Training-Related Sports Injury Patterns Among Elite Middle and High School Field Hockey Players in Korea
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Survey Contents
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sports Injury Experiences by Gender and School Level
3.2. Incidence Rate of Sports Injuries per 1000 Training Hours by Gender and School Level
3.3. Analysis of Injury Sites by Gender and School Level
3.4. Analysis of Injury Types by Gender and School Level
3.5. Factors Considered Important for the Prevention of Sports Injuries
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- McGuinness, A.; Malone, S.; Hughes, B.; Collins, K.; Passmore, D. Physical activity and physiological profiles of elite international female field hockey players across the quarters of competitive match play. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2019, 33, 2513–2522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Casamichana, D.; Morencos, E.; Romero-Moraleda, B.; Gabbett, T.J. The use of generic and individual speed thresholds for assessing the competitive demands of field hockey. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2018, 17, 366. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- van Hilst, J.; Hilgersom, N.F.; Kuilman, M.C.; Kuijer, P.P.F.; Frings-Dresen, M.H. Low back pain in young elite field hockey players, football players and speed skaters: Prevalence and risk factors. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 2015, 28, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dick, R.; Hootman, J.M.; Agel, J.; Vela, L.; Marshall, S.W.; Messina, R. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s field hockey injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2002–2003. J. Athl. Train. 2007, 42, 211. [Google Scholar]
- Aitken, S.A.; Watson, B.S.; Wood, A.M.; Court-Brown, C.M. Sports-related fractures in South East Scotland: An analysis of 990 fractures. J. Orthop. Surg. 2014, 22, 313–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, B.; Kirkendall, D.T.; Garrett, W.E., Jr. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Anatomy, physiology, and motor control. Sports Med. Arthrosc. 2002, 10, 58–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huston, L.J.; Greenfield, M.L.V.; Wojtys, E.M. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the female athlete: Potential risk factors. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.® 2000, 372, 50–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alanís-Blancas, L.M.; Zamora-Muñoz, P.; Cruz-Miranda, Á. Ruptura de ligamento cruzado anterior en mujeres deportistas. An Med. (Mex) 2012, 57, 93–97. [Google Scholar]
- Finch, C. A new framework for research leading to sports injury prevention. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2006, 9, 3–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Mechelen, W.; Hlobil, H.; Kemper, H.C. Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries: A review of concepts. Sports Med. 1992, 14, 82–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mancini, N.; Di Padova, M.; Polito, R.; Mancini, S.; Dipace, A.; Basta, A.; Colella, D.; Limone, P.; Messina, G.; Monda, M. The Impact of Perception–Action Training Devices on Quickness and Reaction Time in Female Volleyball Players. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9, 147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J.; Qin, Z.; Wei, Z. Power and velocity performance of swing movement in the adolescent male volleyball players–age and positional difference. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil. 2024, 16, 111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murtaugh, K. Injury patterns among female field hockey players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001, 33, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lynall, R.C.; Gardner, E.C.; Paolucci, J.; Currie, D.W.; Knowles, S.B.; Pierpoint, L.A.; Wasserman, E.B.; Dompier, T.P.; Comstock, R.D.; Marshall, S.W. The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school girls’ field hockey (2008–2009 through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association women’s field hockey (2004–2005 through 2013–2014). J. Athl. Train. 2018, 53, 938–949. [Google Scholar]
- Feiring, D.C.; Derscheid, G.L. The role of preseason conditioning in preventing athletic injuries. Clin. Sports Med. 1989, 8, 361–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furlong, L.-A.M.; Rolle, U. Injury incidence in elite youth field hockey players at the 2016 European Championships. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0201834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steffen, K.; Engebretsen, L. More data needed on injury risk among young elite athletes. Br. J. Sports Med. 2010, 44, 485–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chung, J.-W.; Song, H.-S.; Kim, E.-H.; Cho, J.-H.; Park, J.-Y.; Lee, K.-H. Incidence of Sports Injury in Middle and High School Fencers by Gender, Grade and Type during Training. Off. J. Korean Acad. Kinesiol. 2017, 19, 65–72. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, A.M.; Jackson, R. Anticipation in sport: Fifty years on, what have we learned and what research still needs to be undertaken? Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2019, 42, 16–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morris-Binelli, K.; van Rens, F.E.; Müller, S.; Rosalie, S.M. Psycho-perceptual-motor skills are deemed critical to save the penalty corner in international field hockey. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2020, 51, 101753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmitt, J.A.; Benton, D.; Kallus, K.W. General methodological considerations for the assessment of nutritional influences on human cognitive functions. Eur. J. Nutr. 2005, 44, 459–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malcolm, R.; Cooper, S.; Folland, J.P.; Tyler, C.J.; Sunderland, C. The influence of a competitive field hockey match on cognitive function. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2022, 16, 829924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Palmer-Green, D.; Fuller, C.; Jaques, R.; Hunter, G. The Injury/Illness Performance Project (IIPP): A novel epidemiological approach for recording the consequences of sports injuries and illnesses. J. Sports Med. 2013, 2013, 523974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, J.C.; Viljoen, W.; Lambert, M.I.; Readhead, C.; Fuller, C.; Van Mechelen, W.; Verhagen, E. The economic burden of time-loss injuries to youth players participating in week-long rugby union tournaments. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2015, 18, 394–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hägglund, M.; Waldén, M.; Magnusson, H.; Kristenson, K.; Bengtsson, H.; Ekstrand, J. Injuries affect team performance negatively in professional football: An 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. Br. J. Sports Med. 2013, 47, 738–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, S.W.; Lee, Y.K.; Lee, K.H. Incidence of Sports Injury According to the Gender and Age Group of Korean Elite Handball Players. J. Coach. Dev. 2022, 24, 208–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barden, C.; Thain, P.K. Injury surveillance in English youth basketball: A 5-season cohort study to inform injury prevention strategies. Phys. Ther. Sport 2022, 58, 34–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pfister, T.; Pfister, K.; Hagel, B.; Ghali, W.A.; Ronksley, P.E. The incidence of concussion in youth sports: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 292–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Theilen, T.-M.; Mueller-Eising, W.; Bettink, P.W.; Rolle, U. Injury data of major international field hockey tournaments. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 657–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faude, O.; Rößler, R.; Junge, A. Football injuries in children and adolescent players: Are there clues for prevention? Sports Med. 2013, 43, 819–837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gurau, T.V.; Gurau, G.; Musat, C.L.; Voinescu, D.C.; Anghel, L.; Onose, G.; Munteanu, C.; Onu, I.; Iordan, D.A. Epidemiology of injuries in professional and amateur football men (part II). J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 6293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Beijsterveldt, A.-M.; Steffen, K.; Stubbe, J.H.; Frederiks, J.E.; van de Port, I.G.; Backx, F.J. Soccer injuries and recovery in Dutch male amateur soccer players: Results of a prospective cohort study. Clin. J. Sport Med. 2014, 24, 337–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Brien, J.; Young, W.; Finch, C.F. The delivery of injury prevention exercise programmes in professional youth soccer: Comparison to the FIFA 11+. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, 26–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, C.-W.; Park, K.-J. Injuries in female elite Korean field hockey athletes: An epidemiological study. J. Korean Soc. Phys. Med. 2019, 14, 163–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wan, H.S.; Hwa, L.M.; Hyun, K.J.; Jung, C.H.; Lim, H.S.; seung Kil, L. Analysis of Korea Woman Filed Hockey Players’ Sports Injuries during the game (To KT Cup international hockey game). J. Korean Phys. Ther. 2003, 15, 414–418. [Google Scholar]
- Nedimyer, A.K.; Boltz, A.J.; Robison, H.J.; Collins, C.L.; Morris, S.N.; Chandran, A. Epidemiology of injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association women’s field hockey: 2014–2015 through 2018–2019. J. Athl. Train. 2021, 56, 636–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Powell, J.W.; Barber-Foss, K.D. Injury patterns in selected high school sports: A review of the 1995–1997 seasons. J. Athl. Train. 1999, 34, 277. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Reilly, T.; Seaton, A. Physiological strain unique to field hockey. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 1990, 30, 142–146. [Google Scholar]
- Whalan, M.; Lovell, R.; McCunn, R.; Sampson, J.A. The incidence and burden of time loss injury in Australian men’s sub-elite football (soccer): A single season prospective cohort study. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2019, 22, 42–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ekstrand, J.; Ueblacker, P.; Van Zoest, W.; Verheijen, R.; Vanhecke, B.; van Wijk, M.; Bengtsson, H. Risk factors for hamstring muscle injury in male elite football: Medical expert experience and conclusions from 15 European Champions League clubs. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2023, 9, e001461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Green, B.; Lin, M.; Schache, A.G.; McClelland, J.A.; Semciw, A.I.; Rotstein, A.; Cook, J.; Pizzari, T. Calf muscle strain injuries in elite Australian Football players: A descriptive epidemiological evaluation. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2020, 30, 174–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pietsch, S.; Pizarri, T. Epidemiology of quadriceps muscle strain injuries in elite Australian rules football players. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2022, 25, S76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mack, C.D.; Hershman, E.B.; Anderson, R.B.; Coughlin, M.J.; McNitt, A.S.; Sendor, R.R.; Kent, R.W. Higher rates of lower extremity injury on synthetic turf compared with natural turf among National Football League athletes: Epidemiologic confirmation of a biomechanical hypothesis. Am. J. Sports Med. 2019, 47, 189–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Árnason, Á.; Gudmundsson, A.; Dahl, H.; Johannsson, E. Soccer injuries in Iceland. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 1996, 6, 40–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cardoso-Marinho, B.; Barbosa, A.; Bolling, C.; Marques, J.P.; Figueiredo, P.; Brito, J. The perception of injury risk and prevention among football players: A systematic review. Front. Sports Act. Living 2022, 4, 1018752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmikli, S.L.; De Vries, W.R.; Inklaar, H.; Backx, F.J. Injury prevention target groups in soccer: Injury characteristics and incidence rates in male junior and senior players. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2011, 14, 199–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laux, P.; Krumm, B.; Diers, M.; Flor, H. Recovery–stress balance and injury risk in professional football players: A prospective study. J. Sports Sci. 2015, 33, 2140–2148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Owoeye, O.B.; Akinbo, S.R.; Tella, B.A.; Olawale, O.A. Efficacy of the FIFA 11+ warm-up programme in male youth football: A cluster randomised controlled trial. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2014, 13, 321. [Google Scholar]
- Junge, A.; Lamprecht, M.; Stamm, H.; Hasler, H.; Bizzini, M.; Tschopp, M.; Reuter, H.; Wyss, H.; Chilvers, C.; Dvorak, J. Countrywide campaign to prevent soccer injuries in Swiss amateur players. Am. J. Sports Med. 2011, 39, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ren, Y.; Wang, C.; Lu, A. Effects of perceptual-cognitive tasks on inter-joint coordination of soccer players and ordinary college students. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 892118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romeas, T.; Guldner, A.; Faubert, J. 3D-Multiple Object Tracking training task improves passing decision-making accuracy in soccer players. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2016, 22, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Group | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | Career (Years) |
Male (n = 236) | 171.94 ± 7.16 | 65.20 ± 11.59 | 21.95 ± 2.99 | 2.59 ± 1.05 |
Female (n = 137) | 160.50 ± 5.19 | 54.42 ± 8.17 | 21.10 ± 2.91 | 2.15 ± 1.04 |
Middle School (n = 183) | 164.80 ± 7.75 | 57.49 ± 11.66 | 21.05 ± 3.26 | 1.72 ± 0.66 |
High School (n = 190) | 170.56 ± 8.31 | 64.86 ± 10.52 | 22.20 ± 2.57 | 3.12 ± 0.92 |
Total (n = 373) | 167.74 ± 8.53 | 61.24 ± 11.67 | 21.64 ± 2.98 | 2.43 ± 1.06 |
Group | N(%) | χ2 (p) | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IEG | IFG | Total | ||||
Male | 64(17.2) | 172(46.1) | 236(63.3) | 0.017 | −0.12 | −0.38–0.14 |
Female | 38(10.2) | 99(26.5) | 137(36.7) | (0.897) | ||
Middle School | 47(12.6) | 136(36.5) | 183(49.1) | 0.500 | 0.12 | −0.11–0.36 |
High School | 55(14.7) | 135(36.2) | 190(50.9) | (0.480) | ||
Total | 102(27.3) | 271(72.7) | 373(100) |
Group | Injuries/1000 h Mean Rank | U | Z | p | Effect Size (r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 236) | 185.73 | 158,66.00 | −0.381 | 0.703 | −0.02 |
Female (n = 137) | 189.19 | ||||
Middle School (n = 183) | 186.01 | 172,04.500 | −0.221 | 0.825 | −0.01 |
High School (n = 190) | 187.95 | ||||
Total (n = 373) | 0.51 ± 1.14 |
Injury Sites | N(%) | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | School Level | ||||
Male | Female | Middle School | High School | ||
Head | 3(3.0) | 3(3.0) | 1(1.0) | 5(5.0) | 6(2.9) |
Face | 7(6.9) | 3(3.0) | 5(5.0) | 5(5.0) | 10(4.8) |
Neck | NA(0.0) | 1(2.6) | 1(1.0) | NA(0.0) | 1(0.5) |
Sternum | 1(1.0) | NA(0.0) | NA(0.0) | 1(1.0) | 1(0.5) |
Ribs | 2(2.0) | NA(0.0) | NA(0.0) | 2(2.0) | 2(1.0) |
Back | 4(4.0) | 1(1.0) | 3(3.0) | 2(2.0) | 5(2.4) |
Lower Back | 10(9.9) | 7(6.9) | 8(7.9) | 9(8.9) | 17(8.1) |
Hip | 2(2.0) | 2(2.0) | 3(3.0) | 1(1.0) | 4(1.9) |
Shoulder | 8(7.9) | 2(2.0) | 4(4.0) | 6(5.9) | 10(4.8) |
Upper Arm | 1(1.0) | NA(0.0) | NA(0.0) | 1(1.0) | 1(0.5) |
Elbow | 2(2.0) | 2(2.0) | 2(2.0) | 2(2.0) | 4(1.9) |
Lower Arm | 3(3.0) | 1(1.0) | 2(2.0) | 2(2.0) | 4(1.9) |
Wrist | 8(7.9) | 12(11.9) | 11(10.9) | 9(8.9) | 20(9.5) |
Hand | 8(7.9) | 7(6.9) | 10(9.9) | 5(5.0) | 15(7.1) |
Pelvis | 4(4.0) | 4(4.0) | 5(5.0) | 3(3.0) | 8(3.8) |
Thigh | 12(11.9) | 5(5.0) | 9(8.9) | 8(7.9) | 17(8.1) |
Knee Joint | 16(15.8) | 10(9.9) | 10(9.9) | 16(15.8) | 26(12.4) |
Calf | 5(5.0) | 4(4.0) | 4(4.0) | 5(5.0) | 9(4.3) |
Ankle | 19(18.8) | 23(22.8) | 25(24.8) | 17(16.8) | 42(20.0) |
Foot | 5(5.0) | 3(3.0) | 3(3.0) | 5(5.0) | 8(3.8) |
Total | 120(63.4) | 90(36.6) | 106(50.4) | 104(49.5) | 210(100) |
Injury Types | N(%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | School Level | Total | |||
Male | Female | Middle School | High School | ||
Skin | 8(8.0) | 7(7.0) | 8(8.0) | 7(7.0) | 15(8.7) |
Muscle | 30(30.0) | 18(18.0) | 19(19.0) | 29(29.0) | 48(27.9) |
Tendon (Ligament) | 9(9.0) | 8(8.0) | 9(9.0) | 8(8.0) | 17(9.9) |
Bone | 20(20.0) | 7(7.0) | 13(13.0) | 14(14.0) | 27(15.7) |
Ligament | 22(22.0) | 20(20.0) | 20(20.0) | 22(22.0) | 42(24.4) |
Cartilage | 3(3.0) | 3(3.0) | 4(4.0) | 2(2.0) | 6(3.5) |
Meniscus | 1(1.0) | 2(2.0) | 2(2.0) | 1(1.0) | 3(1.7) |
Joint | 4(4.0) | 6(6.0) | 6(6.0) | 4(4.0) | 10(5.8) |
Other | 2(2.0) | 2(2.0) | 1(1.0) | 3(3.0) | 4(2.3) |
Total | 99(57.6) | 73(42.4) | 82(47.6) | 90(52.3) | 172(100) |
Key Factors | N(%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | School level | Total | |||
Male | Female | Middle School | High School | ||
Warm-up and cool-down exercises | 170(45.6) | 107(28.7) | 135(36.2) | 142(38.1) | 277(55.4) |
Adequate rest | 85(22.8) | 37(9.9) | 63(16.9) | 59(15.8) | 122(24.4) |
Tension or mental focus | 37(9.9) | 16(4.3) | 32(8.6) | 21(5.6) | 53(10.6) |
Improvement of physical conditioning | 20(5.4) | 7(1.9) | 17(4.6) | 10(2.7) | 27(5.4) |
Reduction of practice time | 3(0.8) | 4(1.1) | 5(1.3) | 2(0.5) | 7(1.4) |
Improvement of coaching methods | 3(0.8) | 2(0.5) | 2(0.5) | 3(0.8) | 5(1.0) |
Improvement of facilities and equipment | 5(1.3) | 3(0.8) | 6(1.6) | 2(0.5) | 8(1.6) |
Improvement of competition methods | 1(0.3) | NA(0.0) | NA(0.0) | 1(0.5) | 1(0.2) |
Total | 324(63.3) | 176(36.7) | 260(49.1) | 240(50.9) | 500(100) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Choi, M.; Lee, K. Training-Related Sports Injury Patterns Among Elite Middle and High School Field Hockey Players in Korea. Sports 2025, 13, 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040117
Choi M, Lee K. Training-Related Sports Injury Patterns Among Elite Middle and High School Field Hockey Players in Korea. Sports. 2025; 13(4):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040117
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Minkyung, and Kihyuk Lee. 2025. "Training-Related Sports Injury Patterns Among Elite Middle and High School Field Hockey Players in Korea" Sports 13, no. 4: 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040117
APA StyleChoi, M., & Lee, K. (2025). Training-Related Sports Injury Patterns Among Elite Middle and High School Field Hockey Players in Korea. Sports, 13(4), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040117