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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Seasonal Water Column Stratification and Manganese and Iron Distribution in a Water Reservoir: The Case of Pinios Dam (Western Greece)

by
Alexis Ramfos
1,*,
Ioannis Sarris
2,
Luca Lämmle
2,3,
Dionisis Christodoulopoulos
2,
Marinos Alexandridis
2,
Maria Michalopoulou
2,
Nikolaos Depountis
2,
Sarah Faulwetter
2,
Nikolaos Avrantinis
2,
Evangelos Tsiotsis
2,
Stefanos Papazisimou
4 and
Pavlos Avramidis
2
1
Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
2
Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
3
Department of Geography, Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-855, Brazil
4
Region of Western Greece, 26441 Patras, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2025, 17(12), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121723
Submission received: 14 April 2025 / Revised: 30 May 2025 / Accepted: 3 June 2025 / Published: 6 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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Abstract

Climate change and extreme events such as droughts, heavy rainfall and flooding can influence the water column stratification in reservoir dams, decrease storage capacity, increase sediment and pollutant loads and, as a result, affect water quality. The seasonal variation in the water column stratification of reservoirs is an important parameter for the study of dam life cycle as well as water management and use. In the present study a detailed bathymetric survey was carried out, and a digital elevation model (DEM) of the reservoir was constructed. Seasonal physicochemical monitoring data such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity are presented. The seasonal thermal stratification was recorded, resulting in an isolated hypolimnion where anoxic layers formed below 17 m in summer and autumn. Manganese and iron concentrations exhibited values higher than 150 mg/L in the anoxic hypolimnion during summer and autumn, indicating solubilization from the sediment. The observed seasonal and depth-dependent variations in physicochemical parameters underline the reservoir’s susceptibility to eutrophication and metal mobilization, particularly during stratified periods. These findings are critical for designing management strategies to mitigate potential water quality issues.
Keywords: stratification; reservoir; anoxia; manganese; iron; Greece stratification; reservoir; anoxia; manganese; iron; Greece
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MDPI and ACS Style

Ramfos, A.; Sarris, I.; Lämmle, L.; Christodoulopoulos, D.; Alexandridis, M.; Michalopoulou, M.; Depountis, N.; Faulwetter, S.; Avrantinis, N.; Tsiotsis, E.; et al. Seasonal Water Column Stratification and Manganese and Iron Distribution in a Water Reservoir: The Case of Pinios Dam (Western Greece). Water 2025, 17, 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121723

AMA Style

Ramfos A, Sarris I, Lämmle L, Christodoulopoulos D, Alexandridis M, Michalopoulou M, Depountis N, Faulwetter S, Avrantinis N, Tsiotsis E, et al. Seasonal Water Column Stratification and Manganese and Iron Distribution in a Water Reservoir: The Case of Pinios Dam (Western Greece). Water. 2025; 17(12):1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121723

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramfos, Alexis, Ioannis Sarris, Luca Lämmle, Dionisis Christodoulopoulos, Marinos Alexandridis, Maria Michalopoulou, Nikolaos Depountis, Sarah Faulwetter, Nikolaos Avrantinis, Evangelos Tsiotsis, and et al. 2025. "Seasonal Water Column Stratification and Manganese and Iron Distribution in a Water Reservoir: The Case of Pinios Dam (Western Greece)" Water 17, no. 12: 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121723

APA Style

Ramfos, A., Sarris, I., Lämmle, L., Christodoulopoulos, D., Alexandridis, M., Michalopoulou, M., Depountis, N., Faulwetter, S., Avrantinis, N., Tsiotsis, E., Papazisimou, S., & Avramidis, P. (2025). Seasonal Water Column Stratification and Manganese and Iron Distribution in a Water Reservoir: The Case of Pinios Dam (Western Greece). Water, 17(12), 1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121723

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