, and analyzed using a content analysis approach with open-ended questions on physical preparation and current practices. Results showed that strength and conditioning coaches prioritized five main areas: (1) competitive demands, (2) training load control and monitoring, (3) injury risk mitigation strategies, (4) contextual factors and interpersonal relationships, and (5) training methodologies to optimize performance. However, they also claim to deal with several limitations such as lack of time, limited resources and access to facilities, insufficient staff, problems related to combining sport with other activities (e.g., work), or the difficulty to individualize, which limits the optimization of their practices. Based on these findings, practical applications include implementing neuromuscular and strength training sessions at least twice a week, using cost-effective load monitoring tools (e.g., RPE and wellness questionnaires) to manage workloads, individualizing training programs to address the specific demands and characteristics of each player, and fostering close multidisciplinary collaboration to optimize performance and reduce injury risks. These insights can guide current and aspiring strength and conditioning coaches toward optimized practices. This study can assist novice strength and conditioning coaches in identifying the key focus areas of elite physical trainers and understanding their challenges and limitations, fostering collaboration among sports professionals to create a more optimized environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Modifiable Factors of Athletic Success)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Motivational Level of Performance Swimmers and Its Impact on the Risk of Sports Dropout

by Valentina Brat, Aura Bota, Georgeta Mitrache and Silvia Teodorescu

Sports 2025, 13(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040125 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 202

Abstract

Background: Motivation is a crucial factor in maintaining athletic performance and preventing dropout among competitive athletes. This process is influenced by both physical and psychosocial factors, which interact and shape decision—making regarding continued participation or withdrawal from sports. Aim: This study examines the [...] Read more.

Background: Motivation is a crucial factor in maintaining athletic performance and preventing dropout among competitive athletes. This process is influenced by both physical and psychosocial factors, which interact and shape decision—making regarding continued participation or withdrawal from sports. Aim: This study examines the motivational level of competitive swimmers in Romania, related to the dropout perspective. Methods: In order to conduct the research, the AMI (Achievement Motivation Inventory)—a validated psychometric tool was used in two distinct phases, conducted six months apart. The study included N = 20 swimmers, finalists and medalists in national swimming competitions. The intervention consisted of motivational coaching, personalized training plans, and the development of mental skills. Results: The results highlighted significant improvements in dimensions such as success confidence, compensatory effort, and goal-setting, indicating the positive effects of the intervention on athletes’ motivation. Inferential analysis using Student t-test confirmed significant differences between the initial and final assessments, for eagerness to learn (p = 0.035), status orientation (p = 0.03) and the Wilcoxon test revealed significant difference for general motivational index (p = 0.020). Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of psychological approaches in training high-performance athletes, showing that maintaining motivation and clarifying goals are essential factors in preventing sports dropout. The conclusions of this research can serve as a foundation for developing coaching strategies aimed at supporting continuity in performance swimming and reducing the dropout rate among competitive swimmers. Our findings confirm similar studies emphasizing the role of the training patterns and coach influence not just on the performing athlete, but also on his psychosocial individual development. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Controlled Physical Activity with Weight Loss and Less Limitations for Hypertensive Patients

by Roxana Cristina Rad Bodan, Adina Octavia Dușe, Eniko Gabriela Papp, Răzvan Marian Melinte and Minodora Andor

Sports 2025, 13(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040124 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 168

Abstract

Background: The overweight population is a major public health problem which is typical for the 21st century, considering the peak of the noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The connection between hypertension—the number-one risk factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)—and the body mass index (BMI), which is [...] Read more.

Background: The overweight population is a major public health problem which is typical for the 21st century, considering the peak of the noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The connection between hypertension—the number-one risk factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)—and the body mass index (BMI), which is growing worldwide, needs to be taken into consideration. Methods: Four homogeneous groups of twenty-five patients each with hypertension degree 1 benefited from different 8-week recovery programs: recommendation for a healthy lifestyle (all groups—A, B, C and D), antihypertensive medication (groups B, C and D), physical therapy program (group C), and hydrotherapy program (group D). Four parameters were pursued: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (Wcir.), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP-DBP). Results: Intragroup comparison between initial and final testing registered a statistically significant decrease in all parameters for group C: BMI (p = 0.001), Wcir, SBP and DBP (p < 0.0001). Additionally, parameters of group D decreased significantly: BMI (p = 0.0005), Wcir, SBP and DBP (each p < 0.0001). Group A registered a statistical increase in the DPB parameter (p = 0.03), and group B had a significant decrease in SBP (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Implication in established physical therapy and hydrotherapy had a better outcome in diminishing all four parameters compared to the recommendations for a healthy lifestyle when patients had to improve their lifestyle by themselves, unsupervised. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Physical Activity and Exercise to Human Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Physical Exercise on Executive Function in Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Nuria Pérez-Romero, Christian Campos-Jara, Caterina Pesce, Sergio Araya Sierralta, Enrique Cerda-Vega, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo Campos-Jara, Cristian Martínez-Salazar, Cristián Arellano-Roco, Victoria Hernández-Cifuentes and Falonn Contreras-Osorio

Sports 2025, 13(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040123 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 352

Abstract

Executive functions are often impaired in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Understanding the impact of physical exercise on these cognitive domains is essential for developing effective interventions. The aim of this review is to assess the effect of physical exercise on executive functions [...] Read more.

Executive functions are often impaired in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Understanding the impact of physical exercise on these cognitive domains is essential for developing effective interventions. The aim of this review is to assess the effect of physical exercise on executive functions in adults diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO, initially from inception through January 2024, followed by an update through January 2025. Studies involved adults diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, employed physical exercise as an intervention, and measured executive functions as outcomes. The selection followed PRISMA guidelines, with inclusion determined by consensus among multiple reviewers. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool and GRADE approach for certainty of evidence. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models, with effect sizes (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated for each outcome. From 1517 records, 9 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis revealed a small but significant effect of physical exercise on working memory (ES = 0.300, 95% CI = 0.060–0.539, p = 0.014; I² = 0.0%, Q = 2.2, p = 0.951) and a non-significant effect on emotion recognition (ES = 0.51, 95% CI = −0.291–1.303, p = 0.213; I² = 83%), inhibition (ES = 0.156, 95% CI = −0.173 to 0.484, p = 0.353; I² = 0.0%, Q = 1.1, p = 0.781), and cognitive flexibility (ES = 0.240, 95% CI = −0.270 to 0.749, 95% PI = −1.706 to 2.185; p = 0.356; I² = 53.2%, Q = 3.0, p = 0.094). Physical exercise, particularly aerobic exercise, appears to have a small beneficial effect on working memory in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, the evidence for its effect on emotion recognition is less clear and may be influenced by the type of exercise, such as yoga. Further research is needed to provide more robust conclusions. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023392295. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sports Supplement Use in Road Cycling: A Comparative Analysis by Sex and Competitive Category

by Jesús García-Durán, David Romero-García, José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, José Antonio González-Jurado and Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver

Sports 2025, 13(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040122 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

This study analyzes and compares sports supplement (SS) consumption among federated road cyclists, considering sex and competition category. The aim is to identify key factors influencing SS use and provide insights for developing nutritional strategies in cycling. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted, [...] Read more.

This study analyzes and compares sports supplement (SS) consumption among federated road cyclists, considering sex and competition category. The aim is to identify key factors influencing SS use and provide insights for developing nutritional strategies in cycling. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted, involving 1503 cyclists (1231 men and 272 women). Data were collected through a validated questionnaire assessing anthropometric data, training habits, SS consumption patterns, and sources of information. Results indicate that 64.3% of cyclists currently use SS. Women reported a significantly higher consumption rate (88.2%) compared to men (59.1%), although men had a higher average SS intake than women (8.28 ± 9.36 vs. 6.76 ± 5.96). Additionally, SS use decreased with age and competition level, with elite cyclists showing the highest prevalence (76.3%) and master 50 the lowest (58.4%). Group A supplements (scientifically supported) were the most frequently used, while Group C supplements (limited evidence) and Group D substances (prohibited) were more commonly consumed by men. Findings highlight significant differences in SS consumption based on sex and competition level, with elite cyclists and women reporting higher prevalence. However, men reported a higher average number of SS consumed. The study underscores the need for targeted nutritional education, particularly among master cyclists, to promote evidence-based SS use and minimize the risks of ineffective or unsafe supplementation. Future research should explore the long-term effects of SS consumption in cycling and the effectiveness of educational interventions for safe and optimized supplementation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Modifiable Factors of Athletic Success)

13 pages, 3138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Ranges of Loads on Physical Performance Using Velocity-Based Resistance Training

by Javier Riscart-López, Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas, Fernando Colomina-Clemens, Esteban Crespo-García, Guillermo de Castro-Maqueda, Miguel Ángel Rosety-Rodríguez, Juan Antonio León-Prados and Fernando Pareja-Blanco

Sports 2025, 13(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040121 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 361

Abstract

(1) Background: The range of loads is defined as the difference between the highest and the lowest relative load (i.e., %1RM) used throughout a resistance training program. However, the optimal range of loads has not been studied yet. Thus, the aim of this [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The range of loads is defined as the difference between the highest and the lowest relative load (i.e., %1RM) used throughout a resistance training program. However, the optimal range of loads has not been studied yet. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of different ranges of load (from 50 to 85% 1RM (R_50–85), from 55 to 75% 1RM (R_55–75), and from 60 to 70% 1RM (R_60–70) on physical performance using velocity-based resistance training (VBT). (2) Methods: Thirty-eight men (mean ± standard deviation; age: 23.3 ± 3.6 years, body mass: 76.5 ± 8.3 kg, and height: 1.77 ± 0.04 m) were randomly assigned to R_50–85, R_55–75 and R_60–70 groups and followed an 8-week VBT intervention using the full squat (SQ) exercise. All groups trained with similar mean relative intensity (65% 1RM) and total volume (240 repetitions). Pre- and post-training measurements included the following: in the SQ exercise, 1RM load, the average velocity attained for all absolute loads common to pre-tests and post-tests (AV), and the average velocity for those loads that were moved faster (AV > 1) and slower (AV < 1) than 1 m·s⁻¹ at Pre-training tests. Moreover, countermovement jump (CMJ) height and 10 m (T10), 20 m (T20), and 10–20 m (T10–20) running sprint times were measured. (3) Results: Significant group x time interactions were observed in AV (p ≤ 0.01), where R_50–85 obtained significantly greater gains than R_60–70 (p ≤ 0.05). All groups attained significant increases in 1RM, AV, AV > 1, AV < 1, and CMJ (p ≤ 0.001–0.005). Significant improvements were observed in running sprint for R_60–70 in T10–20 and R_60–70 in T20 and T10–20 (p ≤ 0.05), but not for R_50–85. (4) Conclusions: Different ranges of loads induce distinct strength adaptions. Greater ranges of loads resulted in greater strength gains in the entire load-velocity spectrum. However, in high-velocity actions, such as sprinting, significant enhancements were observed only for smaller ranges of loads. Coaches and strength and conditioning professionals could use a range of loads according to the time-related criterion (i.e., proximity or number of future competitions), enabling better adaptation and increasing physical performance at a specific time. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Justifications for Judgment Accuracy in Sports

by Athanasia Chatzipanteli, Aglaia Zafeiroudi, Ioannis Trigonis, Ioannis Tsartsapakis, Alexandros Fotiadis, Asterios Patsiaouras and Nikolaos Digelidis

Sports 2025, 13(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040120 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 192

Abstract

This study investigated the causes of incorrect judgments in a motor task and examined differences between students with varying levels of judgment accuracy. Twenty-two seventh graders participated. Based on their estimated and actual scores in two volleyball serve trials, students were categorized into [...] Read more.

This study investigated the causes of incorrect judgments in a motor task and examined differences between students with varying levels of judgment accuracy. Twenty-two seventh graders participated. Based on their estimated and actual scores in two volleyball serve trials, students were categorized into two groups: “low accuracy” and “high accuracy”. Before each trial, they estimated their scores according to the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance test. Following the trials, students were interviewed about their justifications and their confidence in the accuracy of their judgments. Independent sample t-tests indicated that both “low accuracy” and “high accuracy” students appeared to use metacognitive skills (t(20) = 0.82, p > 0.05). However, the “low accuracy” group lacked the declarative and procedural knowledge (t(20) = 4.59, p < 0.001) necessary for accurately evaluating their performance. Findings suggest that students focused more on outcome-based rather than process-based assessments when evaluating their performance. Enhancing students’ access to both theoretical and experience-based cues in sports may improve their ability to accurately judge their performances and foster greater confidence in lifelong participation in physical activities. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Physique Anxiety in College Students: The Role of Study Field, Physical Activity, Physical Self-Perception, and Self-Esteem

by Ioannis Tsartsapakis and Aglaia Zafeiroudi

Sports 2025, 13(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040119 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 305

Abstract

Young adults, especially students, face challenges that increase social anxiety, including Social Physique Anxiety (SPA). The objective of the present study was to examine SPA among college students across various study programs and explore its associations with exercise, physical self-perception, and self-esteem. A [...] Read more.

Young adults, especially students, face challenges that increase social anxiety, including Social Physique Anxiety (SPA). The objective of the present study was to examine SPA among college students across various study programs and explore its associations with exercise, physical self-perception, and self-esteem. A total of 465 students, with an average age of 21.3 years, completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Physical Self-Perception Profile. Demographic information and exercise habits were also collected. The findings indicated that the subject of study was not associated with SPA, regardless of gender. Multiple regression analysis identified physical self-worth, self-esteem, and gender as variables associated with SPA among study groups. Higher levels of physical self-worth and self-esteem were linked to lower SPA levels, and gender had a significant association with SPA. These findings suggest that global and physical self-esteem may play important roles in SPA among college students. Promoting regular physical activity and fostering positive physical self-perception among college students, particularly females, could be beneficial in addressing SPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Physical Activity Interventions for Improving Depression, Anxiety and Distress)

14 pages, 1993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical and Physiological Demands of Official Beach Soccer Match-Play in Relation to Environmental Temperature

by Thiago Carvalho, Vincenzo Rago, João Brito, Priscyla Praxedes, Marco Abreu, Davi Silva, Sara Pereira, Magni Mohr, Ivan Baptista and José Afonso

Sports 2025, 13(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040118 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

Environmental temperature (T_e) is a main atmospheric parameter that may affect the physical and physiological demands of outdoor sports. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship of T_e with the physical and physiological demands of beach soccer match-play. Physical [...] Read more.

Environmental temperature (T_e) is a main atmospheric parameter that may affect the physical and physiological demands of outdoor sports. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship of T_e with the physical and physiological demands of beach soccer match-play. Physical and physiological demands were collected from 60 male players during Portuguese elite beach soccer championship matches using a 10 Hz wearable global positioning system, heart rate, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE). A bilateral counter-movement jump (CMJ) test assessed lower limb power performance before and immediately after the match. Fluid loss was determined by body mass weighing before and after the end of the match. T_e and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) parameters were continuously recorded. The matches occurred across T_e ranging from ~20.0 °C to 43.0 °C. Physical demands, CMJ height, peak heart rate (HR_peak), mean heart rate (HR_mean), and RPE were not correlated with T_e. However, a significant correlation was found between fluid loss and T_e (r [95% CIs] = 0.67 [0.43–0.75]; p < 0.001). Beach soccer players maintained physical performance independent of T_e. The specific characteristics of the sport may have promoted adequate thermoregulatory adaptations, helping maintain the players’ physical performance, particularly in matches played under high T_e conditions. Elite beach soccer players maintained their physical performance independently of T_e and despite experiencing dehydration (a body mass decrease of more than 2%) when the T_e exceeded 35 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Minkyung Choi and Kihyuk Lee

Sports 2025, 13(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040117 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the incidence, affected areas, and types of injuries sustained during training among youth field hockey players to identify key characteristics. A survey was conducted with 374 youth field hockey players (236 males, 138 females) from middle and high [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the incidence, affected areas, and types of injuries sustained during training among youth field hockey players to identify key characteristics. A survey was conducted with 374 youth field hockey players (236 males, 138 females) from middle and high school teams registered with the Korea Hockey Association in 2024. Data were collected on injury status, training hours, injury sites, and prevention methods. Chi-square tests, independent t-tests, and frequency analyses were performed to assess differences in injury incidence based on gender and school level. The analysis revealed no significant gender differences in training-related injury experiences, with 17.2% of male athletes and 10.2% of female athletes reporting injuries during training. Similarly, no significant difference was found between middle and high school athletes, although high school athletes had a significantly lower injury incidence than middle school athletes (1.54 vs. 2.28 per 1000 h, p < 0.05). The most common injury sites were the ankle and knee, with muscle injuries being the most frequent among males and ligament injuries among females. Additionally, male and high school athletes more frequently reported engaging in warm-up and cool-down exercises. There was no significant difference in injury rates between genders during training, but high school athletes tended to experience fewer injuries than middle school athletes. Ankle injuries were the most common, with muscle and ligament damage being the primary types of injuries. While warm-up exercises were commonly practiced, further research is needed to determine their actual effectiveness in injury prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Prevention and Rehabilitation of Training Injuries)

27 pages, 895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burnout, Identity Loss and Institutional Gaps: A Qualitative Examination of Sport Discontinuation Among NCAA Division III Athletes

by James Stavitz, Ryan Porcelli, Jennifer Block-Lerner, Donald R. Marks and Hallie Katzman

Sports 2025, 13(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040116 - 11 Apr 2025

Viewed by 433

Abstract

Mental health challenges significantly impact NCAA Division III student athletes, often leading them to discontinue their sport. Unlike Division I athletes, they have limited institutional support, making it harder to balance academic and athletic demands. This qualitative study examines the mental health barriers [...] Read more.

Mental health challenges significantly impact NCAA Division III student athletes, often leading them to discontinue their sport. Unlike Division I athletes, they have limited institutional support, making it harder to balance academic and athletic demands. This qualitative study examines the mental health barriers influencing 21 former Division III athletes’ decisions to withdraw. Key themes include stress, burnout, identity loss, inadequate institutional support and external pressures like academics and finances. The findings highlight the need for better mental health resources, reduced stigma, and stronger institutional support. Addressing these challenges can improve athlete well-being and retention in Division III programs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Short Static, Dynamic, and Contract–Relax with Antagonist Contraction Stretch Modalities on Vertical Jump Height and Flexibility

by Clément Cheurlin, Carole Cometti, Jihane Mrabet, Jules Opplert and Nicolas Babault

Sports 2025, 13(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040115 - 10 Apr 2025

Viewed by 326

Abstract

The present study investigated the acute effects of different stretching modalities applied within a warm-up on flexibility and vertical jump height. Thirty-seven young adults participated in four randomized experimental sessions, each corresponding to a different condition: static stretch (SS), dynamic stretch (DS), contract–relax [...] Read more.

The present study investigated the acute effects of different stretching modalities applied within a warm-up on flexibility and vertical jump height. Thirty-seven young adults participated in four randomized experimental sessions, each corresponding to a different condition: static stretch (SS), dynamic stretch (DS), contract–relax with antagonist contraction (CRAC) or a control condition with no stretch (CTRL). Conditions were five min in total duration, including 2 × 15 s stretches for each muscle group (knee flexor, knee extensor, and plantar flexor muscles). Ten min and five min of cycling preceded and followed these procedures, respectively. Hamstring flexibility and a series of countermovement jump (CMJ) measurements were interspersed within this procedure. Except for CTRL, hamstring flexibility significantly increased (p < 0.01) after all experimental procedures (7.5 ± 6.6%, 4.1 ± 4.9%, and 2.7 ± 6.0% for CRA, SS, and DS, respectively). The relative increase was significantly greater for CRAC as compared CTRL (p < 0.001). Vertical jump height significantly decreased (p < 0.05) immediately after SS (−2.3 ± 3.9%), CTRL (−2.3 ± 3.5%), and CRAC (−3.2 ± 3.3%). Jump height was unchanged after DS (0.4 ± 4.5%). Whatever the condition, no additional jump height alteration was obtained after the re-warm-up. The main findings of the present study revealed that DS is more appropriate for maintaining vertical jump height. However, stretching has no major effect when performed within a warm-up. In contrast, if the main objective is to increase flexibility, CRAC is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromechanical Adaptations to Exercise and Sports Training)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of 10 Weeks of Yoga Intervention on Mental Health and Overall Well-Being Among Medical Students: GSY Study

by Shalini Chauhan, Sachal Sadiq Najaf, Lukács Gergely, Király Anita Kinga, István Karsai and Viktoria Prémusz

Sports 2025, 13(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040114 - 10 Apr 2025

Viewed by 471

Abstract

Background: the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of 10 weeks of yoga intervention on the mental health outcomes (stress, anxiety, and depression), quality of life, emotional regulation, and quality of sleep of medical students. Method: In the current experimental [...] Read more.

Background: the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of 10 weeks of yoga intervention on the mental health outcomes (stress, anxiety, and depression), quality of life, emotional regulation, and quality of sleep of medical students. Method: In the current experimental study, 220 medical students, with a mean age of 21.36 ± 2.20 years, participated in a 10-week yoga intervention at the University of Pécs. Data were collected before and after the intervention using the validated questionnaires DASS-21, WHOQOL-BREF, PSQI, and DERS. The distribution of data was checked using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. A paired sample T-test was used to compare the mean of the continuous variable. Stepwise linear regression was used to assess the association between mental health outcomes and quality-of-life variables. Results: The present study shows a significant reduction in (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), and anxiety (p < 0.001) for participants, and overall quality of life (p < 0.001), quality of sleep (p < 0.001), and emotional regulation (p < 0.001) significantly improved after the intervention. The stepwise linear regression shows a strong association between higher levels of anxiety (β = 0.608, R² = 0.366) and depression (β = 0.608, R² = 0.392), with higher stress levels and improvement in environmental conditions being associated with a decrease in stress levels (β = −0.392, R² = 0.087). Conclusions: the current study shows that yoga significantly improved the mental health and well-being of medical students, improving quality of life, quality of sleep, and emotional regulation. Registered Clinical Trial: NCT06661603. Full article

13 pages, 3155 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

An Exploratory Study on Subject-Specific Throwing Arm Strength Responses to a Novel Intra-Abdominal Pressure Belt Worn by Collegiate Baseball Pitchers

by Ryan L. Crotin and Christian Conforti

Sports 2025, 13(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040113 - 10 Apr 2025

Viewed by 234

Abstract

Throwing arm injuries in baseball are related to throwing arm weakness. This case study investigated potential arm strength improvements owed to wearing a specialized intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) to prime arm strength prior to simulated competition. The randomized study design involving 13 collegiate pitchers [...] Read more.

Throwing arm injuries in baseball are related to throwing arm weakness. This case study investigated potential arm strength improvements owed to wearing a specialized intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) to prime arm strength prior to simulated competition. The randomized study design involving 13 collegiate pitchers who threw 3 bullpens of 40 pitches with visual encouragement through an LED-integrated radar gun unit wearing their typical belt, an IAP belt at regular length, and the IAP belt with 2 in cinch. A portable dynamometer evaluated throwing arm strength prior to bullpen sessions wearing each belt type to denote strength responses. Participant-specific data presented in this exploratory study indicated potential benefits for increasing throwing arm strength. Overall, higher throwing arm strength scores were seen for the majority athletes when wearing the IAP belt. As a result, this exploratory case study should inspire future research evaluating IAP influences on throwing arm strength, as elevated proximal stabilization of the core creates a new avenue for improved throwing arm function among baseball pitchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Serum and Salivary Cortisol Interpolation for Time-Dependent Modeling Frameworks in Healthy Adult Males

by Nathaniel T. Berry, Travis Anderson, Christopher K. Rhea and Laurie Wideman

Sports 2025, 13(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040112 - 9 Apr 2025

Viewed by 182

Abstract

Cortisol is an important marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and follows robust circadian and diurnal rhythms. However, biomarker sampling protocols can be labor-intensive and cost-prohibitive. Objectives: Explore analytical approaches that can handle differing biological sampling frequencies to maximize these data in more detailed and [...] Read more.

Cortisol is an important marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and follows robust circadian and diurnal rhythms. However, biomarker sampling protocols can be labor-intensive and cost-prohibitive. Objectives: Explore analytical approaches that can handle differing biological sampling frequencies to maximize these data in more detailed and time-dependent analyses. Methods: Healthy adult males [N = 8; 26.1 (±3.1) years; 176.4 (±8.6) cm; 73.1 (±12.0) kg)] completed two 24 h admissions: one at rest and one including a high-intensity exercise session on the cycle ergometer. Serum and salivary cortisol were sampled every 60 and 120 min, respectively. Six alternative sampling profiles were defined by downsampling from the observed data and creating two intermittent sampling profiles. A polynomial (1–6 degrees) validation process was performed, and interpolation was conducted to match the observed data. Model fit and performance were assessed using the coefficient of determination (R²) and the root mean square error (RMSE), as well as an examination of the equivalence, via two one-sided t-tests (TOST), of 24 h cortisol output between the observed and interpolated data. Results: Mean serum cortisol output was higher than salivary cortisol (p < 0.001), and no effect was observed for condition (p = 0.61). Second- and third-degree polynomial regressions were determined to be the optimal models for fitting salivary. TOST tests determined that serum data and estimated 24 h output from these models (with interpolation) provided statistically similar estimates to the observed data (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Second- and third-degree polynomial fits of salivary and serum cortisol provide a reasonable means for interpolation without introducing bias into estimates of 24 h output. This allows researchers to sample biomarkers at biologically relevant frequencies and subsequently match necessary sampling frequencies during the data processing stage of various machine learning workflows. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Metabolic Stress to High-Load Exercise on Muscle Damage, Inflammatory and Hormonal Responses

by Séverine Stragier, Jacques Duchateau, Frédéric Cotton, Julie Smet, Fleur Wolff, Jérémy Tresnie and Alain Carpentier

Sports 2025, 13(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040111 - 9 Apr 2025

Viewed by 685

Abstract

To assess the impact of metabolic stress on blood lactate, muscle damage, inflammatory and hormonal responses following a high-load (70% maximum) strength training session, we compared two methods with a similar number of repetitions but that differed by their metabolic demand: the 3/7 [...] Read more.

To assess the impact of metabolic stress on blood lactate, muscle damage, inflammatory and hormonal responses following a high-load (70% maximum) strength training session, we compared two methods with a similar number of repetitions but that differed by their metabolic demand: the 3/7 method consisting in two series of five sets of an increasing number of repetitions (3 to 7) with a short inter-set interval (15 s) and the 8 × 6 method that comprises eight sets of six repetitions with a longer inter-set interval (2.5 min). Blood concentrations in lactate, creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (MB), interleukine-6 (IL-6), leukocytes, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cortisol were determined before and after each session. Lactate concentration increased more (11.9 vs. 3.1 mmol/L; p < 0.001) for the 3/7 method whereas CK and MB concentrations were augmented similarly (p > 0.05) for both methods. Inflammatory markers (leukocytes and IL-6) increased (p < 0.01) more after the 3/7 method. GH and cortisol concentrations also increased more (p < 0.001) after the 3/7 method with no difference in IGF-1 concentrations between methods. Positive associations were found between the change in lactate and changes in IL-6 (r² = 0.47; p < 0.01), GH (r² = 0.58; p < 0.001) and cortisol (r² = 0.61; p < 0.001) concentrations. In conclusion, the greater lactate accumulation induced by short inter-set intervals during a high-load training session is associated with enhanced inflammatory and hormonal responses, suggesting that metabolic stress might contribute to the greater adaptative response previously observed with this method. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Individual Variability in Sagittal Plane Kinematics During Indoor Cycling Time Trial

by Chris Whittle, Simon A. Jobson and Neal Smith

Sports 2025, 13(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040110 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 206

Abstract

Intra-individual movement variability has historically been discounted as evidence of poor motor control. However, evidence now suggests that it may play a functional role in skill performance and so this study aimed to establish whether this is the case during a simulated indoor [...] Read more.

Intra-individual movement variability has historically been discounted as evidence of poor motor control. However, evidence now suggests that it may play a functional role in skill performance and so this study aimed to establish whether this is the case during a simulated indoor cycling time trial. Ten trained cyclists (Age = 31.90 ± 10.30 years, Height = 1.80 ± 0.10 years, Mass = 72.10 ± 9.40 kg) participated in a 10-mile (16 km) time trial while sagittal plane kinematics were captured using 3D motion capture technology. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between knee–ankle and hip–knee coordination variability across pedal phases, with the knee–ankle coupling exhibiting more variability. Notably, faster cyclists demonstrated lower variability, particularly in the knee–ankle coupling, compared to slower cyclists. While no consistent relationship was found between movement variability and time trial performance across all participants, the results suggest that there may be a link between the level of intra-individual movement variability displayed by a cyclist and the time in which they were able to complete a 10-mile simulated time trial task in laboratory conditions. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Body Mass Index and Sedentary Behaviour Affect Hamstring Extensibility in Primary Education Students

by Guillermo De Castro-Maqueda, Miguel Ángel Rosety-Rodríguez and Jorge R. Fernández-Santos

Sports 2025, 13(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040109 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 224

Abstract

Enhancing and maintaining physical condition is an essential element of physical education for primary school children. In this respect, flexibility is of crucial importance in physical performance and coordination. One of the areas addressed in physical education is that of increasing hamstring flexibility, [...] Read more.

Enhancing and maintaining physical condition is an essential element of physical education for primary school children. In this respect, flexibility is of crucial importance in physical performance and coordination. One of the areas addressed in physical education is that of increasing hamstring flexibility, which is diminished by physical inactivity and inversely associated with the body mass index. The objective of this study is to explore the interplay between hamstring extensibility, physical inactivity and overweight in primary school students. Accordingly, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out of 265 students, applying sit and reach (SR) and deep trunk flexion (DTF) tests and analysing responses made to the IPAQ questionnaire. Among the results found for the study sample, the average flexor capacity recorded was −0.26 ± 6.33 among the boys and 5.52 ± 6.46 among the girls. The highest values in the girls were achieved at 9–10 years of age (6.69 ± 8.19) and in the boys at 6–7 years of age (2.72 ± 5.99). The lowest values for the girls (3.30 ± 5.19) were recorded in those aged 8–9 years and for the boys (3.13 ± 5.60) at the same age. These study results suggest there is a relationship between a sedentary lifestyle, a high BMI and sub-optimum flexibility. The children identified as physically active obtained higher average results in both the SR and the DTF tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Physical Education, Exercise, and Sports Interventions on Children and Adolescent Cognition and Academic Achievement)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 1989 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effective Intervention Features of a Doping Prevention Program for Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by Luis Felipe Reynoso-Sánchez, Amairani Molgado-Sifuentes, Hussein Muñoz-Helú, Jeanette M. López-Walle and Diego Soto-García

Sports 2025, 13(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040108 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 378

Abstract

This study systematically reviewed the effectiveness of cognitive, affective, and combined approaches in doping prevention, considering the impact of athletes’ active versus passive participation. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICOS framework, a literature search identified ten studies involving 3581 athletes (1094 [...] Read more.

This study systematically reviewed the effectiveness of cognitive, affective, and combined approaches in doping prevention, considering the impact of athletes’ active versus passive participation. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICOS framework, a literature search identified ten studies involving 3581 athletes (1094 women, 2487 men). Ten studies were included as a sample in the meta-analysis and meta-regression, which were used in the effect size calculation. This meta-analysis shows that anti-doping education programs effectively improve short-term doping intentions (ES = 0.29, p < 0.001) and anti-doping behaviors (ES = −0.27, p < 0.001), although there is a decline in the long-term effects (ES = −0.13, p = 0.009). Moral behaviors were unaffected (ES = 0.01, p < 0.001), suggesting that changing deeper values requires alternative approaches like mentorship. Passive participation negatively impacted doping intentions (ES = −0.40, p = 0.004) and behaviors (ES = −0.40, p = 0.022), highlighting the need for active engagement. Pre-experimental designs showed a negative effect on behaviors (ES = −0.74, p = 0.023), emphasizing the importance of rigorous methodologies. While anti-doping education programs effectively influence short-term attitudes and intentions, sustaining behavioral change requires continuous reinforcement and active engagement. The decline in the long-term effects suggests that standalone interventions are insufficient to instill lasting anti-doping behaviors in athletes. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unilateral Exercise and Bilateral Vascular Health in Female Tennis Players and Active Controls

by Chanhtel E. Thongphok, Abena O. Gyampo, Elisa Fioraso, Anneli O. Ramolins, Elianna G. Hills, Claire E. Coates and Stephen J. Ives

Sports 2025, 13(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040107 - 1 Apr 2025

Viewed by 321

Abstract

Blood pressure (BP), interarm differences (IAD) in BP, and arterial stiffness (AS) are related to cardiovascular disease risk and are attenuated by exercise training. While active, tennis players (TP) experience bilateral differences in shear stress, and thus vascular function due to the unilateral [...] Read more.

Blood pressure (BP), interarm differences (IAD) in BP, and arterial stiffness (AS) are related to cardiovascular disease risk and are attenuated by exercise training. While active, tennis players (TP) experience bilateral differences in shear stress, and thus vascular function due to the unilateral nature of the sport. However, it is unknown if this translates into attenuated bilateral differences in peripheral blood pressure (pBP), estimated central blood pressure (cBP), and AS, which could provide insight into the local versus systemic effects of exercise training on BP in women. Purpose: to evaluate bilateral differences in pBP, cBP, and AS in Division III female college TP and healthy recreationally active (RA) age- and sex-matched controls. Methods: In a parallel design, TP (n = 10) and RA controls (n = 10) were assessed for anthropometrics, body composition, and bilateral BP measurements using oscillometric cuff technique. Results: TP and RA were well-matched for body weight, body fat percentage, and BMI (all, p > 0.69). Interaction of arm and group, and effects of arm, or group were insignificant for pSBP and pDBP (all, p > 0.137). IAD in pSBP tended lower in TP (p = 0.096, d = 0.8), but IAD in cSBP was lower (p = 0.040, d = 0.8). Augmentation pressure and index were different between arms (p = 0.02), but no interactions (group by arm) were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In groups well-matched for age and body composition, TP tended to have lower BP and IAD in pSBP, but cSBP revealed ~50% lower IAD in TP. Thus, measurement site and exercise training matter when assessing arterial stiffness and interarm differences in BP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women's Special Issue Series: Sports)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caffeine Effects on Physical Performance and Sport-Specific Skills in Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Randomised Trial Using the Balanced Placebo Design

by Eduard Bezuglov, Timur Vakhidov, Ryland Morgans, Georgiy Malyakin, Anton Emanov, Egana Koroleva, Elizaveta Kapralova and Oleg Talibov

Sports 2025, 13(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040106 - 31 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 421

Abstract

The aim of the study was to examine the safety and effects of relatively high caffeine doses on physical performance and sport-specific skills of young elite soccer players. Fifty-four soccer players from an elite Russian soccer academy participated in the blinded randomised placebo-controlled [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to examine the safety and effects of relatively high caffeine doses on physical performance and sport-specific skills of young elite soccer players. Fifty-four soccer players from an elite Russian soccer academy participated in the blinded randomised placebo-controlled study with a double-blinded and balanced design. Participants were divided into four groups: group 1 CAF/CAF; group 2 CAF/PLA group 3 PLA/PLA and group 4 PLA/CAF. All participants were administered 400 mg of caffeine or the placebo. The data demonstrated that a single 400 mg caffeine administration 60 min before exercise had a positive effect on repeated sprint ability (RSA) test parameters such as fatigue index (for both groups p < 0.001) and percentage decrement score (for both groups p < 0.001). In group 4, statistically significant improvements were also found when performing the fourth and sixth sprint during the RSA test (p = 0.039 and p = 0.005, respectively). Group 1 also showed a statistically significant improvement in dribbling speed performance (p = 0.048). It was demonstrated that the number of adverse events in all four groups was not different (p = 0.56). A single administration of 400 mg of caffeine 60 min prior to maximal intensity physical activity can be considered reasonable and safe for young elite soccer players. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 4479 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Risk Factors of Ankle Sprain in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Amir Human Hoveidaei, Amir Reza Moradi, Amin Nakhostin-Ansari, Mohammad Mehdi Mousavi Nasab, Seyed Pouya Taghavi, Shayan Eghdami, Bijan Forogh, Masumeh Bagherzadeh Cham and Christopher J. Murdock

Sports 2025, 13(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040105 - 28 Mar 2025

Viewed by 737

Abstract

Background: Soccer is associated with substantial injury risk, with reported between 13 to 35 injuries per 1000 player-hours of competitive play. Notably, approximately 77% of soccer-related ankle injuries are attributed to ankle sprain injuries (ASIs). ASI can lead to chronic ankle instability, obesity, [...] Read more.

Background: Soccer is associated with substantial injury risk, with reported between 13 to 35 injuries per 1000 player-hours of competitive play. Notably, approximately 77% of soccer-related ankle injuries are attributed to ankle sprain injuries (ASIs). ASI can lead to chronic ankle instability, obesity, and post-traumatic osteoarthritis. This study focuses on identifying factors such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and a history of ASIs, which contribute to the development of ASI in soccer players. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in October 2023 across databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest, without applying any filters. Keywords included ankle, ankle joint, sprain, risk factors, etc. Data extraction was performed on the included studies, with findings standardized and analyzed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 17 to determine a weighted treatment effect. Results: Our systematic review included 26 studies. The meta-analysis revealed that a history of ankle sprain is the most significant risk factor for future ASIs. BMI emerged as a risk factor in three out of seven studies, while age and height were significant in one out of six studies each. Gender and weight were not found to significantly affect ASI occurrence. Other factors identified but not subjected to a meta-analysis due to methodological heterogeneity or insufficient studies included playing surface, joint laxity, muscle weakness, match congestion, strength asymmetries, ground reaction forces, balance maintenance, skill level, and playing position. Conclusions: This research contributes valuable insights into the prevention of ASIs in soccer, highlighting the importance of previous ankle sprains and playing surface quality. These findings assist sports professionals in developing optimal conditions and strategies for effective ankle sprain prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Parameters in Young Competitive Padel Players: Strength, Power, Agility, and Smash Velocity Assessments

by Bernardino J. Sánchez-Alcaraz, Iván Martín-Miguel, Rafael Conde-Ripoll, Diego Muñoz, Adrián Escudero-Tena and Alejandro Sánchez-Pay

Sports 2025, 13(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040104 - 28 Mar 2025

Viewed by 332

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to analyze the physical fitness parameters of young competitive padel players, compare potential differences between male and female players, and examine the relationships among various physical fitness variables in this population. The sample consisted of 18 [...] Read more.

The main objective of this study was to analyze the physical fitness parameters of young competitive padel players, compare potential differences between male and female players, and examine the relationships among various physical fitness variables in this population. The sample consisted of 18 players (10 boys and 8 girls) aged between 12 and 16 years old belonging to the Technification program for minors of the Valencian Padel Federation. The players completed a test battery that consisted of different tests: CMJ jump, internal and external shoulder rotator strength, manual dynamometry, functional upper body strength (forehand throw, backhand throw, bilateral overhead throw, and serve throw), smash speed, 5 × 10 m agility test, and tapas test. Data analysis was carried out with SPSS software for Windows (Version 25.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The results showed that the boys obtained significantly higher values in the tests of dynamometry, speed, agility (tapas test), and throws (forehand, backhand, serve, and over the head), and the girls obtained significantly higher values in the test of shoulder external rotation (non-dominant). At the same time, the force variables were significantly and positively related to each other. The CMJ values are also significantly and positively correlated with the variables of shoulder rotation, sprint speed, and medicine ball throws. Regarding agility, significant and positive correlations were found in the tapas test. However, the 5 × 10 m test showed negative and significant correlations with some variables. It has been observed that the results obtained coincide with the results found in other studies carried out with players of the same age in other sports, such as tennis and soccer. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships Between Sport-Specific Anaerobic Tests, Interlimb Asymmetry, and Bilateral Deficit as Measured from Vertical Jump Performances in Highly Trained Taekwondo Athletes

by Ibrahim Ouergui, Slaheddine Delleli, Gennaro Apollaro, Hamdi Messaoudi, Rafael Lima Kons, Craig Alan Bridge, Hamdi Chtourou, Emerson Franchini, Emanuela Faelli and Luca Paolo Ardigò

Sports 2025, 13(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040103 - 28 Mar 2025

Viewed by 719

Abstract

The present study investigated the effect of inter-limb asymmetry and bilateral indexes (BLIs) in power performance, assessed by squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), on sport-specific anaerobic performance. Forty-eight taekwondo athletes (24 males and 24 females; mean ± SD, age: 19.8 ± [...] Read more.

The present study investigated the effect of inter-limb asymmetry and bilateral indexes (BLIs) in power performance, assessed by squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), on sport-specific anaerobic performance. Forty-eight taekwondo athletes (24 males and 24 females; mean ± SD, age: 19.8 ± 2.1 years) performed randomly, in separate sessions, SJ and CMJ tests using the right, left, and both legs to determine the asymmetry and BLI, the 10 s Frequency Speed of Kick Test (FSKT_10s), and its multiple version (FSKT_mult). FSKT_10s was positively correlated with CMJ asymmetry (ρ = 0.299, p = 0.039, low) and SJ BLI (r = 0.596, p < 0.001, large), and negatively correlated with CMJ BLI (r = −0.472, p = 0.001, moderate). Similarly, FSKT_mult was positively correlated with SJ BLI (ρ = 0.632, p < 0.001, large), and negatively correlated with CMJ BLI (ρ = −0.532, p < 0.001, large). CMJ and SJ BLI explained 45.9% of the variance of the FSKT_10s performance, whilst they explained 55.7% of the variance of FSKT_mult performance. These results highlight the importance of managing both interlimb asymmetry and bilateral deficit indexes to achieve better performance by improving the strength of the non-dominant leg and using exercises that are performed bilaterally despite unilateral movements being predominant in taekwondo, which can potentially enhance the effectiveness in sport-specific actions Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport-Specific Testing and Training Methods in Youth)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Methods for Capturing and Quantifying Contact Events in Collision Sports

by Craig Bolger, Jocelyn Mara, Byron Field, David B. Pyne and Andrew J. McKune

Sports 2025, 13(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040102 - 27 Mar 2025

Viewed by 344

Abstract

Technological advancements have led to widespread use of wearable devices that capture external performance metrics in team sports. Tracking systems including global positioning system (GPS) technology with inbuilt microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), instrumented mouthguards (iMGs), and video analysis provide valuable insights into the contact [...] Read more.

Technological advancements have led to widespread use of wearable devices that capture external performance metrics in team sports. Tracking systems including global positioning system (GPS) technology with inbuilt microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), instrumented mouthguards (iMGs), and video analysis provide valuable insights into the contact demands of collision sports. In collision sports, successfully “winning the contact” is positively associated with better individual and team performance, but it also comes with a high risk of injury, posing a concern for player welfare. Understanding the frequency and intensity of these contact events is important in order for coaches and practitioners to adequately prepare players for competition and can simultaneously reduce the burden on athletes. Different methods have been developed for detecting contact events, although limitations of the current methods include validity and reliability issues, varying thresholds, algorithm inconsistencies, and a lack of code- and sex-specific algorithms. In this review, we evaluate common methods for capturing contact events in team collision sports and detail a new method for assessing contact intensity through notational analysis, offering a potential alternative for capturing contact events that are currently challenging to detect through microtechnology alone. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 8924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Modified Tabata Training on Segmental Fat Accumulation, Muscle Mass, Muscle Thickness, and Physical and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Overweight and Obese Participants: A Randomized Control Trial

by Tadsawiya Padkao and Piyapong Prasertsri

Sports 2025, 13(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040099 - 26 Mar 2025

Viewed by 644

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in body fat, muscle mass, muscle thickness, and physical and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese individuals following progressive Tabata training. Thirty-six participants were randomly assigned to either the Tabata group (four progressive cycles [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in body fat, muscle mass, muscle thickness, and physical and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese individuals following progressive Tabata training. Thirty-six participants were randomly assigned to either the Tabata group (four progressive cycles of body-weight high-intensity intermittent training at 75–85% of maximum perceived exertion, 3 days/week for 12 weeks) or the control group. Body composition, muscle thickness, strength and endurance, and peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak) were measured at baseline and after the training period and compared between groups. No changes in body fat percentage and fat mass were found, but the waist-to-hip ratio was lower in the Tabata group (p = 0.043). The muscle mass percentages of the right (p = 0.026) and left legs (p = 0.043) increased, while the muscle thicknesses of the biceps, triceps, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius were increased in the Tabata group (p < 0.05) to a greater extent than in the control group (p < 0.05). Muscle strength and endurance (p < 0.05), as well as VO₂peak (p = 0.006), also increased in the Tabata group. Twelve weeks of modified Tabata training effectively increased muscle mass and thickness and physical and cardiorespiratory fitness, although it did not reduce fat mass in overweight and obese participants. The combination of this training with a dietary intervention may have a more obvious impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of High-Intensity Training Variations on Biomechanics, Physiology, Biochemistry and Performance in Athletes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fecal Microbiota and Associated Metabolites Are Minimally Affected by Ten Weeks of Resistance Training in Younger and Older Adults

by Anthony Agyin-Birikorang, Sarah Lennon, Kristen S. Smith, William Van Der Pol, Morgan A. Smith, Casey L. Sexton, Donald A. Lamb, Kaelin C. Young, Christopher Brooks Mobley, Kevin W. Huggins, Michael D. Roberts and Andrew Dandridge Frugé

Sports 2025, 13(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040098 - 26 Mar 2025

Viewed by 395

Abstract

Preclinical evidence suggests that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota may impact body composition and muscle growth. While aging is implicated in negative alterations to the gut microbiome, exercise may mitigate these changes. Limited human evidence indicates that resistance training [...] Read more.

Preclinical evidence suggests that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota may impact body composition and muscle growth. While aging is implicated in negative alterations to the gut microbiome, exercise may mitigate these changes. Limited human evidence indicates that resistance training (RT) does not appreciably alter the gut microbiome in older adults, and no human study has examined whether resistance training differentially alters the gut microbiome and associated SCFAs between younger and older individuals. Therefore, we examined whether 10 weeks of RT differentially altered fecal microbiota composition, fecal and circulating SCFAs, and serum markers associated with gastrointestinal integrity in two cohorts of adults. Fecal and serum samples were obtained from untrained younger (22 ± 2 years, n = 12) and older (58 ± 8 years, n = 12) participants prior to and following 10 weeks of supervised twice-weekly full-body RT. Outcome measures immediately before (PRE) and after the intervention (POST) included dual X-ray absorptiometry for body composition, ultrasound for vastus lateralis (VL) thickness, 16S rRNA gene sequencing fecal microbiome data, serum and fecal SCFAs measured by gas chromatography, and serum intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG-1) quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Main effects and interactions were measured by repeated measures analysis of variance (group × time; G × T) for all dependent variables, and Spearman correlations were used to explore relationships among changes in relevant outcomes. The intervention significantly increased VL thickness and lean body mass (p < 0.05) equally in both groups. Although group differences in microbiome beta diversity were identified, no effects of age, time, or their interaction were observed for the alpha diversity measures. Seven SCFAs were detected in the fecal samples, albeit no significant age, time, or interaction effects were evident. In serum, acetic acid was the only SCFA detected, with no significant age, time, or interaction effects. Serum LRG1 decreased for all participants (p = 0.007) with higher levels in younger adults (p = 0.015), but no G × T interactions were observed for this marker, serum FABP2, or LBP. No significant correlations were observed among RT-induced changes in muscle mass-related outcomes and changes in fecal microbiome diversity, total or individual SCFAs, or serum FABP2/LBP/LRG-1. These results highlight that 10 weeks of RT largely does not affect fecal microbiota, associated SCFAs, or select markers of gastrointestinal integrity in untrained younger or older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Modifiable Factors of Athletic Success)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Sports, Volume 13, Issue 4 (April 2025) – 40 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI