Avian Predation in a Declining Outbreak Population of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Spruce Budworm Biology
2.2. Study Plots
2.3. Observations on the Spruce Budworm
2.3.1. Exclosure Cages
2.3.2. Population Sampling 1986
2.3.3. Implanted Cohorts 1987
2.3.4. Implanted Cohorts 1988
2.3.5. Data Analysis
2.4. Observations on Birds
2.4.1. Population Censuses
2.4.2. Foraging Activity
2.4.3. Nesting Activity
2.4.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Observations on Spruce Budworm
3.2. Observations on Birds
3.2.1. Population Censuses
3.2.2. Foraging Activity
3.2.3. Nesting Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Full Model | Reduced Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | df | F | p | df | F | p |
s | 1 | 1.48 | 0.519 | |||
t | 1 | 1.47 | 0.234 | |||
s × t | 1 | 3.44 | 0.072 | 1 | 41.05 | <0.001 |
t2 | 1 | 5.50 | 0.025 | 1 | 5.56 | <0.001 |
s × t2 | 1 | 0.64 | 0.428 | |||
Error | 36 | 39 |
Full Model | Reduced Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | df | χ2 | p | df | χ2 | p |
Regression | 15 | 158.67 | 0.000 | 8 | 156.15 | <0.001 |
s | 1 | 4.73 | 0.030 | 1 | 11.86 | 0.001 |
ca | 1 | 6.00 | 0.014 | 1 | 21.95 | <0.001 |
co | 1 | 0.18 | 0.674 | |||
t | 1 | 0.28 | 0.597 | |||
s × ca | 1 | 0.11 | 0.745 | |||
s × co | 1 | 0.28 | 0.594 | 1 | 14.06 | <0.001 |
ca × co | 1 | 3.21 | 0.073 | 1 | 11.73 | 0.001 |
s × t | 1 | 2.79 | 0.095 | 1 | 4.54 | 0.033 |
ca × t | 1 | 6.84 | 0.009 | 1 | 30.40 | <0.001 |
co × t | 1 | 0.19 | 0.661 | |||
s × ca × co | 1 | 0.13 | 0.716 | 1 | 7.00 | 0.008 |
s × ca × t | 1 | 0.80 | 0.372 | |||
s × co × t | 1 | 0.04 | 0.850 | |||
ca × co × t | 1 | 2.64 | 0.104 | 1 | 12.06 | 0.001 |
AICc | 421.9 | 403.4 |
Full Model | Reduced Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | df | χ2 | p | df | χ2 | p |
Regression | 7 | 120.62 | 0.000 | 6 | 117.86 | <0.001 |
s | 1 | 27.89 | 0.000 | 1 | 38.36 | <0.001 |
ca | 1 | 3.82 | 0.051 | 1 | 34.83 | <0.001 |
t | 1 | 11.09 | 0.001 | 1 | 30.81 | <0.001 |
s × ca | 1 | 11.28 | 0.001 | 1 | 23.29 | <0.001 |
s × t | 1 | 6.76 | 0.009 | 1 | 10.16 | 0.001 |
ca × t | 1 | 0.92 | 0.336 | |||
s × ca × t | 1 | 6.71 | 0.010 | 1 | 14.25 | <0.001 |
AICc | 320.7 | 318.50 |
Species | F | p | AD | p | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEWA | 236.1 | <0.001 | 0.998 | 0.01 | 7 |
CMWA | 227.4 | <0.001 | 0.270 | 0.55 | 7 |
BLBW | 6.4 | 0.08 | 0.126 | 0.97 | 7 |
BBWA | 45.2 | <0.001 | 0.129 | 0.97 | 7 |
Total | 15.3 | <0.001 | 0.151 | 0.93 | 7 |
Activity | BSL 1983 | Armagh 1987 | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singing and others | 2264 | 1358 | 199.9 | <0.001 |
Travelling | 509 | 464 | 2.1 | 0.149 |
Searching | 1737 | 2890 | 932.8 | <0.001 |
Feeding | 1438 | 252 | 754.1 | <0.001 |
Overall | 1270 | <0.001 |
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Régnière, J.; Venier, L.; Welsh, D. Avian Predation in a Declining Outbreak Population of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Insects 2021, 12, 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080720
Régnière J, Venier L, Welsh D. Avian Predation in a Declining Outbreak Population of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Insects. 2021; 12(8):720. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080720
Chicago/Turabian StyleRégnière, Jacques, Lisa Venier, and Dan Welsh. 2021. "Avian Predation in a Declining Outbreak Population of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)" Insects 12, no. 8: 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12080720